跨文化交际(UNIT5).ppt

《跨文化交际(UNIT5).ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《跨文化交际(UNIT5).ppt（42页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、Review of Unit 41.WhatistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureaccordingtotheSapir-WhorfHypothesis?2.Translatethefollowingterms:housewarmingdisinterestedMindonespsandqsAninedayswonder红糖红糖红茶红茶眼红眼红青天青天InterculturalCommunicationUnit5CultureandVerbalCommunication Warm Up Please read the story on page 1

2、56.What may have been the factors contributing to the failure of the presentation?What can we learn from the story?It is often customary for Americans to start their talk with some jokes or humorous anecdotes,but Germans have different ideas and they tend to consider telling jokes inappropriate in t

3、alks on serious matters.And in German culture,executives who occupy important positions are usually senior in age,and they had not expected the American manufacturer to send a young man as their representative to start business with them,a reputable German distributor.They may have found it difficul

4、t to trust such a young person.Supplement:VerbalCommunication Verbal communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.In intercultural communication,we use words tocommunicate with the outside world,share the past,exercise some contr

5、ol over the present,form images of the future.Supplement:VerbalCommunication VerbalCommunicationStyles(p179-183):Direct/Indirect Self-enhancement/Self-effacementElaborate/Exacting/SuccinctPersonal/ContextualInstrumental/Affective Supplement:VerbalCommunication 1.DirectandIndirectVerbalInteractionSty

6、lesIn the direct verbal style,statements clearly reveal the speakers intentions.Eg.U.S.Americans tend to use a straightforward form of request.In the indirect verbal style,on the other hand,verbal statements tend to hide the speakers actual intentions.Eg.Chinese tend to ask for a favor in a more rou

7、ndabout and implicit way.Supplement:VerbalCommunication 2.Self-EnhancementandSelf-Effacement VerbalStylesThe self-enhancement verbal style emphasizes the importance of boasting about ones accomplishments and abilities.Eg.In the classified ads,American ad might begin with,“A handsome,athletic male wi

8、th a good sense of humor seeks a fun-loving partner”The self-effacement verbal style,on the other hand,emphasizes the importance of humbling oneself via verbal restraints,hesitations and modest talk.Eg.In the classified ads,Japanese ad might read,“Although I am not very good-looking,Im willing to tr

9、y my best.”Supplement:VerbalCommunication 2.Self-EnhancementandSelf-Effacement VerbalStylesCompare the following ways to serve tea:Japanese:This is not very delicious,but American:This is the best I can offer.Supplement:VerbalCommunication 3.Elaborate,ExactingandSuccinctStylesAn elaborate style emph

10、asizesflashy and embellished language.This style of communication can be seen in many Arab,Middle Eastern,and Afro-American cultures.An exacting style,where persons say no more or less than is needed,is used by Americans.A succinct style is characterized by the use of concise statements,understateme

11、nts,and even silence.A succinct style can be found in Japan,China,and some Native American culturesSupplement:VerbalCommunication 3.Elaborate,ExactingandSuccinctStylesCompare the followings:Arab:#%&$%$*&%#.American:Just the facts!Chinese:Silence is Golden.Supplement:VerbalCommunication 4.Personaland

12、ContextualStyleThe personal communication style emphasizes the individual identity of the speaker.Eg.English has only one form for the second person,that is,you.The contextual style highlights ones role identity and status.Eg.Chinese,German and French,for example,have informal and formal forms of th

13、e pronoun you(你/您;du/Sie;tu/vous).Supplement:VerbalCommunication 5.InstrumentalandAffectiveStyleAn instrumental verbal style is sender-based and goal-outcome based.The instrumental speaker uses communication to achieve some goal or outcome.The burden of understanding often rests with the speaker.An

14、affective communication style is receiver and process oriented.The affective speaker is concerned not so much with the outcome of the communication,but with the process.The responsibility of understanding rests with both the speaker and the listener.Supplement:VerbalCommunication In verbal communica

15、tion,LC interaction emphasizes direct talk,person-oriented focus,self-enhancement mode,and the importance of“talk”.HC interaction,in comparison,stresses indirect talk,status-oriented focus,self-effacement mode,and the importance of nonverbal signals and even silence.Reading I Read the article of“Und

16、erstanding the Culture of Conversation”(p157-160).What are the different cultures of conversation among people from different countries?Conversation is a rich point(a rich point is something in one culture that makes it difficult to be connected with another culture).It isnt any particular word or g

