新编英语词汇学答案.docx

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1、Keys to the ExercisesChapter One1. lexicology: lexicology is a branch of linguistics that systematically studies the vocabulary in a given language. Lexicology deals with not only simple words in all their aspects but also word equivalents, the meaningful units of language.lexical semantics: Lexical

2、 semantics, as a branch of semantics, is the study of meanings of words and how these meanings are organized.dictionary meaning: the word meanings stored in our minds can be defined, much the same as they appeared in the dictionary ,which are viewed as inherent in words, thus they are called inheren

3、t meanings or dictionary meanings”encyclopedic meaning: encyclopedic meaning is the meanings derived from non-linguistic world knowledge or encyclopedic knowledge.cognitive semantics: cognitive semantics is generally concerned with the cognitive aspects of meaning and believes that conceptual conten

4、t or conceptual structure is reflected in linguistic meanings. In other words, we can research our mind in terms of external linguistic meanings.lexicon: lexicon is a stock of individual words, organized in a certain manner.grammar: grammar is a set of rules or regularities applied to form complex e

5、xpressions via simpler ones.content words: content words of a sentence contribute to the main content of this sentence, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. This class is open since new words are consistently added to the stock.function words: function words determine the major structure of

6、 a sentence, which thus serve as scaffoldings for meanings that are lexically specified. Function words include determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries, conventionally as a part of grammar. Function words are closed, the number of which is relatively small and fixed in number.-er someon

7、e who does something or is doing sth.-hood used to refer to a period of time or a state-ful full of sth.-ist someone who studies a particular subject, plays a particular instrument, or does a particular type of work-ism a political belief or religion based on a particular or the ideas and beliefs of

8、 a particular person-like used after a noun to say that sth. is similar to or typical of the noun-ish typical of or like a particular type of person-ian someone or something of, from, or connected with a particular thing, place, or person-ward towards a particular direction or place-wise sth. goes i

9、n a particular direction or is in a particular positionChange the following words into their negative forms.abnormalincompleteincorrectdishonestimpatientingratitudeunimportantnon-smokerunfairinsanedisloyalasymmetrydisfavourinconsiderabledisorderinhumandisobeyimpoliteunscientificunsuccessfulIn Englis

10、h, dozens of suffixes can change a word into its corresponding noun form. Give at least ten examples of noun suffixes. Adding noun suffixes may result in a shift of stress such as real to re ality and situate to situ ation. Can this phonetic feature be widely applied to all noun suffixes? Find some

11、examples to support your idea.Example:-er, -ee, -age, -cy, -ence, -ency/ ancy, -ics, -ian, -ing, -ion, -ism, -izaiton, -logy, etc. No, it cannot. It is just one of the rules indicating whether there is a shift of stress when derivation is triggered. There are lots of examples to subvert this hypothe

12、sis such as compare一comparison and real一realism.3. Give the full forms and meanings of the following initialism and acronyms. NATANorth Atlantic Treaty OrganizationWWWWorld Wide WebSOS Save Our Souls/Save Our ShipTOEFL Test of English as a Foreign LanguageBRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China and South

13、 AfricaUNthe United NationGMT Greenwich Mean TimeNSCNational Security CouncilAMante meridiemVIPvery important personIBMInternational Business MachinesUNESCO United Nation Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization asapas soon as possibledinkdouble income no kidsFAQfrequently asked questionsVAT

14、value added taxlaser light amplification by stimulated emission of radiationradarradio detecting and rangingExplain word formation of the following blends.brunch = breakfast + lunchmotel = motor + hoteltalkathon = talkative + marathonmingy = mean + stingycomsat = communication + satellitestagflation

15、 = stagnation + inflationhi-fi = high + fidelityheliport = helicopter + portsmog = smoke + fogchannel = channel + tunnelguesstimate = guess + estimatebreathalyser = breath + analyzerchortle 二 chuckle + snortIn English, many words can be either a noun or a verb. Consider the following words and answe

16、r the question.(i) In conversions, something is often altered in pronunciation even if not in spelling: the stress difference is caused in the process of conversion. When verbs of two syllables are converted into nouns, the stress is usually shifted from the second to the first syllable. However, th

