1991-1995年考研英语试题及解析2.docx

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1、1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labelled A , B , C and D . Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. （15 points）When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had b

2、ecome famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television. Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to 1 themselves to the new medium were technical. When working2 radio, for example, they hadbecome3to seeing on behalf of the listener.This 4 of seeing

3、for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking. 5 all, he has to be able to6a continuous sequence of visual images which 7 meaning to the sounds which thelistener hears. In the 8 of television, however, the commentator sees everything with the viewer. His role, therefore, is 9

4、different. He is there to make 10 that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him11on particular things, and to12the images on the television screen.13his radiocolleague, he must know the14of silence and how to use it at those moments15the pictures speak forthemselves.1. A turn B a

5、dapt C alter D modify解析本题考核知识点:动词的搭配本题空格处的动词须能够搭配成“oneself to +名词”的形式,选项中只有B可以。Adapt oneself to意为to gradually change ones behavior and attitudes so that one get used to a new situation and can deal with it successfully（使）适应,（使）适合（新情况）”。代入adapt之后,空格所在句大意为:他们（收音机评论员） 努力去适应（电视机）这种新媒体的时候,遇到了一些技术方面的困难。B符

6、合文义。A turn to sb/sth 意为 ask help fi*om”求助于,如:I tried to stand on my own rather than turned to my parents. 我设法自立而不求助于我的父母。C Alter 意为 cause to change; make different; cause a transformation 改变,如: He altered one of the rooms into a bedroom.他把间屋子改建成 了卧室。D Modify 意为 to make small changes to sth in order

7、to improve it and make it more suitable or effective “（略微地）修改,更改,改进”,如:Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies而且,人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境,从而让所有其它形态的生命服从于人类自 己独特的观念和想象。2. A on Lb at C with D

8、 behind解析本题考核知识点:介词辨析AOn 意为by means of sth, using sth通过,使用,借助于,如:on TV/the internet在电视/互联网上。代 入文中,on radio指改音机评论员通过收音机工作,作状语修饰work.,既符合文义,又能构成搭配。Bat、C with D behind构不成搭配。3. A experienced 有经验的B determined 有决心的EC established已经确立的,获确认的D accustomed习惯于解析本题考核知识点:固定搭配四个选项中,只有 accustomed 可以形成 be /become acc

9、ustomed to doing sth 的形式。如,My eyes slowly grew accustomed to the dark.我的眼睛慢慢适应了黑暗。而且,空格所在句大意为“在广播电台工作时,评论员已经习 惯了代表公众看实况Daccustomed既符合内容要求又符合语法结构的要求。Experienced 后面介词一般用 in.如,He is very experienced in looking after animals.他对于照看动物很有经 验。Determined后面跟动词不定式。如,I am determined to succeed.我决心要获得成功。Establish

10、ed“已确立的, 已获确认的”,一般放在名词前做定语,如they are an established company with good reputation.他们是一家地位 稳固,信誉良好的公司。解析本题考核知识点:上下文语义+名词意思辨析。本句和下一句共同说明,评论员代替听众观看是门技巧、本事。即,评论员必须擅长表达,同时还必须 能够通过语言在观众脑海中生成一系列的图像。art意为“技艺,技巧，本领”,符合文义。所以,D为正确选 项。Technology多指工业技术。Efficiency指“效率。Perfbrmance”演出,表现“。这三个词都和原文的意思不 符。5. A Of B Fo

11、r C Above D In解析本题考核知识点:固定用法。四个选项中,B、C、D都可以和all搭配,但意义不同。above all意为“above and beyond all other eonsideration 首先,尤其是“，如：What a ehild should do, above all, is to do well in his studies.小孩子该做的最重 要的事是学好功课。要all意为尽管,虽然,如：He never stopped trying for all his feilures,尽管失败,但他 从没放弃努力。!n al!意为总共,总计,如：He visite

