2017小升初英语语法复习.docx
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1、第一章名词同学们,让我们起来观察下面的单词:banana watercup bird man mother father life ideaBeijing China Smith Monday No. 2 Middle School the Great Wall我们发现,以上单词都是表示人或物名称的词,我们把它们称为名词,用符号n来表示。 名词到底学什么?是名词的分类;二是名词的数;三是名词的所有格。第一节名词的分类接下来,我们来学习下名词的分类。专有名词:China, the Great Wall , Helen (世上独无二):专有名词和由普通名词构成的专名名JC 单数 a book可数名
2、词词复数 two books【普通名词1 )水质的:water, milk, juice不可数名词 2 )油质的:oil,butter, soap, 3 )粉末状的:chalk, bread第二节名词的数我们知道,按照数的划分,名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词两大类。接着让我们进入以下的精彩学习吧!一.可数名词先来看一下可数名词单数变复数的变化:1 .规则变化(口诀:s es加双变) 直接+s例如:books , chairs , students , oranges 以字母-s,-x,-ch,-sh, - 结尾的名词,在词尾加es例如:boxes, peaches, watches , dis
3、hes以结尾的名词变为复数词尾加es的口诀:黑人(Negroes)英雄(heroes)在火山(volcanoes )上吃芒果(mangos/es )土豆(potatoes)西红柿(tomatoes) 提本:radios , photos以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加心例如:familyfamilies, babybabies(以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词,直接加-s例:boys , toys, monkeys )以字母f, -fe结尾的名词,变f/fe为ves诀:妻子(wife)拿刀(knife)去宰狼(wolf)小偷(thief)吓得丢面包。oaf)躲在架(shelf)后保己
4、(self)命(life),半(half)片树叶(leaf)遮目光寸应复数为:wives, knives, wolves , thieves, loaves , shelves , selves , lives, halves, leaves注:词尾可以直接加 s 的词有:roofs, chiefs, safes, cliffs, gulfs, golfs;词尾可以加s也可加es的有:scarf, handkerchief2 .名词变复数的发音规则名词后加s , es发音为:/s/, /z/, /iz/诀:清清浊浊元浊,/1/人!/后发/ts/, /dz/ ,遇到/s, z,tf, d3 J,
5、 3Z发/iz/例如:sho送/ps/ ducks/ks/ 例如:pen_/z/ ; boys /z/ 例如:cats/ts/ hats/ts/ passports /ts/ tourists /ts/例如:birds /dz/ friends /dz/ cards /dz/例如: buses /siz/ sizes /ziz/ peaches /tjiz/ oranges /d3iz/3 .不规则变化口诀:有些名词特殊记,foot, tooth和goose, 变ee;多个孩子多个人,男人女人a变e ;鹿羊鱼耍脾气,保持原身体。小老鼠真淘气,掉进冰里丢身体。(0X公牛一oxen)注:fish
6、的用法(3 fish, kinds of fishes, eat some fish )(2)口诀:“两个名词”在一起,前不变,后变,除了男人和女人,主体名词加s ,以上规则须牢iBoapple tree-apple trees, keyboard operator-keyboard operators, girl friend一girl fiends, boy student-boy students ,但 man doctor -men doctors, woman doctor-women doctors ; stepmother, mother-in-law(3)表国人”的名词:口诀:
7、中日不变,英法变,其余加后面。a. Chinese-Chinese, JapaneseJapanese,b. Englishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen,c. AmericanAmericans, German-Germans (以一can, -an 三百尾的国人+s)4 .集体名词family, class等强调、整体谓语(单数)强调“成员谓语(复数) 例如:My family is happy.My families are watching TV.Im in Class Four and I have four classes every mor
8、ning.5 .群体名词:people, police两词本身就是、复数,谓语动词用、复数”(be动词应用are) 例如 :There are many people in the room.The police are running after the thieves.二、不可数名词1 .常见的不可数名词有三类:1 )水质的: water, milk, juice2 )油质的:oil, butter, so叩3 )粉末状的:chalk, bread2 .雷打不动十大不可数名词:work, progress, news; health, information, advice; music,
9、 fun; weather, luck为方便记忆,特送诀:工作进步好消息,健康信息多建议,爱听音乐有乐趣,天气真好是运气。3 .量的表达:不可数名词不能与数词连用,仅能与!ittle / a little / much / a bit等不可数限定词连用。不可数名词要表达量, 必须借助数量词短语。公式 :a/an/ 数词+ 词+of+不可数名词例如:news 一条新闻:a piece of news; bread 块/ 条面包:a loaf of bread coffee 一杯咖啡:a cup of coffee ; soap 一块肥皂:a bar of so叩注意他们的复数形式:只变数量词。a
10、 cup of coffeetwo cups of coffee常用的数词的表达结构:(必会)a glass of (一玻璃杯),a cup of (一茶杯),a bottle of (一瓶),a piece of (一片、和条等),a loaf of ( 块),a pound of (一磅),a pair of (一双,副,条),a bag of (一袋),等。4 .单个不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:Air is very important for us.拓展部分:同学们,该我们找规律了。(一)many students, a few books (有一些书),few bo
11、oks (没几本书),a numberof students (许多学生),(the number of students .的数量,后面谓语动词用单数,比如be动词用is) a lot of apples (许多苹果)some eggs修饰可数名词复数的词 :many , a few , few , a number of , the number of , a lot of(Z.) much money a little money (有一些钱)little money (几乎没钱)a lot of money (许多钱)somemoney修饰不可数名词的词 :much , a littl
