跨文化交际英文ppt.ppt

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1、IntroductionWhatdoyouknowabout“InterculturalCommunication”?HowabouttheChinesename?Asyoumayhaverealized,interculturalcommunicationisanextremelycomplicatedprocess,andcanbequitepainfulattimes.Nowadays,withtheglobalizationoftheworldeconomyandtheincreasingpopularityoftheinternet,interculturalcommunicatio

2、nispartofourdailylife.Thatiswhywearehere,takingthiscourse.FurtherReading林大津跨文化交际学：理论与实践，福建人民出版社“CommunicationBetweenCultures”（美）萨莫瓦等著，陈治安导读中国和英语国家非语言交际对比LegerBrosnahan著，毕继万译，北京语言学院出版社语言研究的跨文化视野许力生著，上海外语教育出版社胡文仲主编跨文化交际丛书外语教学研究出版社胡文仲跨文化交际概论杜学增中英（英语国家）文化习俗比较平洪&张国扬英语习语与英美文化毕继万跨文化非言语交际王克非从翻译史看文化差异朱永涛美国价值

3、观-一个中国学者的探讨FurtherReading与陌生人交际跨文化交流方法（第四版）WilliamB.Gudykunst&YoungYunKim著，SteveKulich等导读跨文化交际学基础，Guo-MingChen&WilliamJ.Starosta著，林大津、尤泽顺导读跨文化能力：文化间人际沟通导论（第五版）MyronW.Lustig&JoleneKoester编著，庄恩平导读WarmUpPleasereadthefolktale,thenanswerthequestions:1.Whyisitdifficulttoexplaintoablindpersonwhatcolorsare?

4、2.Doyousometimesfindithardtomakeyourselfproperlyunderstoodbyothers?Ifyoudo,whydoyouthinkitishard?Unit1CommunicationAcrossCulturesWarm UpItisverydifficultforpeopletounderstandoneanotheriftheydonotsharethesameexperiences.Ofcourse,weallsharetheexperienceofbeinghuman,buttherearemanyexperienceswhichwedon

5、otshareandwhicharedifferentforallofus.Itisthesedifferentexperiencesthatmakeupwhatiscalled“culture”inthesocialsciencesthehabitsofeverydaylife,thecuestowhichpeoplerespond,theautomaticreactionstheyhavetowhatevertheyseeandhear.Theseoftendiffer,andthedifferencesmayintroducemisunderstandingswhereweseekund

6、erstanding.Howwouldyoucommunicatewithsomeonewhodoesnotsharethesameexperienceswithyou?Reading IReadthearticleof“InterculturalCommunication:AnIntroduction”,thenanswerthefollowingquestions.1.Isitstilloftenthecasethat“everyonesquicktoblamethealien”inthecontemporaryworld?2.Whatsthedifferencebetweentodays

7、interculturalcontactandthatofanytimeinthepast?3.Whathavemadeinterculturalcontactaverycommonphenomenoninourlifetoday?4.Howdoyouunderstandthesentence“cultureiseverythingandeverywhere”?5.Whatarethemajorelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceourperceptionandcommunication?6.Whatdoesonesfamilyteachhimorherwhileheor

8、shegrowsupinit?ReadingIReadthearticleof“InterculturalCommunication:AnIntroduction”,thenanswerthefollowingquestions.7.Whyisitimpossibletoseparateouruseoflanguagefromourculture?8.Whatarethenonverbalbehaviorsthatpeoplecanattachmeaningto?9.Howcanafree,culturallydiversesocietyexist?DiscoveringProblems:Sl

9、imisBeautiful?Whichdoyouthinkisthemarkofbeauty,thinorfat?Whyisitoftensaidthatbeautyisintheeyeofbeholder?OnesociologistoncesaidthatwiththegreaterinfluenceofAmericancultureacrosstheworld,thestandardofabeautyisbecomingmoreandmoreHollywoodlike,characterizedbyachiseledchinandatall,slimfigure.However,thed

