2020-2021年收藏2017小升初英语语法复习.docx
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1、第一章名词同学们,让我们起来观察下面的单词:banana water cup bird man mother father life ideaBeijing China Smith Monday No. 2 Middle School the Great Wall我们发现,以上单词都是表示人或事物名称的词,我们把它们称为名词,用符号n.来表示。名词到底学什么?是名词的分类;二是名词的数;三是名洞的所有格.第一节名词的分类接下来,我们来学习下名词的分类。专有名词:China, the Great Wall, Helen (世上独无二):专有名词和由普通名词构成的专名 名单数 a hook可数名词
2、词复数two books普通名词1)水质的:water, milk, juice不可数名词 2)油质的:oil,butter, soap,3)粉末状的:chalk, bread第二节 名词的数我们知道,按照数的划分,名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词两大类,接着让我们进入以下的精彩学习吧!可数名词先来看一下可数名词单数变复数的变化:1 .规则变化(口诀:s es加双变) 直接+s例如:books, chairs, students, oranges 以字母-s,-x,-ch,-sh, - 结尾的名词,在词尾加-es例如:boxes, peaches, watches, dishes以结尾的名词变为
3、复数词尾加es的口诀:黑人(Negroes)英雄(heroes)在火山(volcanoes)上吃芒果(mangos/es) 土豆(potatoes)西红柿(tomatoes) 提示:radios, photos以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加一es例如:family一families, baby-babies(以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词,直接加-s 例:boys , toys, monkeys)以字母f, -fe结尾的名词,变f/fe为ves诀:妻子(wife)拿刀(knife)去宰狼(wolf),小偷(ihie。吓得丢面包(loaf)躲在架(shelf)后保己(self)命(
4、life),半(half)片树叶(leaf)遮目光对应复数为: wives, knives, wolves, thieves, loaves, shelves, selves, lives, halves, leaves 注:词尾可以直接加 s 的词有:roofs, chiefs, safes, cliffs, gulfs, golfs;词尾可以。s也可加es的有:scarf, handkerchief2 .名词变复数的发音规则名词后加s, es发音为:/s/,/z/,/iz/诀:清清浊浊元浊,/t/人!Z后发/ts/,/dz/,遇到/s,z,tj,d3,3/发7iz/例如:sho淤/ps/
5、ducks/ks/ 例如:pen&/z/ ; boys /z/ 例如:cats/ts/ hats/ts/ passports /ts/ tourists /ts/ 例如:birds/dz/ friends/dz/ cards/dz/例如:bu型/siz/ sizes/ziz/ peaches/tjiz/oranges/d3iz/3 .不规则变化(1) 诀:有些名词特殊记,foot, tooth和goose, 变ee;多个孩子多个人,男人女人a变e;鹿羊鱼耍脾气,保持原身体。小老鼠真淘气,掉进冰里丢身体。(ox公牛一oxen)注:fish 的用法(3 fish, kinds of fishes,
6、 eat some fish)(2)口诀:“两个名词”在起,前不变,后变,除了男人和女人,主体名词加s,以上规则须牢记。apple treeapple trees, keyboard operator-keyboard operators, girl friend-girl fiends, boy student一boy students, 但 man doctor men doctors, woman doctorwomen doctors;stepmother, mother-in-law(3)表“国人”的名词:口诀:中日不变,英法变,其余s加后面。a. Chinese-Chinese,
7、Japanese一Japanese,b. Englishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen,c. AmericanAmericans, German-Germans (以一can, -an 纟吉尾的国人+s)4.集体名词family, class等 强调“整体谓语(单数)强调“成员谓语(复数) 例如:My family is happy.My families are watching TV.Im in Class Four and I have four classes every morning.5.群体名词:people, police两词本身就是“复
8、数”,谓语动词用“复数(be动词应用are)例如:There are many people in the room.The police are running after the thieves.二、不可数名词1 .常见的不可数名词有三类:1)水质的: water, milk, juice2)油质的:oil, butter, soap3)粉末状的:chalk, bread2 .雷打不动十大不可数名词:work, progress, news; health, information, advice; music, fun; weather, luck为方便记忆,特送诀:工作进步好消息,健康
9、信息多建议,爱听音乐有乐趣,天气真好是运气。3 .量的表达:不可数名词不能与数词连用,仅能与!ittle/a little/much/a bit等不可数限定词连用。不可数名词要表达量, 必须借助数量词短语。公式:a/an/数词+量词+ of+不可数名词例如:news 一条新闻:a piece of news; bread 块/ 条面包:a loaf of bread coffee 一杯咖啡:a cup of coffee ;so叩 块肥皂:a bar of soap注意他们的复数形式:只变数量词。a cup of coflfee two cups of coffee常用的数量词的表达结构:(必
10、会)a glass of (玻璃杯),a cup ofl(一茶杯),a bottle of (瓶),a piece of (一片、和条等),a loaf of (一 块),a pound of (磅),a pair of (一双,副,条),a bag of (袋),等。4 .单个不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例: Air is very important for us.拓展部分:同学们,该我们找规律了。(一)many students, a few books (有一些书),few books (没几本书),a numberof students (许多学生),(the numbe
11、r of students.的数量,后面谓语动词用单数,比如be动词用is) a lot of apples (许多苹果)some eggs修饰可数名词复数的词: many, a few, few, a number of, the number of, a lot of()much money a little money (有一些钱)little money (几乎没钱)a lot of money (许多钱)somemoney修饰不可数名词的词:much, a little, little, a lot of, some(三)既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词为:a lot of, so
