2018小升初英语语法复习(精).docx
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1、第一章名词同学们,让我们起来观察下面的单词:banana watercupbird man mother fatherlife ideaBeijingChinaSmith Monday No. 2 Middle School the Great Wall我们发现,以上单词都是表示人或事物名称的词,我们把它们称为名词,用符号n.来表不。名词到底学什么?是名词的分类;是名词的数;三是名词的所有格。第一节名词的分类接下来,我们来学习一下名词的分类。专有名词:China, theXSreat Wall, Helen (世上独无二):专有名词和由普通名词构成的专名普通名词单数a booA复数 two b
2、ooAs1)水质的:water, milA, juice不可数名词 2 )油质的:oil .butter, so叩,3 )粉末状的:chalA, bread第二节名词的数我们知道,按照数的划分,名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词两大类。接着让我们进入以下 的精彩学习吧!一.可数名词先来看一下可数名词单数变复数的变化:1 .规则变化(口诀:s es加双变) 直接+s例如:booAs , chairs , students , oranges以字母s, -G, -ch, -sh, -o结尾的名词,在词尾加一es例如:boGes, peaches,watches , dishes以结尾的名词变为复数词尾
3、加es的口诀:黑人(Negroes)英雄(heroes)在火山(volcanoes )上吃芒果(mangos/es ) 土豆 (potatoes)西红柿(tomatoes)提:radios , photos以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加一es例如:family-families, baby一babies(以元音字母+y结尾的名词,直接加一s例:boys , toys, monAeys )以字母f, -fe结尾的名词,变f/fe为ves诀:妻子(wife)拿刀(Anife)去宰狼(wolf),小偷(thief)吓得丢面包(loaf) 躲在架(shelf)后保己(self)命(life
4、),半(half)片树叶(leaf)遮目光寸应复数为:wives, Anives, wolves , thieves, loaves , shelves , selves , lives, halves, leaves注:词尾可以直接加 s 的词有:roofs, chiefs, safes, cliffs, gulfs, golfs;词尾可以加s也可加es的有:scarf, handAerchief2 .名词变复数的发音规则名词后加s , es发音为:/s/, /z/, /iz/诀:清清浊浊元浊,/ d/后发/ts/ ,z/ ,遇到,z,4,d3, J, 3Z发/iz/例如:shops/ps/
5、 ducAs/As/ 例如:pens_/z/ ; boys /z/ 例如:cats /ts/ hats/ts/ passports /ts/ tourists /ts/例如:birds /dz/ friends /dz/ cards /dz/例如:buses /siz/ sizes /ziz/ peaches /tfiz/ oranges /d3iz/3 .不规则变化Q)口诀:有些名词特殊记,foot, tooth和goose, 变ee;多个孩子多个人,男人女人a变e ;鹿羊鱼耍脾气,保持原身体。小老鼠真淘气,掉进冰里丢身体。(oG公牛一。Gen )注:fish 的用法(3 fish, Ain
6、ds of fishes, eat some fish )(2) 口诀:“两个名词”在一起,前不变,后变,除了男人和女人,主体名词加s ,以上规则 须牢记。apple tree-apple trees, Aeyboard operator-Aeyboard operators, girl friend一girl fiends,boy student一boy students,但 man doctor一men doctors, woman doctor-women doctors ;stepmother, mother-in-law(3)表“国人”的名词:口诀:中日不变,英法变,其余s加后面。a
7、. Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese,b. Englishman一Englishmen, Frenchman一Frenchmen,c. American一Americans, German一Germans (以-can, -an 结尾的国人+s)4 .集体名词family, class等强调整体谓语(单数)强调成员谓语(复数) 例如:My family is happy.My families are watching TV.F m in Class Four and I have four classes every morning.5 .群体名词:peo
8、ple, police两词本身就是复数,谓语动词用复数(be动词应用 are)例如:There are many people in the room.The police are running after the thieves.二、不可数名词1 .常见的不可数名词有三类:1)水质的:water, milA, juice2 )油质的:oil, butter, soap3 )粉末状的:chalA, bread2 .雷打不动十大不可数名词:worA, progress, news; health, information, advice; music, fun; weather; lucA为方
9、便记忆,特送诀:工作逬步好消息,健康信息多建议,爰听音乐有乐趣,天气真好是 运气。3 .量的表达:不可数名词不能与数词连用,仅能与!ittle/ a little/ much /a bit等不可数限定词连用。不 可数名词要表达量,必须借助数量词短语。公式:a/ an/数词+量词+ of+不可数名词例如:news 一条新闻:a piece of news; bread 一块/ 条面包:a loaf of bread coffee 一杯咖啡:a cup of coffee ; soap 块月: a bar of soap注意他们的复数形式:只变数量词。a cup of coffee-two cup
10、s of coffee常用的数量词的表达结构:(必会)a glass of (一玻璃杯),a cup of (一茶杯),a bottle of (一瓶),a piece of (一片、和 条等),a loaf of (一块),a pound of (一磅),a pair of (一双,畐,条),a bag of (一袋), 等。4 .单个不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:Air is very important for us.拓展部分:同学们,该我们找规律了。(一)many students, a few booAs (有一些书),few booAs (没几本书),a numbe
11、rof students (许多学生),(the number of students的数量,后面谓语动词用单数,比如 be 动词用 is) a lot of apples (许多苹果)some eggs修饰可数名词复数的词 :many , a few , few , a number of , the number of , a lot of(二)much money a little money(有一些钱)little money(几乎没钱)a lot of money(许多钱)some money修饰不可数名词的词 :much , a little , little , a lot of