10、efinitionofbeautydiffersfromculturetoculture.Whatsmore,theidealstandardofbeautyvariesfromtimetotime.Itistruethatbeautyisintheeyeofthebeholderbecausepeopleofdifferentculturesandindifferentsituationsmayhavedifferentideasaboutwhatisbeautifulandwhatisnot.CulturalValuesCulturesdiffernotonlyintheirbeliefs

11、butalsoinwhattheyvalue.Valuesinvolvewhatacultureregardsasgoodorbad,rightorwrong,fairorunfair,justorunjust,beautifulorugly,cleanordirty,valuableorworthless,appropriateorinappropriate,andkindorcruel.Becausevaluesarethedesiredcharacteristicsorgoalsofaculture,aculturesvaluesdonotnecessarilydescribeitsac

12、tualbehaviorsandcharacteristics.However,valuesareoftenofferedastheexplanationforthewayinwhichpeoplecommunicate.SupplementWhatisinterculturalcommunication(IC)?Whatdoyouknowaboutit?1.DefinitionICisconcernedwithcommunicationamongpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgrounds.Interculturalcommunicationrefersto

13、communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event.Forms of IC(1)InternationalCommunication:Internationalcommunicationtakesplacebetweennationsandgovernmentsratherthanindividuals;itisquiteformalandritualized(仪式化).(2)Interethni

14、c(不同种族间的)Communication:Ethnicgroupsusuallyformtheirowncommunitiesinacountryorculture.Thesegroupsshareacommonoriginorheritagethatisapttoinfluencefamilynames,language,religion,values,andthelike.(3)Interracial(不同人种间的)Communication:Interracialcommunicationoccurswhenthesenderandthereceiverexchangingmessa

15、gesarefromdifferentraces.(4)IntraculturalCommunication(内文化交际):Itisdefinedascommunicationbetweenoramongmembersofthesameculture.Features of IC1.Itisabranchofcommunication.2.Itmainlydealswithverbalandnonverbalinteractionandrelatedfactorsininterculturalcommunication.3.Itsverbalmediumislanguagewhileitsno

16、nverbalcommunicationsystemsincludebodylanguage,facialexpressions,etc.GroupWorkDiscussthecasesofcommunicationgivenonpage1112ispossiblyinterculturalornotand,ifitis,towhatextentitisintercultural.(fromthemostinterculturaltotheleastintercultural:)1.CommunicationbetweenaChineseuniversitystudentandanAmeric

17、anprofessor;2.CommunicationbetweenaCanadiangirlandaSouthAfricanboy;3.CommunicationbetweenafirstgenerationChineseAmericanandthirdgenerationone;4.CommunicationbetweenabusinesspersonfromHongKongandanartistfromXian;5.CommunicationbetweenateenagerfromBeijingandateenagerfromTibet;6.Communicationbetweenafa

18、therwhoisafarmerallhislifeandhissonwhoworksasanengineer;7.Communicationbetweenasoftwaretechnicianandafisherman;8.Communicationbetweenamalemanagerandafemalesecretary(supposingtheyareofthesimilarculturalandsocialbackgrounds).GroupWorkAllthecasesmayseemtobeinterculturalbuttheydifferintheextenttowhichth

19、eyareintercultural.Howeveritmaybeverydifficultforustoplaceallthesecasesalongacontinuumofinterculturalnessfromthemostinterculturaltotheleastintercultural,formanyotherfactorshavetobetakenintoconsiderationifwehavetodecidewhichismoreinterculturalthananother.Forinstance,whethercommunicationbetweenamalema

20、nagerandafemalesecretaryisinterculturalornotand,ifitis,howinterculturalitmaybe,maydependontheculturalandsocialbackgroundsofthetwopersons.Iftheyarefromdrasticallydifferentcultures,communicationbetweenthemissurelyinterculturalandmaybeveryintercultural.Iftheyarefromthesameculture,communicationbetweenth

