跨文化交际-文化碰撞(PPT3).ppt

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1、Intercultural CommunicationCultures in Contrast:Case StudiesIntercultural CommunicationCultures in Contrast:Case StudiesLecture One Communication across CulturesLecture Two Intercultural PerceptionLecture Three Intercultural Understanding Lecture Four Intercultural Adaptation Lecture Three Intercult

2、ural Understanding Lead-inWhy is it necessary to respect various cultures?What contribute to better culture understanding?What factors impede communication?Like learning a language,developing CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING occurs step by step over time.Development of cultural consciousness is a process that

3、 starts at the stage of no understanding and moves,in the best case,to the stage of true empathy and cultural respect.I Warming-up Activities It is a story about a Chinese mother,Mrs.Zhang and her American daughter-in-law,Susan.At the airport,Susan and her husband,Mrs.Zhangs son,would fly back to Ne

4、w York and she was talking to her mother-in-law.Since Mrs.Zhang doesnt know any English Susan can speak little Chinese,Susans husband had to act as the interpreter.Now play the husband and try to translate for the Chinese mother and her American daughter-in-law.Susan:Mrs.Zhang,come to New York if yo

5、u want.Husband:.(1)Mother:不去了，给你们添麻烦。Husband:.(2)Susan:Yes,oh thanks for your delicious food,I like them very much.Husband:.(3)Mother:自家人谢什么。苏珊，你以后可不要再减肥了，身体健康才最重要哪！Husband:.(4)Susan:Thank you!The same to you.Husband:.(5)Mother:啊，谢谢，谢谢！Questions1.How would you translate for the mother and the daught

6、er-in-law?2.What do you think of the husbands actual translation given below?Is it very different from your translation?If it is,what are the differences?And why are they different?(1)妈妈，您可一定要来纽约看看。(2)Oh,it depends on the physical condition.(3)谢谢妈妈给我们做了那么多的好吃的。(4)Its my pleasure.Susan,I hope you bec

7、ome even more beautiful.(5)谢谢妈妈，我祝您身体健康。II Case Study Case 1:The privacy of Photographs Rose invited Lili to her home one day.While they were having coffee,Rose showed Lili a few pictures of her boyfriend in a photo album.Lili casually turned to other pages after that.Rose stopped her,“Id rather you

8、 not look at other pictures.”Lili was embarrassed,and apologized,“Im sorry.”II Case Study Case 1:The privacy of Photographs-Chinese perspective Looking at pictures and sharing memories is often done among friends in China.Pictures are usually not considered to be very private.Once shown a picture in

9、 an album,most people would assume that the rest of the album is there for them to go through.Lili must have thought that Rose was ready to let her look at the other pictures in this case.II Case Study-Westerners perspective Case 1:The privacy of Photographs A picture album is private and not someth

10、ing that one should assume is open to perusal(熟读).However,a lot depends on how the album was presented whether Rose allowed Lili to leaf through the album until she got to the pictures Rose wanted Lili to see,or if Rose opened the album specifically to those pictures.Lili might have avoided this emb

11、arrassing situation by simply asking,“Oh these are lovely.May I look at the rest?”Rose would probably have agreed,and might have even been pleased with Lilis comments.North Americans are sometimes overly sensitive about their privacy and automatically assume an innocent interest is somehow an unwelc

12、ome invasion of their privacy.That concern can often be dispelled with an expression of respect for privacy;but if not then remember that their reaction usually isnt personal.II Case Study Case 2:The privacy of Price After living in the States for some time,Ping Li observed that Americans like to co

13、mment on each others looks and clothes.So when she saw a fellow graduate student wearing a nice dress at a party,she complimented her by saying,“This is a very beautiful dress.”“Oh,thank you.I bought it last year before Christmas,”the student was very pleased.“How much was it?”Ping Li asked.“Well,I

14、dont quite remember,”the student seemed unprepared for the question,and answered a little hesitatingly.II Case Study Case 2:The privacy of Price-Chinese perspective It is not really a Chinese custom to comment on how well someone looks in his/her clothes,as this might embarrass the person.However,it

15、 has become increasingly common to do so in recent years.In addition,a more Chinese way of commenting on clothes would be asking about the price.In doing so,the person usually has no intention to trying to fin out the other persons financial status;he/she is more interested in finding out whether th

16、e clothes is a bargain or not.As Chinese economy becomes more open to trade and a wider range of consumer goods becomes available,Chinese are developing much more interest in consumerism.Thus they have a natural interest in learning about the prices of different things.As a result,the price is one o

17、 the most frequent topics for discussion when people talk about clothes.II Case Study-Westerners perspective Case 2:The privacy of Price “Nice people dont ask someone how much something cost.Its rude”is another rule that North Americans are taught from the time they are young.As odd as it may seem,a

18、sking the price of something a friend or co-worker shows you is considered to be an invasion of privacy,and marks the person asking as being coarse(粗鄙的),too interested in money.And one may be concerned that if they tell you,you will ridicule them for paying too much.In general,personal finances are

19、very private,and how much one spends is normally seen as part of personal finances.It would be equally unacceptable to ask someone how much they earn or how much they have in their bank accounts or stock portfolio.II Case Study-Westerners perspective Case 2:The privacy of Price If someone has made a

20、 purchase at a very good price,they may be eager to share their good fortune or shopping skills with their friends by telling them.Normally,though,one does not ask price.The only exception might be if you are interested in buying the same item and you are trying to get a sense of how much you might