17、rammatical construction that produces the rich point;it is something about the way things are going,something about peoples ideas about how to do a conversation.To handle the rich points,old unconscious ways of doing things are dusted off,new ways are built up.To converse in the new ways,you have to

18、 experience culture and manufacture some frames.If you dont figure out the frames,you might speak grammatically correct English,but what you communicate will differ from what you intended.Reading IConversation cultures of different countries:Mexican:The conversation may start with one topic,and if a

19、nother interesting topic seeps in you ride it around for a while.Sticking to the first topic is less important than having an interesting conversation.American:The conversation usually has a topic,and the speaker wants to take a straight line through it from the beginning to end.The Americans expect

20、 an answer to the orienting question,that is to lance their conversation with self-promotion-heres who I am,heres why Im good at it,heres why you should pay attention to me.Reading IConversation cultures of different countries:Swedish:The Swedish conversational ideal is to respond in a concise manne

21、r without elaborating specific details,esp.those for self-promotion.Thus,what causes miscommunication is often the way ideas are put together into an argument,the way some ideas are selected for special emphasis,or the way emotional information about the ideas is presented.Finish Exercises on page 1

22、61.What are different conversation cultures between American English speakers and Athabaskans?Fill-in Task(161)Whats confusing to American English Speakers about Athabaskans?They do not speak and avoid situations of talking.They 7.keep silent.They only want to talk to 6.close acquaintances.They play

23、 down their own abilities.They avoid direct questions.They never 9.start a conversation.They never say anything 1.about themselves.They are 8.slow to take a turn in talking_.They talk with a flat tone of voiceThey are 11.too indirect and inexplicit.Fill-in Task(161)Whats confusing to Athabaskans abo

24、ut American English speakers?They talk 12.too much.They always talk first.They often talk to 10.strangers or people they dont know.They 5.brag about themselves.They 4.ask too many questions _.They always interrupt.They only talk 2.about what they are interested in.They dont give others a chance to t

25、alkThey are 3.always getting excited when they talk.They are not careful when they talk about things or people.Fill-in Task(161)Different conversation cultures between American English speakers and Athabaskans:Who speaks first(who opens the conversation);Who controls the talk;When its time for a new

26、 person to take a turn,such as the length of a pause;(who talks next)How long one should talk;How a conversation should close;(who closes the conversation)Thus,if American English speakers and Athabaskans tend to judge the others way of talk according to their own ideas about what is the appropriate

27、 way for talking,they would have mostly negative impressions of each other concerning the way they talk.Reading IIApart from differences in grammar,vocabulary,and pronunciation,what other differences can you find between Chinese and English?Read the article of“The Way People Speak”(p165-169).From th

28、e example of the conversation between an Italian and an American,we can see the different conversation patterns in these two cultures.The Americans do not enjoy verbal conflicts over politics or anything else while the Italians welcome them.Reading IIHigh involvement conversation patterns and high c

29、onsiderateness patterns(Deborah Tannen)(p165):High involvement patterns:talk more;interrupt more;expect to be interrupted;talk more loudly at times and talk more quickly.Many enjoy arguments.e.g.Italian,Russian,Greek,Spanish,South American,Arab,and African.High considerateness patterns:speak one at

30、a time;use polite listening sounds;refrain from interrupting and give plenty of positive and respectful responses to their conversation partners.e.g.Asian Cultures like Chinese and Japanese,mainstream Americans.Reading IIThere are also significant differences between the various cultures of the same

31、 conversation pattern.Even within the United States there are important regional and ethnic differences in conversation styles.The important differences in communication create problems of stereotyping and incorrect judgments among members of diverse groups.Cultural beliefs differ as to whether dire

32、ctness or indirectness is considered positive.In the mainstream American culture,the ideal form of communication includes being direct rather than indirect.Latin Americans and many Asians value indirectness.Reading IIPing-Pong conversational style and Bowling styleIn an American“Ping-Pong”conversati

33、on,one person has the ball and then hits it to the other side of the table.The other player hits the ball back and the game continues.Each part of the conversation follows this pattern:the greeting and the opening,the discussion of a topic,and the closing and farewell.However,in a Japanese“Bowling”c

34、onversation,each participant waits politely for a turn and knows exactly when the time is right to speak.That is,they know their place in line.In Japanese conversation,long silences are tolerated.For Americans,even two or three seconds of silence can become uncomfortable.ConclusionSo far,we can see

