《考研英语语法 过去、现在完成时详解附译文.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《考研英语语法 过去、现在完成时详解附译文.docx(14页珍藏版)》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。
1、考研英语语法 过去、现在完成时 详解附译文现在完成时现在完成时既涉及过去,又联系现在,主要有两种用法。一、表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果.常与 just(刚刚),already(已经),never(从来没有),evert 曾经),before (以前),yet (仍然),once (一次),twice (两次),many times (很 屡次),how many times(多少次),so far(迄今为止),during the past (last) three years (最近三年来)等连用.副词的位置:(1) just 常用于肯定句中,放在 have / h
2、as 后,Hehas just come .(2 ) never 表示否认,放在 have / has 后,Hehas never visited the Great Wall.(3 )ever用于疑问句中,句型为:Have / Has +主语+ ever +过去分词?曾经过吗?用于询问某人过去的经历.Have you ever been to the farm?(4 ) before 用于句末,The woman has never heard of that before.in winter 在冬季 z in September 在九月in the morning/afternoon/ev
3、ening 在上午/下午/晚上(2 )作为地点介词时,in通常指大地方:When Iwas young lived in Beijing.我小时候住在北京。在内部:There is a ball in the box.盒子里有只球。表示在范围之内(是附属关系):Guangdong lies in the south of China.深圳在中国的南部。二、时间介词除了以上三个外,主要还有for , during , through , from , since , before, byf till, until, after, withino 具体如下:l.for表示某事持续多久,后接“一段时
4、间”(多与完成时连用):She has been here for several years.她来这JL有几年了。2.during表示“在期间”:He went to Hawaii during the summer.这个夏天他去了夏威夷。3.through 表示,自始至终:They studied hard through this summer vacation.整个暑彳跟他们者B 在努力学习。4.from表示时间的起点,可译作“从,常用于“fromto/till 中:The museum is open from Monday to Friday.博物馆周一至周五开 放。5.since
5、表示自从以来(直到现在)He has been away from home since 1998他自 1998 年就离开了家 乡。注意for和since都常与完成时连用,但for接时间段,since接时间点: for two days (持续)两天;since last week从上周直到现在。如果在since引导的状语从句中,谓语动词是持续性动词或表示状态 的动词过去式,那么从句表示的时间是从那持续动作或状态结束时算I haven71 seen my mother since I slept.( Sleep 为持续z性动词 zsleep 的动作结束时,即醒来时,即自我醒后,就没见到妈妈。)
6、6 .before指在之前,与after相对:Please come to school before 8 o clock. 8 点前到校。7 .by指“不迟于,到时为止,在以前:We will have learned more than 3000 words by the end of this year.到今年底为止,我们将学习3000多个单词。为止”:在肯定句中,till/until必须与延续动词连用;在否认句中,till/until常 与非延续性动词连用。肯:You must wait for him till he comes.你必须一直等到他来。否:I didn, t go to
7、 bed until 9oz clock直到 12 点我才睡觉。9 .after表示“在之后”:We will have an important meeting after 12:00.十二点钟后,我们 将召开一个重要会议。10 .within 在时间之内:Everybody must finish the task within 10 minutes.所有人十分钟内 必须完成任务。三、而在地点介词方面赊了第一点所提到的三个主要还有t。, above, over, below, under, beside, behind, betweeno它们的用法具体如下:l.to :主要表示“在范围外”
8、,强调不接壤,不相邻。Japan is to the east of China.日本在中国的东面。注意:at强调点,on强调面,in强调在里面,t。表示范围 外。n the tree :表示树上本身所长着的叶子、花、果实等in the tree :表示某物或某人在树上on the wall :表示在墙的外表,如图画、黑板等in the wall :表示在墙的内部中,如门窗、钉子、洞、孑L2.above :在上方(并未强调是不是正上方),与below相对。如:I live in a flat above the shop.我住在那家商店上面的一套房子里。3.over :表示“在正上方,与und
9、er相对。There is a big apple hanging over my head.在我的头顶上,悬挂着 一个大苹果。4 .behind :表示“在后面”。Behind the building stands at atree.在这栋建筑后面有棵树。5 .between :在之间(指两者)。The building stands between the park and the supermarket.那栋 建筑位于公园和超市之间。总体而言,只要清楚东西的摆放位置,找准介词,就能对号入座 O(5 ) yet 用于句末或 not 之后.Has the train arrived yet
10、? No, notyet.(6 ) already用于肯定句,have / has之后或句末.We have already finishedit.(7 ) so far 用于句首或句末.So far, we have visited the moon.二、表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态.时间状语有:(1) for + 表示一段时间的词语 I have taught English for 19 years.(2 )since + 表示过去时间点的词语 He has been at this school since 1986.(3 ) since +表示过去的时间状语从句I h
11、ave lived here since I was born.(4 ) since + 段时间 + ago. I have known him since 20 years ago.院过去完成时过去完成体,顾名思义,就是表示在过去某一时间之前已经发生或完成 的动作,也就是我们所说的过去的过去”。因此,它有已完成用 法和“未完成用法。结构为:had + -ed分词。一 ,已完成,表示一个动作或状态在过去某时之前已经完成或结束。I had finished my homework when my friends came.我月月友来的时 候,我就已经完成家庭作业了。My father had l