12、e , little , a lot of, some(三)既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词为 :a lot of, some第二节名词的所有格、定义:名词所有格即表示这个名词归谁所有的问题。名词的这种所有格吧!共分为三种类型:、所有格,of所有格,双所有格,(一),S所有格:名词或+S,(多表示有生命的东西;1 .单数名词的所有格+s:例如:Tom,s book, Childrens Day2 .复数以s结尾只+,例如:TeachersDay3 .表示两个人的所有格:如果两人“共用”个物体,则只在后一个人的后面+为例如:Lucy和Lily的房间:Lucy and Lilys room (两
13、人共用);如果两人“各用各的则都需要分别+s.例如:Lucys and Lilys rooms (一人一间)做题技巧:关键看“后的名词:如果是“单数”说明两人共有,只在后者+如果是“复数”,说明各 是各的,两个词都要+04 .表示某人的“家.店铺”等所有格用s后的名词常省略。(新一 L69 )例如:at the butchers (shop) go to my mothers (house)诀:想用职业来表地点,人的前面+the,后面+s。at the baker,s ,注意:如果是人名,则不用前加the,只在其后加s。例如:at Marys.5 .特殊用法:(1 ) After the ex
14、am well have a two months holiday= a two-month holiday(2 ) Every morning Mr. Smith takes a 20 minutes walk to his office.= a 20-minute walk(3 ) There is a five stars hotel.=a five-star hotel口诀:数.单名作定语,修饰其后的名词。表时间,距离常用s所有格。二、所有格(多表示无生命的东西)例如:a photo of my family ,a m叩 of China/ the world特殊:用“to”表示所有格
15、:the key to the door, the answer to the question , the entrance to the park三、双所有格1.1 meet (遇至!)every morning.A. a friend of mine. B. a friend of my. C. a friend of me.注意:双重所有格:.of + ns例如:a friend of my father/Marys mothersof + 名词性物主代词例如:a friend of mine (his heg theirs)第二章一般现在时、定义:表示目前的状态或经常性的动作。Jer
16、ry is a big guy. He eats three bowls of meat every day.二、结构1 .“主系表结构:e g: You are a studentYou are not a student.Are you a student ?Yes, you are. No, you arent.肯:主 + be(am, is, are) + 衣。否:主+be(am, is, are)+not+表。疑:Be+主+表?肯定回答:Yes,主+be.否定回答:No,主+be not.(可缩写)am not is not=isnt are not=arent2 .“主+谓+宾”结
17、构肯:主(三单)+谓+s+宾否:主(三单)+don,t/doesn,t +v.原+宾。疑:Do/Does+主+v.原形+宾?肯定回答:Yes,主+do/does.否定回答:No,主 + dont/doesnt.例如:He likes English.(变否)He doesn9t like English.(变疑)Does he like English? Yes, he does./ No, he doesnt.3 .特殊疑问句 结构:特词+助v.+主+谓v原+其它?He does his homework every day.(变否、变疑、并对划线部分提问)特疑:What does he d
18、o every day?解析:否定句中的doesnt为助动词,第二个do为实义动词。He brushes his teeth three times a day.对 three times 提问:(即対次数提问)How many times does he brush his teeth a day?対 three times a day 提问:(対频率提问)How often does he brush his teeth?三、动词变化1 .三单概念(1)当主语为第三人称单数,he/she/it(2)一个物a cat等(3)一个人 Tom, my friend 等2 .动词的单三形式变化变化
19、口诀: , y 变 i , have 变 haso 一般情况 词尾+s : works, looks, wants3 3) 以ch, -sh, -s, -x, -o 结尾词尾+es : teaches, washes, dresses, fixes, goes 以辅音字母+y结尾 变y为i.再加es : flies, cries, tries四、标志性时间状语判断个句子是什么时态的依据就是要学会一依照时间,来定时态”。即“依时定态。例如:He runs (run) every day.、一般现在时”的时间状语:1. every 系列:every day / every week / every
20、 month / every yearI go to school on foot every day.2. 频率副词”系列:always, usually, often, sometimes 等(渐弱)频率副词在句子中的“位口诀“be”之后,“行”之前,“情”、“助”与“行”之间。但:sometimes 常 用于句首或句尾。(1) Tom is often late for school. Mary is always beautiful.(be 之后)(2) I ofte; go to school at 6:00. Girls usually like sweets.(“行”之前)(3)
21、 He can always answer these questions.(情与行之间)(4) I dont often go to school at 3:00.(助与行之间)(5) Sometimes he goes to school by bus.3. on Sundays (毎逢星期几)系列:On Saturdays / On Friday / On MondayI go to see my grandmother on Sundays.4. once a week (系列): twice a month, three times a day.等I write to my moth
22、er twice a month.五、用法1 .经常性、习惯性动作或状态。2 .习语、谚语。A friend in need is friend indeed.3 .“客观真理不动摇”:始终要用一般现在时。The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.解析:当主句的谓语动词是过去时态,则所有的从句都要带上过去的帽子,但“客观真理不动摇。”不 管你的老师说不说,地球都绕着太阳转,这是个客观真理。例如:The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.4.if条件句、时间状语从句中一般现在时
23、表将来。(主将从现)If he comes back, I will tell you.When he comes back, I will tell you.As soon as he comes back, I will tell you.第三章冠词一定义:冠词是用在名词前面,说明名词所表示的人或事物的词。名词是秃子,需要戴帽子,帽子就 是冠词。二.分类:不定冠词a/an,定冠词the,零冠词第一节a(n)的用法用法口诀:一个,一类,某一,另一,不见原因(元音)不施恩(n I解析:(1 )表示数,有“个”的意思 ,eg : There are 7 days in a week.(2)表示一
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