中学英语句子成分详解.docx

《中学英语句子成分详解.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《中学英语句子成分详解.docx（15页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、中学英语句子成分详解篇一：英语的句首动词用什么形式在英语高考试题的选择题中，经常让考生对英语的句首动词形式判断。本 文将从以下几个方面谈谈自己在平时教学中发现的规律归纳如下。1、句首的原形动词。此类题目设置的是祈使句。其基本句型为：祈使句+ and/or/- +简单句。该句型中，祈使句表示条件，简单句表示结果。请看下面 两个例子。down the radio一the babys asleep in the next room. （93 年高考题）A. Turning B. Turn C. Turned D. To turn一English has a large vocabulary, has

2、n t it?-Yes. more words and expressions and you will find iteasier to read and communicate. （04 年上海高考题）A. Know B. Knowing C. To know D. Known根据基本句型要求，以上两题的答案分别是B、Ao2、不定式。不定式结构出现在句首是不定式短语作目的状语。其意是“为 了 O例如： late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm. （01 年 北京、内蒙古、安徽春季高考题）A. To sleep B. Sleeping C.

3、Sleep D. Having Slept根据句意“为了早上多睡一会儿，Bob关掉了闹钟”，故A为正确答案。3、过去分词。过去分词在句首通常用作状语，表示时间、方式或伴随、原 因、条件、让步等。它们与句子主语的关系是被动关系。例如 time, he 11 make a first-class tennis player. （03 年 1 匕京 高考蕨）一A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given在此试题中，句意为“给他时间”，表示条件，且相对主语而言，含有被 动之意，D项为正确选项。The temperature fell ten degrees

4、. Internet dating hurts.处理办法：比较简单，快速扫过 什么样的词或从句可以作主语？?主语是句子要说明的人或事物。？主语:名词、代词、动名词（v+ing）?不定式（to+v）, what从句，that从句，how从句等组成。？ PS:动词 原形不能作主语。?该句型的谓语动词是不及物动词（intransitive verb）?所表示的动作没有作为对象，其本身的意思完整，其后不需带宾语。？ 如：He died.?我们不能说:He died his wife* （错误）？ He killed his wife第二句型：主+系+表S2 :Metabolism is a neces

5、sary daily activity of most creatures. 处理 办法：重点关注表语：一般为下定义时常用什么样的词可以作系动词和表语：9 9 ?我们不能说：9第三句型：主+谓+宾S3 ： A scientist must to learn the pratical experimental methods. The institute offered a opportunity to study this phenomenon.处理办法：重点掌握，中心在句子宾语位置?该句型的谓语动词是及物动词（transitive verb）?这种动词告诉我们由主语发出的动作所作用的对象是什

6、么，这里所作用 的对象就是我们通常称之为宾语的，即宾语是主语动作的承受对象，因此这类动词是 带有宾语的。第四句型：主+谓+宾+宾补S4 : The pigment dyed the china black.They appointed him chairman of the committee.处理办法：关注补语，阅读时必须保留第五句型：主+谓+宾一+宾二S5 : The hostess cooked the family the dinner. The Americans ordered the church a sculpture.处理办法：处理两个宾语和动词谓语的关系，必须保留避免遗漏信

7、息?该句型的谓语动词是双宾动词(dative verb),这种动词的后面所接成分 有“人”又有“物”。一般来讲，这里的“人”表示动作的接受者，称作间接宾语 (indirect object)。物”表示动作作用的对象，是动作的承受者，称作直 接宾语(direct object) o篇五：雅思写作：如何让你的句子开头多样化雅思写作：如何让你的句子开头多样化在多年的写作教学中，笔者发现很多雅思和新托福考生在写作中无法灵活 运用句子结构，无法实现句子结构的多样化运用。很多考生为此费尽心思，不 知道该从何处着手练习，使文章中的句子能够多样化。事实上，我们可以采用 不同的句子开头使句子多样化。朗阁海外考试

8、研究中心的专家认为，写作的时 候不应该总是用subject-verb-objectv的结构顺序，而应该尽量用不同的方 式展开一个句子。不同的句子开头既可以美化句子，同时也能使句子与句子之 间自然过度，衔接自然，以免过于依赖过渡词。在雅思和新托福考试中，写作 考官对句子结构的多样化也是非常重视的。下面，朗阁海外考试研究中心的专 家将给广大考生介绍几种使句子开头多样化的方式方法。【副词开头】(1)副词修饰全句Luckily, he didn，t know my phone number; otherwise, he would bother me. Incredibly, Helena got s

9、traight A in her school report this semester.Interestingly, cats and dogs can hardly get along well in a house.修饰全句常用的副词有：obviously, undoubtedly, apparently, fortunately, clearly, unfortunately, incredibly, luckily, unluckily, surprisingly, frighteningly 等。这些副词大多数表示说话人对全句的看法，在意思上相当于It is .形 容词that .

