白细胞和免疫系统精.ppt

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1、白白细细胞和免疫系胞和免疫系统统第1页，本讲稿共38页Bloodhemhem/o and/o and hemat hemat/o/oplasma-55%plasma-55%formed elements-45%formed elements-45%serum-serum-plasma without clotting proteinsplasma without clotting proteins第2页，本讲稿共38页Blood CellsRBC-erythrocytes-erythropoiesisWBC-leukocytes-leukopoiesisPlatelets-thrombocyt

2、es-thrombopoiesis第3页，本讲稿共38页Erythrocyteserythr/o-erythr/o-redredcyte-cyte-cell cellHemoglobin-blood protein Hemoglobin-blood protein transports oxygentransports oxygenReticulocyte-immature Reticulocyte-immature erythrocyte erythrocyte RBCs produced by red bone RBCs produced by red bone marrowmarrow第

3、4页，本讲稿共38页Leukocytesleukleuk/o-white/o-whiteProtect the body Protect the body against invasionagainst invasionPass through capillary Pass through capillary wallswalls第5页，本讲稿共38页GranulocytesGranulocytes(neutrophils(phagocytosis)neutrophils(phagocytosis)(eosinophils(allergies)eosinophils(allergies)(ba

4、sophils(promote inflammation)basophils(promote inflammation)AgranulocytesAgranulocytes(lymphocytes(production of circulating lymphocytes(production of circulating antibodies)antibodies)(monocytes(macrophages)monocytes(macrophages)Collection of dead and living bacteria and Collection of dead and livi

5、ng bacteria and leukocytes called pus,abscessleukocytes called pus,abscess.第6页，本讲稿共38页Thrombocytessmallest formed elementsmallest formed elementmade in bone marrowmade in bone marrowessential to blood coagulationessential to blood coagulationIf injury,blood comes in contact with any tissue other tha

6、n If injury,blood comes in contact with any tissue other than the lining of the vessels,platelets stick together,form plug,the lining of the vessels,platelets stick together,form plug,seals wound.Chemicals released,series of reactions,seals wound.Chemicals released,series of reactions,formation of c

7、lot.formation of clot.第7页，本讲稿共38页Plasmaplasma(92%water92%water(8%plasma proteins8%plasma proteinsC CalbuminalbuminC CglobulinglobulinC Cfibrinogenfibrinogenserum-plasma without clotting proteins or fibrinogenplasma without clotting proteins or fibrinogen第8页，本讲稿共38页Functions of the Immune System To p

8、rotect the entire body from a variety of harmful substances(pathogenic microorganismspathogenic microorganisms(allergensallergens(toxinstoxins(malignant cellsmalignant cells第9页，本讲稿共38页Structures of the Immune SystemUnlike other body systems,Immune System is NOT contained within a single set of organ

9、s or vesselsAction depends on structures from lymphatic,cardiovascular,and Integumentary systemsWorks primarily through antigen-antibody reaction第10页，本讲稿共38页Lymphatic SystemMajor structuresMajor structures(lymph vesselslymph vessels(lymph nodeslymph nodes(lymph fluidlymph fluid(tonsilstonsilsAlsoAls

10、o(spleenspleen(thymusthymus第11页，本讲稿共38页Functions of the Lymph Systemlymph/odrain fluid from tissue spaces and return to it to the bloodtransport materials(nutrients,hormones and oxygen)to body cellscarry away waste products to the blood transport lipids away from digestive systemcontrol of infection

11、第12页，本讲稿共38页Lymph SystemLymph originates in Lymph originates in blood plasmablood plasmaInterstitial fluidInterstitial fluidcleans and nourishes cleans and nourishes body tissuesbody tissuescollects cellular debris,collects cellular debris,bacteriabacteriareturn to blood or lymph return to blood or

12、lymph capillariescapillaries第13页，本讲稿共38页Lymph Nodeslocated in lymph vesselslocated in lymph vesselssmall round or oval small round or oval structures (filters)structures (filters)depositories for cellular depositories for cellular debrisdebrisbacteria and debris bacteria and debris phagocytizedphago

13、cytized第14页，本讲稿共38页Lymph Nodesinside are masses of tissue which contain WBCs(lymphocytes)almost always grouped 2 or 3 to 100 invading cells destroyed in nodes and often swell as an indicator of the disease process第15页，本讲稿共38页Spleensac-like mass of sac-like mass of lymphatic tissuelymphatic tissuefil

14、ter for lymphfilter for lymphphagocytic cellsphagocytic cellshemolytichemolytic第16页，本讲稿共38页Thymuslymphatic tissuelymphatic tissuemediastinumprimary role:changes lymphocytes to T cells for cellular immunity第17页，本讲稿共38页Tonsilsmasses of lymph tissue designed to filter tissue fluid,not lymphlocated bene

15、ath certain areas of moist epithelium exposed to outside and hence to contaminationany or all may become so loaded with bacteria that the pathogens gain dominanceshould not be removed unless absolutely necessary.第18页，本讲稿共38页Antigen-Antibody ReactionsAntigen-any substance that the body regards as for

16、eign(virus,bacterium,toxin)Antibody-a disease fighting protein developed by the body in response to the presence of an antigenAntigen-antibody reaction or immune reaction第19页，本讲稿共38页WBCs for Immune Reactionsmonocytes-type of lymphocytes(formed in bone marrow/transported where formed in bone marrow/t

