2000-2012年考研英语真题试题及答案详解考研必备_近几年各题有详解1.docx

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1、2013年英语考研必备(历年试题及答案)2012年考研英语(试题及答案详解)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, Cor Don ANSWER

2、 SHEET 1.(10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the courts reputation f

3、or being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the courts decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the

4、 court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They ga

5、ve justices permanent positions _1 l_they would be free to _ 12_ those in power and have no need to3_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in f

6、undamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the courts legitimacy by making themselv

7、es _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. Aemphasize BJmaintain Cmodify D recognize2. Awhen Blest Cbefore D unless3. (A)restored |Bweakened |Cestablished D eliminated4. Achallenged Bcompromised Csuspected

8、D accepted5. Ajadvanced |Bcaught (Cbound |Dfounded6. AJresistant Bsubject Cimmune Dprone7. Aresorts Bsticks Cloads Dapplies8. Aevade BJraise CJdeny DJsettle9. Aline Bbarrier Csimilarity Dconflict10. |A|by B|as |C|though |Dtowards11. Aso BJsince Cprovided Dthough12. IA serve B satisfy |Cupset |D repl

9、ace13. Aconfirm BJexpress Ccultivate Doffer14. IA guarded B followed |Cstudied |D|tied15. AJconcepts BJtheories Cdivisions DJconceptions16. Aexcludes Bquestions Cshapes Dcontrols17. AJdismissed Breleased CJranked DJdistorted18. Asuppress Bexploit Caddress Dignore19. IA accessible B amiable C agreeab

10、le |D accountable20. Aby all mesns Batall costs Cin a word Das a resultSection 11 Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on -Everybodys doing it. Th

11、at whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through wha

12、t she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored an

13、ti smoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as Love Life recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lamen

14、ess of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology., Dare to be different, please dont smoke! pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who

15、 desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrele

16、vant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as its presented here is that it doesnt work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the L

17、ove Life program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.Theres no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a

18、 subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. Its like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back

19、row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And thats the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges asA a supp

20、lement to the social cure|B a stimulus to group dynamicsC an obstacle to school progress|D| a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates shouldI A| recruit professional advertisers|B| learn from advertisers* experienceC stay away from commercial advertisersD recognize th

21、e limitations of advertisements23. In the author s view, Rosenbergs book fails toI A adequately probe social and biological factors8 effectively evade the flaws of the social cureC| illustrate the functions of state fundingDproduce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation

22、of behaviorsA is harmful to our networks of friendsB will mislead behavioral studiesC occurs without our realizing itD can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure isA harmful|B| desirableC profound|D| questionableText 2A deal is a

23、de al-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely w

24、hat it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermonts rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. Its a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermonts onl

25、y nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plants license be subject to Vermo

26、nt legislatures approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didnt foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe s

27、ystem leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankees safety and Entergys management- especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy,s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is sudden

28、ly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear powe

29、r, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.Th

30、e company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including

31、 Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the companys application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26.

32、The phrase “reneging on(Line 3.para. 1) is closest in meaning toA| condemning.B reaffirming.|C| dishonoring.D securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended toA obtain protection from Vermont regulators.|B| seek favor from the federal legislature.C acquire an extension of its bus

33、iness license .D get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with itsA managerial practices.|B| technical innovativeness.C financial goals.|D| business vision29. In the authors view, the Vermont case will testI A Entergys capacity to fijlfill

34、 all its promises.B the mature of states patch work regulations.C the federal authority over nuclear issues .D the limits of states power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatA| Entergys business elsewhere might be affected.B the authority of the NRC will be defied.

35、|C Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.D Vermont reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the eve

36、ryday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent action

37、s we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into

38、 a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researchers me, here, now becomes the communitys anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. B

39、ut, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to sui

40、t their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology

41、 involved transforms an individuals discovery claim into the communitys credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplic

42、ation and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by fut

43、ure researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought. But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have mi

44、ssed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility happens to a discovery claim 一 a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. We reason togeth

45、er, challenge, revise, and complete each others reasoning and each others conceptions of reason.31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by itsA uncertainty and complexity.B misconception and deceptiveness.C logicality and objectivity.|D systematicness and regu

46、larity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requiresA strict inspection.|Bshared efforts.|C individual wisdom.Dpersistent innovation.33 .Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after itA has attracted the attention of the general public.|B|has been exami

47、ned by the scientific community.C has received recognition from editors and reviewers.|D|has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34 . Albert Szent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree thatI A scientific claims will survive challenges.BJdiscoveries today inspire future research.C efforts to make dis

48、coveries are justified.DJscientific work calls for a critical mind.35. Which of the following would be the best title of the test?A| Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.BCollective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.C| Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.DChallenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he