12、d, in all, ten hospitals in China.他在中国共参观了 10家 医院。空格处填入的短语应体现空格所在句子与上文之间的逻辑关系。由于本句空格较多,可以先做完第6和7 题,再回来做5题。上文提到,代替听众观看要求评论员必须擅长表达。本句指出,评论员必须能够通过语言 在观众脑海中生成一系列的图像。根据含义选择C。从泛泛的擅长表达到具体的通过语言在观众脑海里生 成一系列图像“。6. A inspire激起,鼓舞,激励 B create产生,生成C cause引起，导致D perceive注意到，领悟到解析本题考核知识点：动词词义辨析。空格处填入动词,其主语是he （the

13、 commentator）,宾语是visual images,所在句子的大意为:评论员必须 能够一系列连续的图片。Ainspire 意为 to make sb have a particular feeling or react in a particular way使（某人）产生（某种感情或 反应）;激起,如:Gandhis quiet dignity inspired respect even among his enemies.廿地沉静威严的气质使他的敌 人都肃然起敬。Bcreate 意为bring into existence 造成,形成,生成,如,This decision crea

14、tes a dangerous precedent.这个决定开创了一个危险的先例。Ceause意为make sth happen引起,导致，如：deaths caused by dangerous driving 危险驾驶造成的死亡。Dperceive 意为to notice something that is difficult to notice 察觉,注意 到,发觉，如:1 perceived a change in his behaviour我发觉他的行为有些变化。或to understand or think of something in a particular way （以某种

15、方式）理解,领悟。如,People now perceive that green issues are important to our future.人们现在认识到环境问题对我们未来的重要性。宾语“视觉图像不是感情或反应”,排除inspire;主语和宾语之间不存在因果关系,排除eause;评论员通 过语言让听众产生图像,而不是自己发现,排除pereeive;只有Bcreate符合文义,表示评论员在观众脑海中 生成一系列的图像“。7. A add 添加 B apply 应用 C affect 影响 Dreflect 反映解析本题考核知识点：动词和介词的搭配Addto.给 添加是固定搭配。如,

16、A new wing was added to the buildingo这栋大楼新添了一座配楼。 而且,空格所在句大意为：（评论员的描绘所生成的图像）为听众听到的声音增添了意思。Aadd填入空格处 既结构合理,又符合文义。其他三项都不能接sth to sth的结构,Bapply直接加to,意为适用于如,The questions on this part of the form only apply to married men.表格中这部分问题只适用于已婚男土。Caffeet意为影响，直接加宾语,如：The elimate aflfeeted his health气候影响了他的健康。Dre

17、flect意为反射,反映,直接加宾语，如:The low value of the dollar reflects growing concern about the US economy.美元币值低反映出人们对美国经济的忧虑日益増加。解析本题考核知识点:固定结构上文是关于收音机评论员的工作,从这句开始,话锋转,提到电视评论员的工作方式。In the case of 意为“至于，就来说”,表示由一种情况或话题转入另种情况或话题。符合文义。所以,D为正确 选项。Aoccasion 指“（发生特殊事情）的情况”,与 on 连用。如,on the occasion of her 50th birth

18、day 在她 50 岁 生日之际。Bevent意为”事件,常用搭配为in the event of,意为“假如发生”。如,In the event of rain, the party will be held indoors加入下雨，晚会就在室内举行。CFact指“事实，已经发生的事”，词组in fact意为“实 际上,没有冠词,也不与of连用。9. A equally 同样的B completely 完全的C initially 起始地D hardly 几乎不解析本题考核知识点:副词词义辨析。本句是对电视节评论员和收音机评论员工作性质的对比。从上下文来看,特别是前句的however表明,这

19、 两种工作是完全不同的,因而completely为正确选项。Equally意为“同样的,equally different用于说明两个对比组之间的差异大小相同，Different species of trees thrive in equally different habitats.不同种类的树在同样不同的栖息地很好地生长。而本文中只存在组对比（电 视节评论员和收音机评论员）。Initially different意为“开始时不同”,暗含后来相同的可能。Hardly意为“几乎 不,同文中意思相反。10. A definite 确定的B possible 可能的C sure确实的D clea