35、that there are the Cultural Relativity of Communication-when to talk,what to say and how to say differ from culture to culture.(i)When to talk(the example of the conversation between Anglos and Athabaskans)Athabaskan Indians consider it inappropriate to talk to strangers.They have negative stereotyp

36、es of non-Athabaskans as ridiculously garrulous(talkative in an unfavorable sense)and also hypocritical.Anglos would consider it awkward to have a long period of silence when having a conversation.They conclude that Indians are uncooperative,even stupid.Conclusion(ii)How to talk(the example of the c

37、onversation between Anglos and Athabaskans)Pacing and pausing Meaning:How fast do you speak?How long do you wait following another speakers utterance,before concluding the other has no more to say?Listenership(the example of the conversation between Anglos and Athabaskans)Mostly it is connected with

38、 nonverbal behaviors such as eye contact.Indirectness Meaning:Only a part of meaning resides in the words spoken;the largest part is communicated by hints,assumptions,and listeners filling-in from context and prior experience.Conclusione.g.A Greek wife(or daughter):Can I go to the marketplace?Husban

39、d or father:(never say no)If you want,you can go.meaning No.Yes,of course,go.meaning Yes.(iii)What to say-topics(See the exercises on p164)Conversation is used as an icebreaker and to create warm memories for everyone attending a social or business function.There are topics you can,and will discuss,

40、with your dearest friends.However,when youre among a group of acquaintances or business associates keep your conversational topics neutral.(p164)Which topics are regarded as the appropriate ones in conversations?Weather,Pet,Work,Hobby,Sex,Family,Age,Income,Property,Marital status,Politics,Religious

41、belief,Disease,Death,DisabilitytopicsIn English-speaking culturesIn Chinese cultureAcceptable topics of conversationWeather PetWork HobbySexFamily AgeIncome PropertyMarital statusUnacceptable topics of conversationAge,especially a ladys ageMarital statusPropertyPoliticsReligious beliefDiseaseDeathSe

42、xPregnancyDisabilityGroup Work(p170-172)Read the three dialogues on page 170-172,then try to find out the problems and ways to avoid such problems in intercultural communication.Group Work(p170-172)Dialogue1It means that“I agree that there is need for keeping the production line running on Saturday”

43、.The Chinese employee should say:“Id love to,but Ive promised my son to celebrate his birthday with him on this Saturday.Im sorry I may not be able to come in.”The American is cultivated in a low-context culture while the Chinese employee comes from a high-context culture.In general,the Chinese mode

44、 of communication is often indirect and implicit while the Western mode of communication tends to be direct and explicit.Group Work(p170-172)Chinese and westerns have different approaches to refusing requestsChineseEnglishIn order to avoid direct conflicts and losing face when confronted with a prob

45、lem or when refusing a request,Chinese usually use indirect refusal ways,so as to let the other people withdraw gracefully.British people may respond with an excuse,and those excuses are often called“white lies”,lies told with good intentions.The same purpose:both want to avoid losing ones face or h

46、urting other people by using polite expressions when giving refusals.Group Work(p170-172)Dialogue2The boss refuses to tell the employee directly what he actually feels about his work because he thinks that that may make the American employee lose face.It is natural for the employee to press for defi

47、nite answers to his questions because he is American and,in his culture,it is usually right to do so even when one is communicating with ones boss.Group Work(p170-172)Dialogue3The American supervisor uses a“straight talk”low-context approach in dealing with the work problem,whereas the Greek subordi

48、nate uses a“face talk”high-context approach in dealing with the issue.Compliments(p162-163)DifferentWaysofRespondingtoComplimentsChineseEnglishA typical Chinese reaction is to show modesty and humility by saying such words as:buhao(not good)or chadeyuan(far from being good)British people respond by

49、saying“thank you”.Tips:Incross-culturalcommutation,weneedntbetooworriedaboutculturaldifferences.Rememberthererealsosimilarities,mutualadjustment,andtolerancebetweenpeoplefromdifferentcultures.Making Good Introduction Suppose an important client is visiting your corporate headquarters.Youre having a

50、conversation when the president of your company walks into the room.Its up to you to make the introductions.But whom do you introduce to whom?Which persons name do you state first?Your client is important to you and your company,but certainly the company president is also important.Do you have a dil