10、”。比如：Obviously, he is nervous about the test.二It is obvious that he is nervous about the test.Unfortunately, he tripped over and fell in the mud.=It is unfortunate that he tripped over and fell in the mud.(2)强调副词Hurriedly, the man drew me a scratch map to show me the direction.Dangerously, the drunk

11、ard sped down the street.Slowly and gently, snowflakes were drifting down from the sky.(3)副词表示某一地域或某一领域Geographically, Canada is the biggest country in the world.Financially, she is independent, but emotionally she is dependent.【插入语开头】用插入语开头，表示说话人的态度，或使句子的意思更加准确：Strangely enough, Jennifer does not e

12、njoy sunshine and beach.Generally speaking, winter in Vancouver is gloomy.类似的插入语有：no wonder, no doubt, in other words, in my opinion, in conclusion, in fact, as a matter of fact 等。【形容词和形容词短语开头】用形容词、并列形容词或形容词短语开头，修饰句子的主语，表示主语的 特征或状态： Frantic, the young mother rushed out the door with the baby in her

13、arms.Tasty and crisp, potato chip is a favorite snack for both children and adults.Happy at his good marks at school, the little boy skipped on his way home.Desperate and hopeless, the poor man committed.【分词和分词短语开头】（1）修饰句子主语，表示主语所处的状态或主语同时进行的另一个较谓语 动词次要的动作 Scared, the girl moved timidly and cautious

14、ly into the dark room.（状态）Cased by my dear pet cat, the mouse dashed into a small hole.（状 态）Spoiled by his parents, the naughty boy always insists on things he wants.（状态） Puffing and hugging, he finished his run.（另一动 作）Looking at herself in the mirror, she fingered her silk scarf on her shoulder.（另一

15、动作）（2）修饰谓语动词，表示原因、时间等Lying down on the couch, he felt much relaxed.（时间）Feeling bored, she turned on the TV and switched from channel to channel.（原因）Wanting to find out the business hour, she called the store.（原因）Having completed the form, he mailed it out immediately.（时间）【介词短语开头】用介词短语开头，表示句子谓语动词发生的时

16、间、地点、方式、原因、条 件等：On seeing him approach, the girl immediately turned her face to a shop window pretending to look at something there.（时间）Around the corner, a crowd gathered.（地点）Unlike his father, Peter touches neither cigarettes nor alcohol. （方式）Due to the limit of seats, he was not accepted.（原因）In c

17、ase of fire, use the stairways.（条件）【动词不定式开头】动词不定式开头，强调谓语动词动作的目的：To celebrate the arrival of the Millennium, we held a grand party in the hotel.To show my trust on him, I deposited $ 10, 000 into his bank account.（转 载 于:wWW. smHAida. cOM :动词开头的句子）【独立分词短语开头】用独立分词短语开头，使句子有正式的味道：Birds singing in the tre

18、e, another routine day starts.Sea gulls flying over the water, the old fisherman flung his fishing meat into the open sea.A dog following them, the police searched every suspect.【过渡句开头】用过渡句开头，表示此句与上下句的关系：Consequently, I slowed down to avoid a fine ticket.In fact, she was a kindhearted woman.【同位语开头】A

19、 signing officer of the bank, Jane signs her name hundreds of times each day at work.A TV addict, Jim watches TV movies one after another every evening until after midnight.【副词从句开头】用副词从句开头，表示主句谓语动词发生的时间、地点、原因、方式、条 件等： When you are in need of help, give me a call.Wherever you go, I follow.Since your

20、children love hamburgers and fries, we might as well eat in MacDonald. As if it were summer, everybody wear shorts and a T-shirt.In case that you get lost, call me at this number.【名词从句开头】用名词从句开头，作整句的主语：Whether you take the position or not makes great difference to me.Why I am unhappy is something I

21、cant explain.What they should do about the hole in the roof is their most pressing problem.从以上朗阁海外考试研究中心介绍的诸多句子开头方法与例句中，我们可 以领略到句式变化的多样性。考生们如果能够掌握上述方法，就会发现我们从 原来最常用的名词和代词作主语的句式，变为如此多样化的句子开头。与此同 时，灵活的运用句子结构实现句型结构的多样化也不再是一件困难的事。 with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice. （0

22、5年北京春季高考题）A. To face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing此试题中，从汉语意义上讲，它表示了主动的意义，而从英语结构来说， 要用be +过去分词。与空格后的with组成的短语是be faced witho故该题 正确答案是C。由此而推出很多这样的短语：be dressed in, be covered with, betired of, be filled with, be separated from, be lost in, be marked with, be addicted to等，这样的短语用作了系表结构，表示状态。4、现在分词。