20、r清楚的,明白的解析本题考核知识点：形容词词义辨析及搭配。空格所在句子提到,电视评论员的作用是：确保观众不错过某些有趣之处,make sure that是习惯用法,意 为确保如,Make sure that you put down every word she says.确保记下她说的每，个字。所以,C为正确选 项。Adefinite 不用在 make definite that 结构中。Impossible, C clear 和 make 只能形成 make it possible/clear that 的形式，如，His diligence made it possible that h

21、e could win the game.他的勤奋使得他比赛获胜成为可能。She makes it clear to us that she wants to be master in her own house.她使我们很清楚地了解到，她要自主处理自己的事 情。11. A fbcus集中，聚集B attend参加,注意，照料C follow 跟随,遵循D insist 坚持解析本题考核知识点：动词和介词的搭配。空格处填入的动词应与on搭配。focus on.意为“将注意力集中于,如,I cant fbcus on my work when Im tired,我累了就无法集中精力工作。空格所在

22、句大意为：电视评论员的作用是帮助观众将注意力集中在某些内 容上。fbcus on切合题意。A为正确选项。BAttend需要与to连用,意为“留意,专心于。如,She didnt attend to what I was saying.她没有注意我 所说的话。C Follow on意为“继续下去,但后面不能接宾语,如：He followed on after.他在后面跟着。DInsist on 意为坚持,如:I insist on your taking/insist that you take immediate action to put this right.我坚决要求你立刻 采取行动把事

23、情处理好。该选项与文义不符。12. A exhibit 展示,陈列B demonstrate 演示,说明C expose 暴露,揭示D interpret 解释解析本题考核知识点:动词词义辨析。本题空格处填入动词,其宾语是the images,主语是上文he,因此该部分的含义是：电视评论员电 视屏幕上的图像,所以,D interpret最符合文义，表示“解释电视屏幕上的图像。13. A Like 像B Unlike 不像，和.不同C As 作为D For 为了解析本题考核知识点:介词的用法+上下文的理解。先做14题再来解答13题。空格所在句大意为,收音机评论员，电视评论员必须知道沉默的价值。根

24、 据常识及上文可知,收音机评论员绝大部分时间都在说。因此二者截然不同,B unlike为最合适选项。14. A purpose 目的B goal 目标C value 价值D intention 意图解析本题考核知识点:名词词义辨析。空格所在部分指出,电视评论员他们必须知道沉默的;下文给出了线索:即在电视图像目了然的时 候如何利用沉默。所以,Cvalue最符合文义。15. A if B when C which D as解析本题考核知识点:连词、关系代词、关系副词的运用。从选项来看,空格处填入连词,和后面的部分构成状语从句。根据句意,这里应该是个时间状语从 句，即：电视评论员必须知道在电视图像目

25、了然的时候如何保持沉默。when是引导时间状语从句的常用 连词,符合上下文意。as也可以引导时间状语从句,但它指while sth else is happening, -一般用于指个动 作伴随着另个动作发生,如:He sat watching her as she got ready.他一直坐着呑她准备停当。因此本题最 佳答案为B whenowhich是关系代词,在从句中做主语或宾语，而此处的宾语从句不缺主语或宾语,所以显然不合适。if引 导条件状语从句。全文翻译电视刚刚普及时,那些已经成名的收音机评论员,鲜有能够在电视上同样出色的。当他们努力去适应这种 新媒体的时候,他们遇到的一些困难是技

26、术方面的。比如,通过收音机进行播音时,他们早已习惯于代表观众 去看。这种替别人看实况的技能意味着评论员必须擅长“说”。最重要的是,他必须能够通过语言在观众脑海里生 成一系列图像。这些图像使听众听到的声音具有更多的意义。然而,电视评论员和观众起观看(图像),因 此，他的作用迥然不同。他要确保观众不错过有趣的地方,并帮助观众将注意力放在某些值得注意的地方,还 要解释电视屏幕上的图像。和收音机评论员不同的是，他必须知道沉默的作用,知道在电视图像目了然的时 候如何保持沉默。Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Each of the pass