17、ere are also many examples which do not differ in stress in the conversions from nouns to verbs as debate and contact.(ii) survey; addict; abstract(iii) verbnounto guessa guessto dumpto dumpa dumpto spyto spyto recorda spya recordnoun 一 verbnoun 一 verbthe waterto waterthe bottleto bottlethe hammerto

18、 hammerto fileto filethe file4. disrespectfulnessThis word contains a stem and three affixes, respect, dis-, -fid, and -ness. Adding these affixes to the stem respect results in the change of the meaning and the word class of respect, dis- means not when it is added before a word, -ful can transform

19、 the word class from noun to verb, -ness can be used to cause class word transformation, that is, from adjective to noun. Therefore, the word disrespectfulness means no respect in the way someone speaks or behaves to others.1) prowesternizationalisticitvThis word contains a root and so many affixes,

20、 west, -erny -ize,-ist9 -ic,-icity, and pro-. In the following are the meanings of affixes:- ern used to make the directional nouns transform into their relevant adjectivesize used to make sth. have more of a particular quality in the formation of a verb- tion used to indicate the act, state, or res

21、ult of doing sth in the formation of a noun, usually added after a verb- al of; related to- ist relating to or showing a particular political or religious belief- ic in adjectives of, like, or related to a particular thingicity replacing ic at the end of adjectives to form nouns referring to the sta

22、te, quality, or behavior described by the adjectivepro- for; supporting sth.Therefore, the word “prowestemizationalisticity means the state in which the belief of bringing customs, business methods, etc. that are typical of Europe and the US to other countries is approved of 2) antidisestablishmenta

23、rianismThis word contains a stem and many affixes, establish, anti-, dis-, -merit, -ary,-an, and -ism. The following are the meanings of affixes:anti- againstdis- notmem used to form a noun from a verb to show actions, the people who do them, or their results- ary of; related to; belonging toan in a

24、djectives and nouns someone or something of, from, or connected with a particular thing, place, or person- ism a political belief or religion based on a particular principle or the ideas and beliefs of a particular personTherefore, the word “antidisestablishmentarianism“ means “the belief which oppo

25、ses the official decision that a particular church is no longer the official church of your countryChapter Five1. Define the following terms.1) Reference refers to the relationship between language and the world, i.e., between words and the things, persons, actions, events, and qualities they stand

26、for.2) Sense is defined in terms of the relationship or sense relations inside the language, or in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.3) Polysemy can be defined as “having or characterized by many meanings; the existence of several meanings for a single word or

27、 phrase”.4) Grammatical meaning can be regarded as the meaning of a linguistic item that depends on its role in a sentence. It is abstract compared with the items original lexical meaning. It denotes large, abstract domains such as time or modality, or abstract grammatical relations such as subject

28、of the verb”.5) Lexical meaning is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component of meaning is regarded as being identical in all the forms of the word.2. The words in each of these pairs have similar denotations. Identify the word with negative connotation in each pair.1) skinny 2

29、) unproven3) cheap 4) miserly5) gambleFill in the blanks with adjectives antonymous to those given in brackets.1) (light): a dark blue dress; a heavy box2) (old): a young man; a new house3) (hard): an easy task; a soft bed4) (soft): a deep voice; a hard cushion5) (fresh): stale bread; withered flowe

30、r6) (clever): a silly little boy; a stupid student7) (wild): domestic birds; cultured flowers8) (straight): a curly line; a sloping roof9) (rough): a smooth surface; a civilized person10) (lose): to get a book; to win a battleStudy the following passages and explain the rhetoric use of homonyms.1) I

31、n the mans reply, “meat is a typical case of homonymy. Homonyms refers to different words which happen to share the same form and polysemants is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings. Here the butcher cleverly employed the structure of the idiom to his advantage to give a

32、humorous way the bad quality of the sausage. It implies that it is difficult to earn money with more meat in sausage.2) The word swallow“ is polysemous. It can either mean a bird or an action of eating quickly without even chewing. Due to such a fact, this sentence may mean: one swallow of hot food

33、(or alcohol) does not make you so hot as you feel in summer, but the very swallow of it does make you feel warm on a coldwinter day.3) “Week and weak” have the same pronunciation and are homophones in the sentence. The use of “week” is a pun. It can mean either the six days apart from Sunday, or lac

