2003-2012年历年考研英语真题及答案.docx

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1、2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its le

2、gitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Sealia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less l

3、ikely that the court s decisions will be 4 as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not 5 by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6 to the code of conduct that 7 to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the quest ion

4、 of whether there is still a _9_be tween the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _1 l_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to 13 political support. Our legal system wa

5、s designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ 1 ike 1 iberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably politi

6、cal-which is why decisions split along ideological 1ines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, 20 ,convincing as law.1.Aem

7、phasizeBmaintainCmodifyD recognize2.AwhenBlestCbeforeD unless3.ArestoredBweakenedCestablished D eliminated4.AchallengedBcompromised CsuspectedD accepted5.AadvancedBcaughtCbound:Dfounded6.AresistantBsubjectCimmune Dprone7.AresortsBsticksCloads Dapplies8.AevadeBraiseCdenyDsettle9.AlineBbarrierCsimilar

8、ityDconflict10.A byBasCthoughDtowards11.A soBsinceCprovidedDthough12.AserveBsatisfyCupsetDreplace13.AconfirmBexpressCcultivateDoffer14.AguardedBfollowedCstudiedDtied15.AconceptsBtheoriesCdivisionsDconceptions16.AexcludesBquestionsCshapesDcontrols17.AdismissedBreleasedCrankedDdistorted18.AsuppressBex

9、ploitCaddressDignore19.AaccessibleBamiableCagreeabls Daccountable20.Aby all mesns Batal1costs Cina word Das a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 p

10、oints)Text 1Come on - Everybody , s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer p

11、ressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in

12、 action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored anti smoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a

13、 perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fai 1 to mobi 1 ize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. Dare to be different, please don t smoke! pleads one billboard campaign aimed

14、at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persua

15、sive. Join the Club is fi 1 led wi th too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it s presented here is that it doesn t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze

16、 failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as wel 1 as negative ones-spread through

17、 networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It s like

18、 the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to t

19、he first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges asA a supplement to the social cureB a stimulus to group dynamicsC an obstacle to school progressD a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates shouldA recruit professional advertisersB learn from advertisers experienceC st

20、ay away from commercial advertisersD recognize the 1 imitations of advertisements23. In the authorJ s view, Rosenberg s book faiIs toA adequately probe social and biological factorsB effectively evade the flaws of the social cureC illustrate the functions of state fundingDproduce a long-lasting soci

21、al effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviorsA is harmful to our networks of friendsB will mislead behavioral studiesC occurs without our realizing itD can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure isA harmfulB desira

22、bleC profoundD questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulatio

23、ns.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont * s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It s a stunning move.The conf 1 ict has been surfacing si

24、nce 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any

25、extension of the plant s license be subject to Vermont legislature s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial col lapse of a cooling

26、tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee s safety and Entergy s management - especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last ye

27、ar against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that

28、states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Enter

29、gy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permi ssion to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Ent

30、ergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the companys appl ication, it s

31、hould keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase Mreneging on (Line 3. para. 1) is closest in meaning toA condemning.B reaffirming.C dishonoring.D securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended toA obtain protection from Vermont regulators.B seek favor from

32、the federal legislature.C acquire an extension of its business license .D get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with itsA managerial practices.B technical innovativeness.C financial goals.D business vision29. In the author , s view, the

33、 Vermont case will testA Entergy9 s capacity to fulfill all its promises.B the mature of states , patchwork regulations.C the federal authority over nuclear issues .D the limits of states, power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatA Entergy* s business elsewhere mi

34、ght be affected.B the authority of the NRC will be defied.C Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.D Vermont , s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use

35、the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique 1 ife experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience,

36、 what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collecti

37、ve scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher, s me, here, now becomes the community, s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery cl

38、aim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling th

39、e publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between

40、 shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual , s discovery claim into the community, s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that

41、 is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will alwa

42、ys be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought. * But t

43、hinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility happens* to a discovery claim - a process that corresponds to what philosophe

44、r Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other, s reasoning and each other, s conceptions of reason. *31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by itsA uncertainty and complexity.B misconc

45、eption and deceptiveness.C logicality and objectivity.D systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requiresA strict inspection.Bshared efforts.C individual wisdom.Dpersistent innovation.33. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible

46、after itA has attracted the attention of the general public.Bhas been examined by the scientific community.C has received recognition from editors and reviewers.Dhas been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree thatA scientific claims will survive chaile

47、nges.Bdiscoveries today inspire future research.C efforts to make discoveries are justified.Dscientific work calls for a critical mind.35. Which of the following would be the best title of the test?A Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.BCollective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.C Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.DChallenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil serv