27、ages below is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(30 points)Passage 1A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is fo

28、r good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredie

29、nt is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.Accountability isnt hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.Of the many values that hold civilization together-honesty, kindness, and so on一accountability may

30、be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law一and, ultimately, no society.My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on peoples b

31、ehavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment.Fortunately there are still communities-smaller towns, usually-where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: In this family certain things are not tolerated一they simp

32、ly are not done!Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him.The main cause of this break-down is a radical sh

33、ift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, its the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didnt teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with mora

34、l guidance, by the parents who didnt provide a stable home.I dont believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts respons

35、ibility for anything.We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible fbr it.文章总体结构分析本文从一名警察的角度分析了美国社会中犯罪活动猖獗的原因。指出:将犯罪行为归咎于外部环境因素是 犯罪活动猖獗的主要原因,从而提出,更多的人应该认识到,真正该为犯罪行为负责的是罪犯自己。第一到四段为第一部分:指出责任感对社会的重要性。第五到九段为第二部分：指出现在大城市中正在忽略的自律恰恰是抑制犯罪的最

36、有效方法。而人们为将犯 罪行为归结于社会环境等外部因素恰恰是助长了罪犯拒绝承担责任的现象,从而导致了犯罪活动的猖獗。第十段为第三部分：作者指出：更多的人应该认识到该为犯罪行为负责的是罪犯自己。16. What the wise man said suggests that.16.智者的话表明A its unnecessary fbr good people to do anything in face of evilA面对邪恶,好人什么都不必做B its certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about itB若好人无动于衷

37、,邪恶就会猖獗C its only natural fbr virtue to defeat evilC善自然会战胜恶D its desirable fbr good men to keep away from evilD好人应该远离邪恶分析本题考核知识点:根据文章内容理解句子。本文以一句智者的话“邪恶的胜利就是善良之人无所作为引入主题。从下文来看,作者主要论述的内容是: 人们对罪犯不应该再采取纵容的态度，为他们的犯罪行为寻找借口,而应该认识到真正对犯罪行为负责的应该 是罪犯本人。B和文中内容一致,为正确选项。A、D与智者的话意思相反。C文中未提到。17. According to the a

38、uthor, if a person is found guilty of a crime,_.17.作者认为,若有人被发现有罪，则A society is to be held responsibleA社会应该对此负责B modem civilization is responsible for itB现代文明应该对此负责C the criminal himself should bear the blameC罪犯本人应该为此负责D the standards of living should be improvedD生活水平应该提高分析本题考核知识点：因果细节题。解本题的信息主要在本文最后

39、三段（第八到十段）;第八段对过去和现在人们看待犯罪的态度进行了比较。 第九段作者对现在将犯罪行为归结于外部因素的观点提出质疑;最后一段中作者指出,罪犯本人应该对自己的 犯罪行为负责。所以C为正确选项。A、B、D都是外部原因归结论,是作者所批判的观点。第八、九段指出,把犯罪行为归因于父母、社 会、生活水平的态度恰恰导致了犯罪活动的猖獗。18. Compared with those in small towns, people in large cities have_.18.和小城镇相比，大城市的人A less self-disciplineA缺少自我约束B better sense of d

40、isciplineB有更好的自律精神C more mutual respectC更互相尊重D less effective governmentD缺少个有效的政府分析本题考核内容:事实细节题。第六、七段对比了大城市和小城市人们的自我约束性,指出,生活在小城镇(smaller towns)还在强调纪律 (schools maintain discipline, parents hold up standard),而大城市里自我约束力非常松散(inner restraints are loosening)所以,A窓合原土内容。B和原文内容相反。C D本文未提及。19. The writer is

41、sorry to have noticed that.19.作者感到遗憾是因为看到A people in large cities tend to excuse criminalsA大城市的人常常为罪犯找借口B people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standardsB小城镇的人坚守老的纪律和标准C todays society lacks sympathy fbr people in difficultyC现代社会缺少对于困境中的人的同 情D people in disadvantaged circumstances