34、king strength or power, due to its phonological similarity with weak”.4) Both “rose and blue are used as puns due to their phonological similarity. “Rose” can be either the past tense of the verb “rise” or the noun rose”, a pink color. While, both blew, the past tense of blow and blue meaning a colo

35、r are pronounced the same.3. Find synonyms for the words in the left-hand list by choosing the most suitable word from the right-hand list.avaricious: greedycourteously: politelyemancipate: set freecustomary: usualwidth: breadthadversary: opponentinnocent: sinlessobstacle: obstructionIn each of the

36、following contexts, two words are given for the blank. In one case both words are interchangeable and in the other, only one can be used.a. Tm afraid they will (refuse) our offer.b. We (reject, refuse) goods that do not meet the required standard.a. Our (target, goal) is a profit of $ 50,000 for the

37、 coming year.b. Montcrieff scored a fabulous (goal) in the second half.a. His approach to his studies is rather (shallow, superficial).b. The water is very (shallow)-Lefs paddle.a. Could you (fetch, bring) me my glasses? They are on the table.b. Come to our party but dont forget to (bring) a bottle.

38、a. Tm going to be lateIll have to (hurry, rush).b. The hostages decided to try to (rush) the terrorists to make him drop his gun.Chapter Six1. Many familiar words have different meanings when they are used in different contexts. This is justified by the following illustrating examples. Study the sen

39、tences carefully and try to define the words in bold type in each context with the help of a dictionary if necessary.1)a. Repair or mendb. a determination of the place where something isc. informal terms for a difficult situationd. something craved, especially an intravenous injection of a narcotic

40、drug2) section of a space-rocket with a separate engine, jettisoned when its fuel is used upa. platform or area (usu. in a theatre) on which plays are performed to an audienceb. point, period or step in the developmentc. carry out3)a. conversation between people or parties with different opinionsb.

41、a discussion intended to produce an agreementc. the lines spoken by characters in drama or fictionPlace the appropriate word from the list in each of the blanks below. Do not use any word more than once.adroit, articulate, transactions, exasperated, deadlines, dedicated, reliance, formulateStudy the

42、 sentences carefully and choose the right meaning of the words italicized. 1)B2)A3)A4)B5)A2. Find possible subordinates of the basic categories EAT, DRINK, FLOWER, CAR,in dictionaries.EAT: chew, swallow, .DRINK: guzzle, sip, .FLOWER: rose, dandelion, carnation, .CAR: saloon, hatchback, .3. Context a

43、nd co-text provide a variety of clues for inference of word-meaning. Guess the meaning of the words in bold type and tell what co-textual clues have helped you in arriving at the meanings.1) feeling of happiness and pleasant excitement.2) custom of having more than one wife at the same time.3) south

44、west wind.4) person who designs buildings and supervises their construction5) the 15 th century.6) Industries and methods which are labour-intensive need a lot of workers.7) happening after a persons death.8) the () marks that are put around a word, phrase or sentence in a piece of writing to show t

45、hat what is inside them should be considered as separate from the main part.Chapter Seven(1) Metaphor: I tell you the past has passed away without anything left.(2) Hyperbole: I have not seen you for a long time.(3) Metonymy: English is not our mother language.(4) Euphemism: My father is a cobbler.(

46、5) Litotes: They wrote to tell me that they could not offer me a job.(6) Metonymy: The row of people who wore clothes with penguins at the dinner-table nodded approval as he sat down.(7) Metaphor: We will have gained a lot of achievements this year.(8) Metonymy: Children like meat food more than veg

47、etable food.(9) Metonymy: farewell to war.(10) Hyperbole: She is desperate to know what job has been assigned to her.(11) Euphemism: The victim was dead in the ambulance on the way to hospital.(12) Litotes: She was ambitious.(13) Metaphor: All the world is like a stage and we live just as the actors

48、 to perform.(14) Ellipsis: Is the tide of visitors coming in or going out? I want to go to the beach (15) Metaphor: Give me a few minutes.(16) Generalization: Lion is a large and dangerous animal.1. Nowadays, “laoshi“ not only refers to a teacher who teaches in the school, it is a general term used as an honorific title. For instance, you can use this word to refer to anyone (who is usually older than you) as “laoshi to express your respect. A