21、have to pay.In such a case,you begin by saying something like,“Forgive me for asking a really rude question.But Im interested in buying a new stereo system(or whatever)too,and I have no idea what sort of prices Ill be looking at.Would you forgive me if I ask how much this sort of unit might cost?”th

22、ere is an important shift of focus in asking the question this way:you are not interested so much in how much the other person paid,but how much you might have to pay if you bought something similar.III Group Discussion In the following there are three dialogues in which employers and employees from

23、 different cultural backgrounds fail to understand each properly.Work with your group members to try to identify the problems in them and find some possible solutions.Dialogue 1This occurs between a Chinese employee(C)and his American boss(A).A wants C to do extra work on Saturday,but C doesnt want

24、to work on Saturday because its going to be his sons birthday.A:It looks like were going to have to keep the production line running on Saturday.C:I see.A:Can you come in on Saturday?C:Yes,I think so.A:Thatll be a great help.C:Yes,Saturday is a special day,did you know?A:What do you mean?C:Its my so

25、ns birthday.A:How nice.I hope you all enjoy it very much.C:Thank you.I appreciate your understanding.Questions1.What does the Chinese employee mean by saying“I see”?Does it mean agreement,acceptance or promise?2.To the direct request“Can you come in on Saturday”,what should the Chinese employee say

26、to avoid further misunderstanding?3.Why does the American boss fail to understand what the Chinese employee implies by saying“Its my sons birthday”?Why does the Chinese fail to say“no”?Dialogue 2This is a dialogue between a senior American employee(A)and his boss who is an Asian American(B).A:Well,h

27、ow am I doing?B:(Sam makes a lot of mistakes,but I do not want him to feel discouraged,so I will not tell him)Just fine.You learn very quickly.A:(Why is he complimenting me?I dont think I am doing a very good job)How about this part?Is this okay?B:(Its hard for me to say this!If he thinks he made mi

28、stakes,why doesnt he say so?)Oh,yeswell,um I think maybe you need to work oh a little more slowly oh I am sorry,I do not mean to criticizeA:(Why is he afraid to criticize me?)No,no,I want to know what needs improvement.I didnt do this part correctly,did I?B:(You did it all wrong)Oh,I did not mean th

29、at.Really,your work is fine.(What does he want me to say?!)Questions1.Why does the boss refuse to tell the employee directly what he actually feels about his work?2.Do you think it is right and natural for the employee to press for definite answers to his questions?3.If you were the boss or the empl

30、oyee,what would you do in a similar situation?Dialogue 3This is an interaction between a supervisor from the United States and a subordinate from Greece.American:How long will it take you to finish the report?(Interpretations)American:I asked him to participate.Greek:His behavior makes no sense.He i

31、s the boss.Why doesnt he tell me?Greek:I do not know.How long should it take?American:He refuses to take responsibility.Greek:I asked him for an order.American:You are in the best position to analyze time requirements.American:I press him to take responsibility for his own actions.Greek:What nonsens

32、e!I better give him an answer.Greek:10 days.American:He lacks the ability to estimate time;this estimate is totally inadequate.American:Take 15.It is agreed you will do it in 15 days?American:I offer a contract.Greek:These are orders.15 days.(In fact the report needed 30 days of regular work.So the

33、Greek worked day and night,but at the end of the 15th day,he still needed one more days work to finish the report).American:Where is the report?American:I am making sure he fulfills his contract.Greek:He is asking for the report.Greek:It will be ready tomorrow.American:But we agreed that it would be

34、 ready today.American:I must teach him to fulfill a contract.Greek:The stupid,incompetent boss!Not only did he give me wrong orders,but he does not appreciate that I did a 30-day job in 16 days.(In the end,the Greek hands in his resignation.)Questions1.Why are the interpretations so different from e

35、ach other?2.The misunderstanding obviously comes from the fact that the American supervisor wants the employee to participate in decisions,while the Greek subordinate expects to be told what to do.What can we do about it?How to resolve such problems in communications in which participants hold diffe

36、rent cultural expectations?IV Performance Analyze the given situation and perform it by adding a reasonable and acceptable ending.Not So Close,Please Jia He had lived in the United States for 7 years before she came back to work in China.She found that she had become accustomed to social habits in N

37、orth America and that some Chinese behaviors now caused her some discomfort.For example,one day,back in China,she was in a queue to use an ATM.She had noticed that people were standing very close to each other.In fact,the person behind her could,if he or she wanted,to see her enter the PIN of her AT

38、M card.Jia He wanted to make people aware of the discomfort of the user by keeping her distance from the person in front of her.However,the people behind her pushed her to move forward.V Exercises 练习1.Answer the following questions:How much do you know about the cultures in which English is the nati

39、ve language?What is your general level of cultural understanding of those English-speaking cultures?Do we need to learn about those cultures in which English is only the second or foreign language?Why?V Exercises 练习2.Read the following carefully and translate it into Chinese.The ideal solution to re

40、ducing miscommunication is to share knowledge with other participants in communication.This is why it is the easiest to communicate with other members of the same cultural group.This is why people so often gather together socially with others who are very much like them.It is easier and more comfort

41、able to communicate when you do not have to do so much work to understand what is going on or to make your communications clear to others.Since intercultural communication is communication with members of different cultural groups,and therefore,because we do not share knowledge,assumptions,values,an

42、d forms of discourse with them,we must expect there to be problems of interpretation.We must look for these problems,anticipate where they will arise out of our differences,and then plan our communications to be as effective as possible.V Exercises 练习3.Writing:Write a short essay to give tips for better culture understanding.