17、ransported where needed by bodyneeded by body(become become macrophagesmacrophagesmacrophage-phagocytic cell that protects body by ingesting invading cellslymphocytes-major class of WBCs(formed in lymphatic tissueformed in lymphatic tissue第20页，本讲稿共38页LymphocytesT cells or T Lymphocytes(mature in thy

18、mus glandmature in thymus gland(Cell mediated immunityCell mediated immunityB cells or B Lymphocytes(mature in bone marrowmature in bone marrow(antibody-mediated antibody-mediated immunityimmunity第21页，本讲稿共38页T Cell or T Lymphocyte(Cell Mediated Immunity)T Cell(cell mediated immunity)(circulating lym

19、phocytescirculating lymphocytes(produced in bone marrowproduced in bone marrow(matures in thymusmatures in thymus(live for yearslive for years(primary function:coordinate immune defenses primary function:coordinate immune defenses and kill organisms and kill organisms 第22页，本讲稿共38页Lymphocyte:T Cellsh

20、elper T cells-essential to proper functioning of immune systemMemory cells-remember antigens and stimulate a faster response if same antigen introduced at a later time第23页，本讲稿共38页Blood GroupsFour blood groups based on presence Four blood groups based on presence or absence of blood antigens or absen

21、ce of blood antigens(agglutinogens)on surface of RBCs(agglutinogens)on surface of RBCsA-A antigenA-A antigenB-B antigenB-B antigenAB-both AB antigensAB-both AB antigensO-no AB antigensO-no AB antigens第24页，本讲稿共38页Plasma does not contain the antibody against own antigenAntigensAntigens on the donors R

22、BCs on the donors RBCs react with the react with the antibodies antibodies in patients plasma in patients plasma and cause a transfustion reaction.and cause a transfustion reaction.第25页，本讲稿共38页Rh FactorRh factor is antigen present on RBC of 85%Rh factor is antigen present on RBC of 85%of pop.of US.o

23、f pop.of US.Rh positive and Rh negativeRh positive and Rh negativeRh neg pregnant woman may develop Rh neg pregnant woman may develop antibodies to the Rh protein of her Rh-antibodies to the Rh protein of her Rh-positive fetus.positive fetus.hemolytic disease of the newbornhemolytic disease of the n

24、ewbornprevented with RhoGAMprevented with RhoGAM第26页，本讲稿共38页ImmunityImmunity-state of being resistant or not susceptible to a specific diseaseAcquired immunity-any form of immunity NOT present at birth and obtained during life第27页，本讲稿共38页Factors That Influence Immune SystemHealthAgeHeredity第28页，本讲稿共

25、38页AnemiasOxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reducedsymptom of diseaseerythropeniahypochromasiahematocrit第29页，本讲稿共38页Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS)Caused by HIV(Human Immunodeficiency Virus)HIV infects T-helper cells with often a long incubation of up to 10 yearsAIDS name applied during

26、 advanced stages of diseaseAfter immune system destroyed,opportunistic infections occur.第30页，本讲稿共38页Autoimmune DisordersAntigens stimulate development of antibodies that are unable to distinguish antigens of internal cells.Body makes antibodies and T cells against itself and attacks own tissues.Mult

27、isystemic involvement.Myasthenia gravis,rheumatoid arthritis第31页，本讲稿共38页EdemaHypoproteinemialowers osmotic pressure within blood(large amounts of plasma pass out of bloodlarge amounts of plasma pass out of bloodpoor lymph drainageincreased capillary permeabilitycongestive heart failurelocalized edem

28、a,ascites第32页，本讲稿共38页HemophiliaHereditary blood clotting disordersex-linked,usually in menlack factor VIII,essential for blood clottinghematomashemarthrosis第33页，本讲稿共38页Infectious MononucleosisAcute infection caused by virus.Fever,sore throat,swollen lymph glands,atypical lymphocytes,splenomegaly,hep

29、atomegaly,abnormal liver function,and bruising.transmitted by droplet infectionInfection confers permanent immunityTreatment symptomatic第34页，本讲稿共38页Oncology,the study of tumorsMetastasis,MetastasizeMetastasis,MetastasizeCarcinomaCarcinoma(Malignant MelanomaMalignant Melanoma(AdenocarcinomaAdenocarci

30、nomaSarcoma(arises from bone,fat,muscle,etc.)Sarcoma(arises from bone,fat,muscle,etc.)(OsteocarcomaOsteocarcoma(OsteosarcomaOsteosarcoma(MyosarcomaMyosarcoma(MyelomaMyeloma第35页，本讲稿共38页LeukemiaMajor oncological disorder of blood-forming organsmalignant cells replace health bone marrow cellsacute myel

31、ogenous leukemiaacute lymphocytic leukemia第36页，本讲稿共38页Hodgkins DiseaseMalignant disorderPainless,progressive enlargement of lymphoid tissue first evident in cervical lymph nodes;splenomegalyAnorexia,weight loss,pruritus,anemia,leukocytosis第37页，本讲稿共38页Kaposis SarcomaMalignancy associated with AIDSlesions emerge as purplish-brown macules and develop into plaques and nodules第38页，本讲稿共38页