42、are engaged in criminal activitiesD环境不好的人会进行犯罪活动分析本题考核知识点:细节理解推理题。第八段指出:导致犯罪活动猖獗的原因(The main cause of this break-down)是人们对罪犯态度的改变。三 十年前,社会被认为是犯罪活动的受害者,而三十年后的今天,罪犯反倒被认为是受害者：教育环境不好,家 庭环境不利于成长等。这说明,令作者感到遗憾的是人们为罪犯找借口的态度。A为正确选项。第六段介绍小镇的人对纪律和标准的坚持是作者所赞赏的，排除B。C在本文中未提及。D和作者的观 点相反:第八、九段的内容说明,作者不认为成长环境恶劣是走向犯罪

43、的理由。20. The key point of the passage is that20.文章主要说明。A stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and familiesA学校和家庭中应该保持更严格的 纪律B more good examples should be set fbr people to followB应该为人们树立更多学习榜样C more restrictions should be imposed on peoples behaviorC对人们的行为应该加以更多控制D more people should

44、accept the value of accountabilityD更多人应该接受“责任感”这价值 观分析本题考核知识点:文章主旨题。文章第二段指出，责任感在人们价值观念中的淡化是非常错误的(Something has gone terribly wron)。第三、 四段给出责任感的定义并指出,没有责任感也就没有社会的存在。第五段作者以警察的身份指出自我约束的重 要行。第六、七段比较了人们对犯罪的态度的变化。第八段指出：人们将犯罪归咎于外部因素的态度导致人们 责任感的降低,从而导致犯罪活动的猖獗。最后两段中指出,不让罪犯为自己的犯罪行为负责会导致所有的人 都拒绝承担责任。更多的人应该相信：该

45、为犯罪活动承担责任的是罪犯本人。综合作者观点，可以得出,本文 旨在说明,更多的人应该接受责任感。因此D正确。A虽然在第六段中提及,但不是文章的主要观点。C和原文内容不符:第五段指出,作者认为对控制人 们行为真正有效的是内部约束,而不是来自于外界的控制。B文中未提及。全寸翻译一位智者曾说过,邪恶的胜利就是善良之人无所作为。所以,所为一名警察,我有一些话急需告诉善良的 人们。日复一日,我和我的同事尽力控制犯罪的蔓延。我们曾经引以为荣的美国生活方式出现了可怕的问题。这 个问题处在我们的价值观方面。个关键的成分正在消失,我想,我知道它是什么责任感。责任感不难定义。它指的是人人要对其行为负责,并承担其行

46、为造成的后果。责任感可能是形成文明的众多观价值观（善良,仁慈等）中最重要的一个。没有它,就没有尊重、信任、法 律最终也就没有社会的存在。作为一名警察,我的工作就是把责任感强行加到那些拒绝承担、或自己没有学会承担责任的人身上。但正 如每一位警察都知道的,对人行为的外部控制远不如自我约束（如罪恶感,羞耻心和难为情）有效。幸运的是,在些区域通常是小城镇里,学校还维护纪律,父母还坚持原则,称“有些事情在我们家 是不能容忍的你们绝不能去那样做!”但在越来越多的地方,尤其是大城市和郊区,这些自我约束日渐松懈。抢劫犯不再是你认为的抢劫犯。 他认为你的财产就是他的财产;他拿走他想要的一切,当你触怒他时,他甚至

47、会拿走你的生命。人们态度的根本变化造成了局面的完全崩溃。30年前,若有罪行发生,人们认为受害者是社会。现在, 人们的态度发生了惊人的变化:最犯被认为是受害者童年饱受贫困折磨,学校没有教他读书,教堂没有给 他以道德上的引导,父母没有给他提供个安定的家。我不相信这些。同样不利的环境中长大的另外一些人为什么没有选择去犯罪?不让罪犯承担责任,甚至降 低他们应承的责任,都会让我们的社会变成一个满是借口的社会,没有人愿意为任何事情承担责任。美国急待更多的人相信:应该为犯罪行为负责的人是罪犯自己。Passage 2The period of adolescence, i. e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be l