外研社-经济学英语1课后翻译.docx

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1、稀缺是经济学产生的原因。所谓稀缺，就是指没有而且从来也不会有足够的产品和服务能够满足每 个人、每个家庭和社会的需要。稀缺的存在，使得个人和社会必须做出选择或决定。这就使得经济学有 了另一个定义:经济学是研究在稀缺世界中进行选择的科学。Economics exists because there is scarcity. Scarcity means that there are not enough, nor can there ever be enough, goods and services to satisfy the wants and needs of all individual

2、s, families, and societies. Scarcity forces individuals and societies to make choices or decisions. This gives rise to an alternative definition of economics, that is, economics is the study of decision making in a world of scarcity.当我们分析某些事件如何影响市场时,我们采取以下三步:首先,我们要决定这个事件是否使得供给 曲线、需求曲线、或者有时使这两条曲线都发生移

3、动;其次，我们要决定曲线是被左移还是右移;最后， 我们要运用供求图表来检验曲线的移动如何影响均衡价格和均衡数量。When analyzing how some event affects a market, we proceed in three steps. First, we decide whether the event shifts the supply curve, the demand curve, or, in some cases, both curves, Second, we decide whether the curve shifts to the right or

4、left. Third, we use the supply-and-demand diagram to examine how the shift affects the equilibrium price and quantity.在解释消费者行为时，经济学家依赖于这样一个基本前提，即人们倾向于选择他们估价极高的那些 商品和服务。为了描述在不同的消费可能中消费者进行选择的方法，100年前经济学家提出了效用这个概 念。通过效用这一概念,他们才能得出需求曲线并解释其特性。In explaining consumer behavior, economics relies on the funda

5、mental premise that people tend to choose those goods and services they value most highly. To describe the way consumers, choose among different consumption possibilities, economists a century ago developed the notion of utility. From the notion of utility, they were able to derive the demand curve

6、and explain its properties.按照完全垄断的定义，一个行业只能有一个企业，它控制了本行业的全部供给。因此，完全垄断企 业的需求曲线就是行业的需求曲线。这是完全垄断企业和完全竞争市场中的企业的一个重要区别。在完 全竞争市场中，企业的需求曲线是一条水平线，这和行业的需求曲线是不同的。而完全垄断企业的需求 曲线向右下方倾斜,斜率为负。By the definition of pure monopoly, an industry must have only one firm, which controls the total supply of the industry. T

7、herefore, the demand curve of the pure monopolist is identical to that of the industry. This is an important difference between the monopolist and the firm under perfect competition. Under perfect competition, the demand curve of the firm is horizontal, different from that of the industry. While the

8、 demand cure of a pure monopolist is bowed in, and it has a negative slope.现在,政府经常更关心负外部性,而不是正外部性。随着社会人口越来越稠密，能源化学制品和其他 原料生产的增加，负外部性已经由小麻烦变成了大威胁。这就是为什么政府要介入的原因。政府的管理 是要控制诸如空气污染、水污染、有毒废料、不安全药品和食物，以及放射性物质等的外部性。虽然寻 找完全正确的管理规那么是项困难的任务，需要自然科学与经济学的结合,而旦还要受到政治的重压，但现 在极少有人主张返回到没有管理的混乱的经济中去。Today, government

9、s are often more concerned with negative externalities than positive ones. As our society has become more densely populated and as the production of energy, chemicals, and other materials increases, negative externalities have grown from little nuisances into major threats. This is why governments c

10、ome in. Government regulations arc designed to control externalities like air and water pollution, hazardous wastes, unsafe drugs and foods, and radioactive materials. Finding the exactly correct regulations is a difficult task, requiring complex science and economics, and subject to heavy political

11、 pressure, but very few would argue for returning to the unregulated economic jungle today.由于没有哪两个国家会给收入分配下绝对相同的定义，我们就很难将美国与其他国家相比。1995年, 经济合作和开展组织(OECD)公布了 20年来第一次运用标准数据来比拟不同国家之间收入分配的研窕结 果。通过对16个国家(大多是欧洲国家)的数据的分析，瑞典和芬兰的收入分配最平等，而美国和爱尔兰 那么最不平等。因此，相对于其他的工业化国家来说，美国更存在收入分配不平等的现象。另一方面，调查 也说明按照世界级标准，美国自70

12、年代开始的收入不平等现象的增长是异乎寻常的迅速。Comparing the United States with other countries is much harder, since no two countries use precisely the same definition of income distribution. In 1995, the OECD published the first study in almost 20 years to use standardized data to compare the income distributions of dif

13、ferent countries. Among the 16 (mostly European) countries included in the analysis, Sweden and Finland had the most equal income distributions, while the United States and Ireland had the most unequal. Thus, it appears that: The United States has rather more income inequality than most other industrialized countries. It also appears that the rise in income inequality in the United States since the 1970s is unusually sharp by world standards.