12、eft for Beijing before I came home.在我到家前, 爸爸已经离开去北京了。二、未完成,表示一个动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始,一直 延续到这一过去时间,而且到那时还未结束,仍有继续下去的可能性。Jack said that he had made much progress in Englishsince he came here.杰克说自从他到这儿以后,英语已经取得了很大进步。By six o clock these workershad worked twelve hours.到六点钟时,这些工人已经工作十二小时了。三、连词引导过去完成体用法:有些连词引导
13、的过去完成时可互换。When I reached the station, the train had alreadyleft.=1 reached the station after the train had left.=1 didn t reach the stationuntil the train had left.=The train had left before I reached the station.在我到车站时,火车已经走了。四、过去完成体的虚拟用法,表示与过去事态相反的主观设想。(1)用于if, if only, as if引导的分句:If you had worke
14、d hard, you would have passed theexam.如果你努力学习的话,你就已经通过考试了。If I were you, I would not do it.我要是你,就不做这事。If only I had finished it before.要是我之前完成了这件事就好了。I felt as if I had been a bird in the sky.我感觉自己好似天空一只小鸟。(2 )用于 I wish, I would rather 引导的 that 从句:I wished that I had knew the answer to the questionb
15、efore he asked me. 我希望在他问我以前,我知道问题的答案。I would rather you had told me the truth.我宁愿你跟我说实话。(3 )用于 expect, think, intend,mean, want, suppose 等表示过去未 曾实现的希望、打算或意图。I had intended to buy a present for you, but I forgotthat.我本打算给你买礼物的,但我忘了。I had hoped that we could pass the exam, but wefailed in the end.我本希
16、望我们都能通过考试,但最终我们失败了。因此,由上可知,比起现在完成体,过去完成体用法复杂,且具体虚 拟”的特殊用法,需要我们在平时使用中加以注意。A现在完成进行时我们在使用现在完成时之前,还应该了解和它相似的现在完成进行时。现在完成进行时态的动作表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到至今,它 强调动作的整个过程。这个动作也许刚刚结束,也许仍在进行。现在完成进行时态的用法:例句:(1) What have you been doingall this time?这半天你干什么来 着?(2 ) I have been waiting formy girl friend for half an hour,
17、 but she has not shown up yet.我一直在等我女朋友,已等了半小时,但 她仍没露面。(3 ) He is ill. He s been lying in bed for three weeks.他病了。 已卧床3个星期。(4 ) I have been watching TVthe whole evening.我整个晚上一 直在看电视。现在完成进行时态并不难掌握,它的特点是强调动作的过程。A现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别在实际使用过程中,有时候很容易把现在完成时和现在完成进行时混淆, 那么二者有哪些区别呢?(1 )现在完成时可以表示一个已经完成的动作,而现在完成进行
18、时那么表示一个正在进行的动作:I have read the book,我读过这本书。I have been reading the book.我一直在读这本书。【注】有少数动词(如work, study, livezteach, stay等)在表示持续一时 间时用这两种时态含义差不多(只是用现在完成进行进更强调动作的持 续性):How long have you worked been working here?你在这儿工作多久了?F ve lived been living heresince 1988.自 1988 年以来我就一直住 在这儿。(2)现在完成时通常只陈述事实,而现在完成进行
19、时还可表示一种感情色彩:I have waited for two hours.我等了两小时。(陈述事实)I have been waiting for two hours.我等了两个小时。(等得好辛苦)(3)现在完成进行时通常用来谈论较短暂的动作或情况,假设要谈论时间延续较长的动作或情况或永久性情况,那么通常用现在完成时:He has lived in Paris.他(一直)住在巴黎。He has been living in Paris.他(目前)住在巴黎。(表暂时性)(4)不用于进行时态的动词通常也不用于现在完成进行时,但它们可 以用于现在完成时:F ve only known her
20、for twoday.我认识她刚刚两天。They ve been married fortwenty years.他们结婚已二十年了。The war has lasted for a long time.这场战争持续了很长时间。(5)现在完成进行时不用于被动语态,假设要用可用现在完成时的被动 语态代替:The house has been painted for a month.这房子已漆了一个月。The problem has been studied for five days,这个问题已研究了五 天。一、在这两类介词之中,atronjn既可以作为时间介词,也可以作为地 点介词,具体而言:
21、l.at(1)作为时间介词时,表示某一时间点:I have breakfast at 7:00 everyday.我每天7点吃早饭。(2 )作为地点介词时,at通常指小地方:In the afternoon,he finally arrived at home.到下午他终于到家了。at通常所指范围不太明显,表示在附近,旁边:The ball is at the corner.球搁在角落里。2.on(1)作为时间介词时,表示在具体某一天或某天的上、下午:We have a meeting on Monday.我们周一开会。We will arrive in Beijing on the morning of next Monday.下周一上 午,我们将抵达北京。(2 )作为地点介词时,on主要指在之上”,强调和外表接触:There is a book on the table.桌上有一本书。表示毗邻,接壤(是相邻关系):Canada lies on the north of America加拿大在美国的北边(与美国 接壤)。3.in(1)作为时间介词时,表示在某世纪、年、季度、月、周”以及泛 指的上午、下午、晚上:in the 20th century 在 20 世纪,in 1998 在 1998 年
限制150内