23、现在分词在句首所作成分与过去分词相同。例如： from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes. （01 年上海高考题）A. Suffered B. Suffering C. Having suffered D. Being suffered from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other

24、 country in the world. （05年湖北高考题）A. Being separated B. Having separatedC. Having been separated D. To be separated以上两题现在分词所表示的动作在主语之前发生，应该用完成式。两题的 不同点是主动与被动。上海题的现在分词与句子主语的关系是主动关系，根据 four years时间状语，正确答案是C。湖北题则表示被动关系，也有时间状 语，故C是正确答案。5、垂悬分词 such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean

25、up the river. （01 年全国高考题）A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered 止匕题设置 的非谓语动词的逻辑主语不是it,而且it也不是非谓语动词的逻辑宾语。因此 此题属于垂悬分词。因为这个动作发生在谓语动词之前。正确答案是A。6、动名词。动名词在句首考查的是句子的主语。 to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one s skin. （02年上海高考题）A. Exposed B. Having exposedC. Being exposed D. Afte

26、r being exposedIt s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. the answers ready will be of great help. （05 年北京高考题）A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having上海题测试的是动名词短语作主语，expose与one s skin是动宾关系， 因此，选项C为（动名词的被动式）正确答案。北京题，第二句的will be of great help缺主语，根据上下文的意思，“准备”是指一般性的行为，因此正 确选项是D。7、句首动词的其他特

27、殊结构：例如： 动词原形开头的句子结构，是由as引起的倒装句中。例如：Try as she might, Carolina couldn t get the door open. （05 年广 东）根据as引起的倒装句的要求，其句子结构为：原形动词+ as +主语+ would/mighto 插入语结构。常用不定式作插入语的结构有：to begin with （首 先）、to tell the truth （说老实话）、to sum up （总之）、to make things/matters worse （情况更糟的是）、to be frank/honest/?等形式。例 如：To make

28、 matters worse, he also had a son in college who had taken a bank loan for his students.倒装结构中的现在分词和过去分词在句首。此结构中的现在分词实际上 是动词的进行时态变化而来，过去分词是由被动语态变化得来的。例如： Hanging on the wall is a photo of Mary s family.Tied to the small tree is a boat.不定式作主语。例如：To see is to believe。篇二：动词与句子动词与句子一、句子的基本句型在句子各成分中，主语和谓语

29、是句子的核心部分。5类基本句型：1、S V （主、谓）2、S / P （主、系、表）3、S 1 0 （主、谓、宾）4、S / 0 C （主、谓、宾、补）5、S / 0 0 （主、谓、宾、宾）二、动词分类连系动词(SVP)不及物动词(SV)实意动词单宾语动词(SVO)动词及物动词双宾语动词(SVOO)复合宾语动词(SVOC)情态动词助动词三、动词分类与基本句型1、连系动词用于SVP句型。常见的连系动词有：be (is, am . are, was, were-*.), smell, taste, sound, look, feel, seem, appear, become, get, turn

30、, come, go, grow, fall, keep, remain, prove, makeMary is a student. The cotton feels soft.Your answer seemed right. He becomes wiser than before.The days are getting longer. Please keep quiet.His idea proved wrong.2、不及物动词用于SV句型。不及物动词就是不能够接宾语其意思就完 整的动词。如：go, come, turn, jump, swim, slow down, step in

31、, set out, go ahead, drop in, happen, take place, matter, succeed 等。He has come. The sun is shinning.It doesn, t matter. Who cares?I will drop in if I have time.3、单宾语动词用于SVO句型.单宾语动词就是只需接一个宾语其意思就 完整的动词。如：know, want, enjoy, like, dislike, begin, start, need 等。I need some help. I know your name.Do you

32、need any help? She likes milk.They enjoyed themselves very much last night.4、双宾语动词用于SVOO句型。双宾语动词就是需要接两个宾语其意思才 完整的动词。两个宾语一个为间接宾语，一个为直接宾语。一般来说，间接宾 语指人，直接宾语指物。如：give, ask, answer, forgive, save, refuse, envy, teach, show, allow, bring, hand, lend, offer, pass, return, send, leave, tell, throw, wish 等。H

33、e told My father bought （间宾）（直宾）（间宾）（直宾）I envy you your health. He give me the book yesterday.5、复合宾语动词用于SVOC句型。复合宾语动词就是要接一个宾语和一个 补语其意思才完整的动词。宾语和补语合起来统称为复合宾语。宾语补语表示宾语的 性质、状态，是对宾语的一种补充说明。1）用形容词作补语的复合宾语动词有：get, paint, make, believe, talk, find, think, keep, push, build, hold, drink, wash 等They keep I f