12、, some(三)既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词为: a lot of, some第二节名词的所有格、定义:名词所有格即表示这个名词归谁所有的问题。名词的这种所有格吧!共分为三种类型:s所有格,of所有格,双重所有格,(一)S所有格:名词+ S或+S(多表示有生命的东西;1 .单数名词的所有格+ s:例如:Tom s booA, Children s Day2 .复数以s结尾只+例如:Teachers Day3 .表示两个人的所有格:如果两人共用”个物体,则只在后一个人的后面+ s例如:Lucy和Lily的房间:Lucy and Lily s room (两人共用);如果两人“各用各的”,
13、则都需要分别+ s.例如:Lucy s and Lily s rooms (一人一间)做题技巧:关键看后的名词:如果是单数”说明两人共有,只在后者+ s。如 果是复数”,说明各是各的,两个词都要+ s。4 .表示某人的家,店铺等所有格用s后的名词常省略。(新一 L69)例如:at the butcher s (shop) go to my mother s (house)诀:想用职业来表地点,人的前面+the ,后面+ s。at the baAer s ,注意:如果是人名,则不用前加the,只在其后加s。例如:at Mary s.5 .特殊用法:(1) After the eGam we II
14、 have a two months holiday = a two-month holiday(2 ) Every morning Mr. Smith taAes a 20 minutes walA to his office. = a 20-minute walA(3 ) There is a five stars hotel.=a five-star hotel口诀:数一单名作定语,修饰其后的名词。表时间,距离常用S所有格。二、二所有格(多表示无生命的东西)例如:a photo of my family, a map of China/ the world特殊:用to”表示所有格:the
15、 Aey to the door, the answer to the question , the entrance to the parA 三、双重所有格1.1 meet (遇至!) every morning.A. a friend of mine. B. a friend of my. C. a friend of me.注意:双重所有格:.of + n s例如: a friend of my father s/Mary smother s.of + 名词性物主代词例如:a friend of mine (his、hers、theirs)第二章一般现在时、定义:表示目前的状态或经常性的
16、动作。Jerry is a big guy. He eats three bowls of meat every day.二、结构L 主系表结构:e g: You are a student You are not a student. Are you a student ? Yes, you are. No, you aren t.肯:主+ be(am, is, are) + 表。否:主+be(am, is, are) + not+表。疑:Be+主+表?肯定回答:Yes,主+be.否定回答:No,主+be not.(可缩写)am not is not=isn* t are not=aren/
17、 t2 .主+谓+宾”结构肯:主(三单)+谓+S +宾否:主(三单)+don, t/doesn, t +v.原+宾。疑:Do/Does +主+v.原形+宾?肯定回答:Yes)主+d。/ does.否定回答:No,主 + don, t/doesn1 t.例如:He liAes English.(变否)He doesn1 t liAe English.(变疑)Does he liAe English? Yes, he does./ No, he doesn1 t.3 .特殊疑问句(1)结构:特词+助v.+主+谓v原+其它?He does his homeworA every day.(变否、变疑、
18、并对划线部分提问)特疑:What does he do every day?解析:否定句中的doesn1 t为助动词,第二个do为实义动词。He brushes his teeth three times a day.对 three times 提问:(即对次数提问)How many times does he brush his teeth a day?对 three times a day 提问:(对频率提问)How often does he brush his teeth?三、动词变化1 .三单概念(1)当主语为第三人称单数,he/she/it(2)一个物a cat等(3)一个人 To
19、m, my friend 等2 .动词的单三形式变化变化口诀:s , es , y 变 i, have 变 has. 一般情况 词尾+s : worAs, looAs, wants(3)以-ch, -sh, -s, -G, -o 结尾词尾+es : teaches, washes, dresses, fiGes, goes以辅音字母+y结尾 变y为i,再加es : flies, cries, tries四、标志性时间状语判断个句子是什么时态的依据就是要学会依照时间,来定时态。即依时定态。例如:He runs (run) every day.“般现在时”的时间状语:1. every 系列:eve
20、ry day / every weeA / every month / every yearI go to school on foot every day.2. “频率副词”系列:always, usually, often, sometimes 等(渐弱)频率副词在句子中的“位置诀:be之后,行之前,情、助与行之间。但:sometimes常用于句首或句尾。(1) Tom is often late for school. Mary is always beautiful, (be 之后) (2) I ofteti go to school at 6:00. Girls usually li
21、Ae sweets.(行之前)*(3) HC can always answer these questions.(情与行之间)(4) I don t often go to school at 3:00.(助与行之间)(5) Sometimes he goes to school by bus.3. on Sundays (每逢星期几)系列:On Saturdays / On Friday / On Monday1 go to see my grandmother on Sundays.4. once a weeA (系列):twice a month, three times a day.
22、等1 write to my mother twice a month.五、用法1 .经常性、习惯性动作或状态。2 .习语、谚语。A friend in need is friend indeed.3 .客观真理不动摇:始终要用一般现在时。The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.解析:当主句的谓语动词是过去时态,则所有的从句都要带上过去的帽子,但客观真理不动摇。不管你的老师说不说,地球都绕着太阳转,这是个客观真理。例如:The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.4.if条件
23、句、时间状语从句中一般现在时表将来。(主将从现)If he comes bacA, I will tell you.When he comes bacA, I will tell you.As soon as he comes bacA, I will tell you.第三章冠词一定义:冠词是用在名词前面,说明名词所表示的人或事物的词。名词是秃子,需要戴帽 子,帽子就是冠词。二.分类:不定冠词a/an,定冠词the,零冠词第一节a(n)的用法用法口诀:个,类,某,另一,不见原因(元音)不施恩(n 1解析:(1)表示数量,有个”的意思,eg : There are 7 days in a we
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