1996-1999年考研英语真题及解析.docx

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1、1996年年全真试题Part I Cloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A , B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)Vitamins are organic compounds necessary

2、 in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man.They do not provide energy, do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for 2 foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if 3 is missing a d

3、eficiency disease becomes 4 .Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements一usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and 5 nitrogen. They are different 6 their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin 7 one or more specific functions in the body.8_ enough vitamins is essential t

4、o life, although the body has no nutritional use for 9 vitamins. Many people, 10, believe in being on the “safe side“ and thus take extravitamins. However, a well balanced diet will usually meet all the body* s vitamin needs.1. A eitherB socnorEdnever2. A shiftingB transferringcalteringEdtransformin

5、g3. A anyB somecanythingEdsomething4. A seriousB apparentcsevereEdfatal5. A mostlyB partiallyLcsometimesEdrarely6. A in thatB so thatEcsuch thatEdexcept that7. A undertakesB holdsEcplaysEdperforms8. A SupplyingB GettingEcProvidingEdFurnishing9. A exceptionalB exceedingEcexcessEdexternal10. A neverth

6、elessLB thereforeEcmoreoverEdmeanwhilePart II Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each questions there are four answers marked A, B , C and D . Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your an

7、swer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1Tight lipped elders used to say, Its not what you want in this world, but what you get.Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things

8、.You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and

9、 such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where

10、 to sell your services.This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education, experience and references. Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews. While talk

11、ing to you, your could be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your “wares and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and

12、 desires, you have something tangible to sell. Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your could be job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgment. Spend a certain amount of time each

13、 day seeking the employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now.11. What do the elders mean when they say, Its not what you want in this world, but what you get.?A Youll certainly get what you want.B Its no use dreaming.C You should be dissatisfied with what you have.D Its

14、 essential to set a goal for yourself.12. A blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as.A an illustration of how to write an application for a jobB an indication of how to secure a good jobC a guideline for job descriptionD a principle for job evaluation13. According

15、 to the passage, one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because .A that is the first step to please the employerB that is the requirement of the employerC it enables him to know when to sell his servicesD it forces him to become clearly aware of himself14. When you have c

16、arefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something.A definite to offerB imaginary to provideC practical to supplyD desirable to presentPassage 2With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporations news cov

17、erage, as well as listen to it.And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary co

18、verage, children s programmes and films for an annual licence fee of 83 per household.It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years - yet the BBC s future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its rol

19、e, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain.The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC 一 including ordinary listeners and viewers 一 to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thoug

20、ht it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBCs royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes.Defenders of the Corporation 一 of whom there are many 一 are fond of quoting the American slogan kIf it aint broke, dont

21、 fix it. The BBC aint broke, they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word broke, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels ITV and Channel 4 were r

22、equired by the ThatcherGovernments Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels funded partly by advertising and partly by viewerssubscriptions which will bring about the biggest cha

23、nges in the long term.15. The world famous BBC now faces .A the problem of news coveragel B an uncertain prospectC inquiries by the general publicD shrinkage of audience16. In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue?A Extension of its TV service to Far Eas

24、t.L B Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.C Potentials for further international co-operations.L D !ts existence as a broadcasting organization.17. The BBCs royal charter (Line 4, Paragraph 4) stands for .A the financial support from the royal family.B the privileges granted by the Que

25、en.C a contract with the Queen.D a unique relationship with the royal family.18. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than .A the emergence of commercial TV channels.L B the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government.C the urgent necessity to reduce costs and job

26、s.D the challenge of new satellite channels.Passage 3In the last half of the nineteenth century “capital and labour were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The chang

27、e met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiati

28、ve, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other servic

29、es to the taxpayers.The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsib

30、le wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were

31、 thus enriched by the worlds movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large comfortable classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a sha

32、reholders meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand shareholding meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.The shareholders as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workme

33、n employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which th

34、e employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions,

35、 at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each others strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.19. Its true of the old fami

36、ly firms that .A they were spoiled by the younger generationsB they failed for lack of individual initiativeC they lacked efficiency compared with modern companiesD they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers20. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in .A the separation of capi

37、tal from managementB the ownership of capital by managersC the emergence of capital and labour as two classesD the participation of shareholders in municipal business21. According to the passage, all of the following are true except that .A the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workersB

38、the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workersC the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothlyD the trade unions seemed to play a positive role22. The author is most critical of.A family firm ownersB landownersC managersD shareholdersPassage 4What accounts for the gr

39、eat outburst of major inventions in early America一 breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the countrys excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums

40、to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial thinking about things technological.Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithm

41、etic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develo

42、ps rapidly into the skilled workman.A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.In the United States, multitudes of pre

43、miums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the Ameri

44、can worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process . T

45、he designer and the inventor . are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.This nonverbal spatial thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc, like a

46、 poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”When all these shaping forces一schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland,

47、 they produced that American characteristic emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.23. According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to .A

48、elementary schoolsB enthusiastic workersC the attractive premium system D a special way of thinking24. It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics.A benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge.B shed light on disciplined school management.C was brought about by