12、me第二节名词的所有格、 定义:名词所有格即表示这个名词归谁所有的问题。名词的这种所有格吧!共分为三种类型:s所有格,of所有格,双重所有格,(一)所有格:名词+或+(多表示有生命的东西;1 .单数名词的所有格+s:例如:Toms book, Childrens Day2 .复数以s结尾只+例如:Teachers Day3 .表示两个人的所有格:如果两人“共用”个物体,则只在后一个人的后面+s例如:Lucy和Lily的房间:Lucy and Lilys room (两人共用);如果两人“各用各的”,则都需要分别+.例如:Lucys and Lilys rooms (一人一间)做题技巧:关键看“
13、后的名词:如果是“单数”说明两人共有,只在后者+s。如果是“复数”,说明各 是各的,两个词都要+s。4 .表示某人的“家,店铺”等所有格用s后的名词常省略。(新一 L69)例如:at the butchers (shop) go to my mothers (house)诀:想用职业来表地点,人的前面+the,后面+s。at the bakers,注意:如果是人名,则不用前加the,只在其后加s。例如:at Marys.5 .特殊用法:(1) After the exam well have a two months holiday/ a two-month holiday(2) Every
14、morning Mr. Smith takes a 20 minutes walk to his office.= a 20-minute walk(3) There is a five stars hotel.=a five-star hotel诀:教单名作定语,修饰其后的名词。表时间,距离常用s所有格。二、of所有格(多表示无生命的东西)例如:a photo of my family , a map of China/ the world特殊:用“to”表示所有格:the key to the door, the answer to the question , the entrance
15、to the park三、双重所有格1.1 meet (遇至) every morning.A. a friend of mine. B. a friend of my. C. a friend of me.注意:双重所有格:.of + n例如:a friend of my fatherVMary mothers.of + 名词性物主代词例如:a friend of mine (his、 hers、theirs)第二聿一般现在时、定义:表示目前的状态或经常性的动作。Jerry is a big guy. He eats three bowls of meat every day.二、结构1.“
16、主系表结构:e g: You are a studentYou are not a student.Are you a student ?Yes, you are. No, you arent.肯: 主 + be(am, is, are) + 表。否:主+be(am, is, are)+not+表。疑:Be+主+表?肯定回答:Yes,主+be.否定回答:No,主+be not.(可缩写)am not is not=isnt are not=arent2 .“主+谓+宾”结构肯:主(三单)+谓+s+宾否:主(三单)+dont/doesrTt+v.原+宾。疑:Do/Does +主+v.原形+宾?肯
17、定回答:Yes,主+do/does,否定回答:No,主 + dont/doesnt.例如:He likes English.(变否)He doesnt like English.(变疑)Does he like English? Yes, he does./ No, he doesnt.3 .特殊疑问句(1)结构:特词+助v.+主+谓v原+其它?He does his homework every day.(变否、变疑、并对划线部分提问)特疑:What does he do every day?解析:否定句中的doesnt为助动词,第二个do为实义动词。He brushes his teeth
18、 three times a day.对 three times 提问:(即对次数提问)How many times does he brush his teeth a day?对 three times a day 提问:(对频率提问)How often does he brush his teeth?三、动词变化1 .三单概念 (1)当主语为第三人称单数,he/she/it(2) 个物a cat等(3) 一 个人 Tom, my friend 等(2) 词的单三形式变化 变化口诀:s, es, y 变 i, have 变 has。(3) 一般情况 词尾+s: works, looks, w
19、ants(4) 以-ch, -sh, -s,x, 结尾词尾+es: teaches, washes, dresses, fixes, goes(4)以辅音字母+y结尾 变y为i,再加es : flies, cries, tries四、标志性时间状语判断个句子是什么时态的依据就是要学会“依照时间,来定时态即“依时定态”。例如:He runs (run) every day.“一般现在时的时间状语:1. every 系 :every day / every week / every month / every yearI go to school on foot every day.2频率副词”系
20、列:always, usually, often, sometimes 等(渐弱)(be之后) (“行之前) (情与行之间) (助与行之间)频率副词在句子中的,位置诀:be”之后,“行”之前,“情、助与“行之间。但:sometimes常 用于句首或句尾。(1) Tom is often late for school. Mary is always beautiful.(2) I often go to school at 6:00. Girls usually like sweets.(3) He can always answer these questions.(4) I dont of
21、len go to school at 3:00.(5) Sometimes he goes to school by bus.3. on Sundays (每逢星期几)系列:On Saturdays / On Friday / On MondayI go to see my grandmother on Sundays.4. once a week (系 歹):twice a month, three times a day.等I write to my mother twice a month.五、用法1 .经常性、习惯性动作或状态。2 .习 语、谚语。 A friend in need
22、is friend indeed.3 .“客观真理不动摇始终要用一般现在时。The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.解析:当主句的谓语动词是过去时态,则所有的从句都要带上过去的帽子,但“客观真理不动摇。“不 管你的老师说不说,地球都绕着太阳转,这是个客观真理。例如:The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.4.if条件句、时间状语从句中一般现在时表将来。(主将从现)If he comes back, I will tell you.When he comes back, I
23、 will tell you.As soon as he comes back, I will tell you.第三章冠词定义:冠词是用在名词前面,说明名词所表示的人或事物的词。名词是秃子,需要戴帽子,帽子就 是冠词。分类:不定冠词a/an,定兄词the,零冠词第一节a(n)的用法用法口诀:个,类,某,另,不见原因(元音)不施恩(n)o解析:(1)表示数量,有个的意思,eg: There are 7 days in a week.(2)表示一类人或者是物, eg: A bird can fly.(3)泛指类名词中的某个, eg: Tom is an actor.(4)用于“序数词”前表“另”
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