21、emmaybelittleintercultural.DebateReadthesetwodifferentviewsonICmentionedonpage12,thenstateyourpointofviewclearlyandsupportyourargumentwithconvincingandsubstantialevidence.Pro:Peoplearepeople;moreinteractionswouldleadtogreaterunderstandingofeachother.（Commonalityprecedes）Con:Peopleareshapedbydifferen

22、tenvironmentstheyfindthemselvesin,therefore,thedifferenceoverrides.(Differencesprecedes)DebateSomethingtokeepinmindinIC:First,allhumanbeingssharesomeheritagesthatlinkustooneanother.Peoplethroughouttheworldareprettymuchalikeinmanyaspects,andthatiswhyitispossibleforpeopleofvariousculturestocommunicate

23、.However,whatwehavetorealizeisthattherearealsovastdifferencesbetweenpeoplefromvariousculturalgroups.Toreallyunderstandapersonwhoseculturalbackgroundisdifferentfromyourscanbeverydifficult,forbothyouandthatpersonmaybesubconsciouslyinfluencedbyeachonesculturalupbringing.Inasense,whatweshoulddoinintercu

24、lturalcommunicationistotreatpeopleofotherculturesbothasthesamewithandasdifferentfromus.ReadingIIReadthearticleof“TheChallengeofGlobalization”onpage1316andanswerthequestions.1.Whydoestheauthorsaythatourunderstandingoftheworldhaschanged?2.Whata“globalvillage”islike?3.Whatisconsideredasthemajordrivingf

25、orceofthepost1945globalization?4.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingthat“theglobalmaybemorelocalthanthelocal”?5.Whyisitimportantforbusinesspeopletoknowdiverseculturesintheworld?6.Whataretheseriousproblemsthatcountriesthroughouttheworldareconfrontedwith?7.WhatimplicationscanwedrawfromthecaseofMichaelFay?8.

26、Whatattitudesarefavoredbytheauthortowardsglobalization?Supplement:History and Present State of IC Studies1.ICandICstudiesICstudiesarerathernewwhileIC(activities)isalmostaslongasourhumanhistory.Seenfromworldwide,exchangebetweencountrieshasbecomecloseandfrequentsinceWWIIasaresultofthedevelopmentofscie

27、nceandtechnology.Theworldisbecomingsmallerandsmaller.Statesman,businessmenandothersfinditnecessarytocommunicatewithpeoplefromothercultures.Thecoinedword“globalvillage”couldbestrevealthis.Butdifferentculturesmayfavordifferentsocialinstitutions,valuesystemsandworldviews.Theymayhavedifferentbeliefs,cus

28、tomsandhabits.AllthesemayhinderIC.ThusthenewsubjectICpoppedup.Supplement:History and Present State of IC Studies1.ICandICstudiesAlthoughthebeginningsofthefieldofinterculturalcommunicationasafieldcanbetracedbacktothe1920sintheteachingoflinguisticsandinvariousacademicandyouthorientedprograms,communica

29、tionscholarscommonlyrecognizeE.T.Hallasthefatherofthefieldofinterculturalcommunicationstudy(Condon,1981;Dodd,1982;Gudykunst,1985;Singer,1987).Hallintroducedtermssuchasinterculturaltensionsandinterculturalproblemsin1950.Supplement:History and Present State of IC StudiesIn1950sand1960sAmerica,asthemos

30、tpowerfulcountry,hadfrequentcontactswithothercountries.Someoftheseactivitiesweresuccessfulbutotherswerefailures.SomeoftheAmericansleftabadorevendisgustingimpressiononthenativepeople.Thusin1958The Ugly AmericanshowstheAmericanofficialsinSoutheastAsia.(ThetriggerofICstudies)In1959The Silent Languageby