34、ind （宾语）（宾补）He pushed the door open. I believe him wrong.They painted the room red.2）用名词作补语的复合宾语动词有：call, name, make, elect, find, consider, choose 等 We call We elect （宾语）（宾补）（宾语）（宾 补）（宾语）（宾补）注意：1、双宾语结构与复合宾语结构的区别：双宾语结构：间接宾语（指人）+直接宾语（指物）复合宾语结构：宾语（补语的逻辑主语）+补语（说明宾语的性质、状 态）试比较：He made me a sentence. 他给我

35、造了一个句子。He made me an officer.他把我造就成为一名军官。第一句为双宾语结构，一个是人，一个是物。第二句为复合宾语结构， “me与officer之间有主谓关系，等于“I am an officer. o2、有些不及物动词加上介词后便成为及物动词。如：I agreeI agree with you.He has arrived.He has arrived at the station.篇三：五类动词+句子归类五类动词：第一类动词：让某人做某事动词结构：let / make / have sb. do sth.E. g. Let s go! Don? t make me

36、laugh!第二类动词：助动词（顾名思义：帮助你对将肯定的意思变成否定或疑问），如：be , do, have, wille. g. I love you! ?变成否定句：变成疑问句：第三类动词:情态动词（常用有 5 个）：can /could, may/might, shall/should, will/would, must/must, dare, have to（不得不，客观必须），ought to （理 应去做），need to （需要去做）结构：情态动词+ do sth.（动词原形）注意：情态动词也可作助动词：e. g. I love you. ? I will not love y

37、ou. Will I love you?第四类动词：感官动词：see/watch/look at, hear/listen to, smell, feel, notice, observe, taste, touch结构：感官动词do sth.（只指向一个动作，并不说明动作的状态）+sb. doing sth.（表明动作是进行着的状态）注意：（被动语态时）The boy is seen to sing.类似感官动词结构： mind/ practice/ regret/ finish/ avoid/ escape + doing sth.（动 名词,e. g. mind smoking, pra

38、ctice playing football, etc.）keep/ continue/ go on+ doing sth.（表明动作是进行着的状态）stop doing sth.（停止做某事），stop to do sth.（停下手上的事情 去做某事）翻译：停止说话，听老师讲课。 prevent/ stop/ keep sb. （from） doing sth.（阻止某人做某事） spend some time/money on sth. （in） doing sth. can， t help （to） do sth. / doing sth. require/ insist/ comman

39、d/ demand/ order/ suggest that sb. （should） do sth.第五类动词：除前四类动词以外的动词，结构一般为： + t。do sth.（动词不定式）， e.g. ask/ order/ call备注：以上之归类只是简单的一般结构归类，具体情况还需要视动词短语 结构以及真实运用为准。句子归类：归类一：按句子性质归类：陈述句，疑问句，感叹句，祈使句。陈述句分为：肯定句，否定句（肯定句基础上+助动词+否定词（not/never/seldom/less/few-）肯定句:I love 丫011?否定句: I do not love you.疑问句分为：一般疑问句

40、，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句（译义 与一般疑问句同）一般疑问句（肯定句前+助动词）：特殊疑问句（一般疑问句 前+特殊疑问词（what, when, where, who, why, how （how much,how far-*-）选择疑问句：反意疑问句（陈述句+一般疑问句，前后意义相反即可）：You love me, don t you?思考：感叹句分为：以how, what开头的感叹句。How + adj. adv. E. g. How fast/quickly the boy runs!What + sth. E. g. What a lovely boy he is!What

41、beautiful furniture it is! （furniture 家具不可数）祈使句：结构为运用动词原形。E. g. Shut up! Don t move! Wait a minute, please.归类二：按句子结构归类：简单句，并列句，复合句。简单句：只有一个主谓宾结构的句子。E. g. He is a student.并列句：有两个或两个以上主谓宾结构的句子，并以连词将其连接起来的 句子。E. g. 1. He is a student. 2. She is not a student. ? （备注: 常用连 词或连词结构共有11类，如表示承接的有：and, as well

42、 as, both A. and B.表示转折的有：but, yet, however, in contrary，你能把它们都找出来 吗？）复合句：有从句的句子。（从句也是具有主谓宾的句子，一般由引导词 （who, whose, where, what, when,why, which, that等）引出，其有两个功能：1、对大句中的某个成分作 补充说明。2、充当大句中的某个成分。）1、对大句中某个成分作补充说明e. g.原句:The boy is playing PC game.使用从句后：2、充当大句中的某个成分 充当主语）归类三：按句子长短归类：短句，中长句，长句。（适用于文章写作字数的控制）短句：一般为56个单词；I love you.? I love you very much!中长句（并列句）：一般为79个单词；长句（一般为复合句）：一般为1012个单词。篇四：动词，句子类型第一章动词的时态第二章托福难句解析、基本句型概述：1、简单句第一句型：主+谓+（副词）S1 ： The sun is rising.