31、AmericanculturalanthropologistEdwardHallsignifiedtheemergenceofthisdiscipline.ThiscoursewasofferedinUSAinlate1960sinfiveuniversities.Since1970sithasbeenpopularinUSAwith200universitiesand60graduatedschoolsofferingitin1978.ThiscoursewasintroducedtotheChinesescholarsin1980s.AccordingtoHuWenzhongin1995t

32、herewereonlyBeijingForeignStudiesUniversity,HeilongjiangUniversity,HarbinIndustrialUniversity,ShanghaiForeignStudiesUniversityandFujianTeachersUniversity.ItisrathernewinChina.IdentifyingDifference:HowWeAddressEachOtherReadthestoryof“HowWeAddressEachOther?”(p1819).HowdoyouaddressafriendfromanEnglishs

33、peakingcountry?AndhowshouldwedoitifheorsheknowsourcultureverywellorifwespeakChinesetoeachother?IdentifythedifferencesonaddressingbetweenChinesepeopleandAmericans.IdentifyingDifference:HowWeAddressEachOtherUsuallywecanaddressafriendfromanEnglishspeakingcountrybyhis/herfirstnamewithoutmentioninghis/he

34、rsurnameortitleoutofrespectforhis/herculture.BecausepeoplefromEnglishspeakingcountriesattachgreatimportancetocasualnessinaddressingeachotherinordertoformarelativelyintimateandequalrelationship.ButifheorsheknowsourcultureverywellorifwespeakChinesetoeachother,wecanaddresshim/herintheChineseway.Justast

35、heoldsayinggoes,“WheninRome,doastheRomansdo”,itsbetterforourfriendtolearnmoreaboutandbecomebetteracquaintedwiththeChineseculture.IdentifyingDifference:HowWeAddressEachOtherInthisway,whenaddressinghim/her,wecanadd“xiao”(young)or“lao”(aged)beforehis/herfamilynameaccordingtohis/heragesoastocreateanamic

36、ableatmosphere.Wecanalsoaddresshim/herbyusinghis/hertitleinahumorousway,orbyinventingsomenicknameforhimorherineitherEnglishorChinese,dependingonthedegreeofintimacy.SurveyHowmuchdoyouknowaboutthepossibleculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishspeakingpeopleinthespeechbehaviors,suchasgreeting,apolo

37、gizing,makingrequests,expressinggratitudeanddisapproval,andleavetaking?SurveyGreeting:Whengreetingeachother,theChineseoftenbeginwith“Haveyoueaten?”,“Whereareyougoing?”,“Whatareyoudoing?”,“Longtimenosee.”andsoon.PeoplefromEnglishspeakingcountriesusuallysay“Hello.”“Goodmorning/afternoon/evening.”“Nice

38、tomeetyou./Gladtoseeyou.”or“Howdoyoudo?”ApologizingChinesepeopleseemtoapologizelessoftenthanEnglishspeakingpeople.TheChineseapologizeonlywhentheythinkitisaboutsomethingthatreallymatters.PeoplefromEnglishspeakingcountriesoftenapologizeintheirdailylifeevenforthemosttrivialthings.SurveyMakingrequestsCh

39、inesepeopletendtomakerequestsinindirectways,especiallywhenthepeopleinvolvedarenotonintimatetermswithoneanother.PeoplefromEnglishspeakingcountriestendtomakerequestsdirectlyandopenly.ExpressinggratitudeChinesepeopleoftenexpresstheirgratitudenotjustbywhattheysay,butalsobywhattheydoandwhattheygivetoothe

40、rswhohavedonethemafavor.PeoplefromEnglishspeakingcountriestendtoshowtheirgratitudemoreverballytootherswhohavehelpedthem.SurveyExpressingdisapprovalChinesepeoplearereluctanttoexpresstheirdisprovalopenlyforfearofmakingothersloseface.Iftheyhavetoexpressdisapproval,theyoftenprefertodoitinaveryindirectwa

41、y.PeoplefromEnglishspeakingcountriesaremorelikelytoexpresstheirdisapprovalfreelyanddirectly.Leave-takingChinesepeopletendtoexcusethemselvesbyclaimingthattheothersmustbetiredorbusy,etc,usingtheexpressionsthatimputethemotiveoftirednessorbusinesstotheotherpartywhenparting.PeoplefromEnglishspeakingcount

42、rieswouldusuallyfindreasonstopartrelatedtothemselvesratherthantoothers.CaseStudyCase1(Page23)1.InEgyptasinmanycultures,thehumanrelationshipisvaluedsohighlythatitisnotexpressedinanobjectiveandimpersonalway.WhileAmericanscertainlyvaluehumanrelationships,theyaremorelikelytospeakoftheminlesspersonal,mor

43、eobjectiveterms.Inthiscase,Richardsmistakemightbethathechosetopraisethefooditselfratherthanthetotalevening,forwhichthefoodwassimplythesettingorexcuse.Forhishostandhostessitwasasifhehadattendedanartexhibitandcomplimentedtheartistbysaying,“Whatbeautifulframesyourpicturesarein.”CaseStudyCase1(Page23)2.

44、Japanesepeoplevalueorderandharmonyamongpersonsinagroup,andthattheorganizationitselfbeitafamilyoravastcorporationismorevaluedthanthecharacteristicsofanyparticularmember.Incontrast,Americansstressindividualityasavalueandareapttoassertindividualdifferenceswhentheyseemjustifiablyinconflictwiththegoalsor

45、valuesofthegroup.Inthiscase,Richardsmistakewasinmakinggreateffortstodefendhimself.Asimpleapologyandacceptanceoftheblamewouldhavebeenappropriate.ButforpoorRichardtohavemerelyapologizedwouldhaveseemedtohimtobesubservient,unmanly.CaseStudyCase1(Page23)3.Inthiscasewemightlookbeyondthegestureoftakingsuga

46、rorcreamtothevaluesexpressedinthisgesture:forAmericans,“Helpyourself”;fortheEnglishcounterpart,“Bemyguest.”Typically,theidealguestatanAmericanpartyisonewho“makeshimselfathome,”eventothepointofansweringthedoororfixinghisowndrink.Forpersonsinmanyothersocieties,includingatleastthishypotheticalEnglishho

47、st,suchguestbehaviorispresumptuousorrude.Case2Acommonculturalmisunderstandinginclassesinvolvesconflictsbetweenwhatissaidtobedirectcommunicationstyleandindirectcommunicationstyle.Asismentionedinthecase,tomanyKoreans,numerousquestionswouldshowadisrespectfortheteacher,andwouldalsoreflectthatthestudenth

48、asnotstudiedhardenough.Case3Theconflicthereisadifferenceinculturalvaluesandbeliefs.IntheDominicanview,familypossessionsaresharedbyeveryoneofthefamily.LuzwasactingasmostDominicansisterswoulddoinborrowingwithoutaskingeverytime.CaseStudyCase4Itmightbesimplyaquestionofdifferentrhythms.Americanshaveonerh

49、ythmintheirpersonalandfamilyrelations,intheirfriendlinessandtheircharities.Peoplefromothercultureshavedifferentrhythms.TheAmericanrhythmisfast.Itischaracterizedbyarapidacceptanceofothers.However,itisseldomthatAmericansengagethemselvesentirelyinafriendship.Theirfriendshipsarewarm,butcasual,andspecial

50、ized.Americansare,inotherwords,guidedveryoftenbytheirownconvenience.Theytendtomakefriendseasily,andtheydontfeelitnecessarytogotoagreatamountoftroubletoseefriendsoftenwhenitbecomesinconvenienttodoso,andusuallynooneishurt.Butinsimilarcircumstancespeoplefrommanyothercultureswouldbehurtverydeeply.Readth