英文科技论文写作-语法和修辞.ppt
《英文科技论文写作-语法和修辞.ppt》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《英文科技论文写作-语法和修辞.ppt(251页珍藏版)》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。
1、from:TheACSStyleGuide:AManualforAuthorsandEditors,1stedition(1986),2ndedition(1997)英语科技论文英语科技论文语法和修辞(表达)概要语法和修辞(表达)概要一点说明一点说明不同来源的资料,说法不完全相同不同来源的资料,说法不完全相同气象科技英文编辑曾晓梅:“信中谈到的问题我也注意到了。不同的书、不同出版单位有自己的说法和做法,不同国家的英文,差异也很大。我在中国科技期刊研究上文章根据的是几本美国大学英语课常用教学参考书(已列作该文的参考文献),我习惯遵守这几本书的规定。实际上,一些权威的书和期刊上前后都不一致。现在,
2、我在改稿时的做法是,在两者均有根据(或范例)时,一般来说不改,除非文中内容是指个体还是整体非常明显。*”*指主谓一致。第1部分几个语法问题几个语法问题科技英语写作语法错误举例第2部分修辞与表达修辞与表达英语写作表达的几个问题平山健三英语化学论文写作方法市原英语论文的写作方法孙娴柔实用英语科技论文写作周春晖科技英语写作冯志杰汉英科技翻译指要任胜利英语科技论文撰写与投稿英文现刊以及英文学术专著第1部分几个语法问题几个语法问题科技英语写作语法错误举例科技英语写作语法错误举例1Subject-VerbAgreements2RestrictiveandNonrestrictiveClauses3Dang
3、lingModifiers(垂悬修饰语)4AwkwardOmissionsofVerbsandAuxiliaryVerbs1Subject-VerbAgreements(1)在主语中含并列连词“and”时,应正确区分是单个主语还是并列主语。若属前者,谓语动词为单数形式,若属后者,谓语动词则为复数形式。例1Applicationofthistechniquetostudiesonphytoplanktonbiomassanditsenvironmentsaredescribed.说明Thesubjectis“application”,whichissingular.Applicationofth
4、istechniquetois described.例 2 Description of the experimentalconditions and the results of the presentinvestigationis madeindetailinthispaper.此句中的主语为description,theexperimentalconditionsandtheresults是并列的,与of构成介词短语作定语,故谓语动词用“is made”。例3Theexperimentalconditionandtheresultofthepresentinvestigationared
5、escribedindetailinthispaper.此句中的主语为theexperimentalconditionandtheresult,为并列主语,故谓语用are described.Sometimes,twosingularsubjectsjoinedby“and”causethiserror.例4GrowthandisolationofM13viruswasdescribedGrowthand isolationofM13viruswere described.Exception:Asubjectthatispluralinformbutsingularineffecttakesa
6、singularverb.例5The name and addressofeachcontributorisgivenonthetitlepage.例6Research and developmentisattractingagrowingnumberofyoungscientists.R&Ddepartment(2)However,when two or more subjects arejoinedby“or”,theverbtakesthenumberoftheclosestsubject.例7Applicationoruses werenoted.Usesorapplication w
7、asnoted.例8Theappropriatemetalionconcentrationorthe rate constants wereused.Therateconstantsorappropriatemetalion concentration wasused.当两个以上主语以 or,neithernor,eitheror,notonlybutalso 等组句时,谓语动词应与其最近的名词在人称和数上保持一致。例9Either ethylene chlorohydrin or bromohydrin isis treated with strong alkali to give ethy
8、lene oxide (与bromohydrin 一致).例10 Coagulation of an AgCl precipitate occurs at the equivalence point,where neither chloride nor silver ions areare in excess.(与ions一致)例11 Not only CS2 but also CuSO4 and AgCl werewere purified before the use (与CuSO4 and AgCl一致)在“thereis”,“thereare”句型中,主语为复合主语时,谓语动词与靠近的
9、主语一致例12Therewasaprofessorandseveralstudentsinthelibrary.Therewereseveralstudentsandaprofessorinthelibrary.(3)Collectivenounstakeasingularverbwhenthegroupasawholeismeant;inthatcasetheyareoftenprecededbytheword“the”.Collectivenounstakeapluralverbwhenindividualsofthegroup are meant;in that case,they ar
10、e oftenprecededbytheword“a”.contentsmajorityrangecouplenumberseriesdozenpairvarietygroup例13The seriesisarrangedinorderofdecreasingsize.说明Referstothe seriesasaunit.例14A series ofcompoundsweretested.说明Referstoeachcompound.例15Thenumberofmetalamidessynthesizedwasthelargesttodate.(Referstothenumberasauni
11、t.)Anumberofmetalamidesweresynthesized.(Referstoeachamide.)例16Theseriesofcompoundswas preparedtotestthehypothesis.(Referstotheseriesasaunit.)Aseriesofcompoundswere tested.(Referstoeachcompound.)例 17 A series of low molecular weightphenolphthaleinepoxyresins(Mn500-700)has beenpreparedfromphenolphthal
12、einandepichlorohydrin using K2CO3(Na2CO3)/H2O ascatalystsinsteadofNaOH/H2O.Aseriesoflowmolecularweightphenolphthaleinepoxyresins(Mn500-700)hevebeenpreparedfromphenolphthaleinandepichlorohydrin using K2CO3(Na2CO3)/H2O ascatalystsinsteadofNaOH/H2O.an average of+数数词词(意思为平均数量有之多)作主语,谓语动词用复数复数形式Anaverage
13、of100kindsofreagentswereinregularsupplyfromthecompanyeachyear.the average of+数词数词意思为平均数(值)作主语,谓语动词用单数单数形式。Theaverageofaseriesofvaluesisobtainedsimplybyaddingalltheindividualvaluesanddividingthesumbythenumberofvalues.(=Theaverageofaseriesofvaluesisobtainedsimplybyaddingalltheindividualvaluesanddividi
14、ngthesumbythemeasurementtimes.)(4)“Data”canbeasingularorpluralnoun.例18Experimental datathatweobtainedare comparedwithpreviouslyreportedresults.说明Referstothedataasindividualresults.例19Afterthedataare distributed,wecanmeettodiscussthem.Afterthedatais distributed,wecanmeettodiscussit.说明Referstothewhole
15、collectionofdataasoneunit.(5)Units of measurement are treated ascollectivenounsandthereforetakeasingularverb.例20Themixturewasstirred,and5mLofdiluentwere added.Themixturewasstirred,and5 mLofdiluentwasadded.例21FivegramsofNaCLwereaddedtothesolution.Five gramsofNaCL wasaddedtothesolution.例22Threeweeksar
16、eneededtocompletetheexperiment.Three weeksisneededtocompletetheexperiment.例23Noneofthesampleswas soluble.Noneofthesamplesweresoluble.说明Referstoindividuals.例24Thisgroupofworkersarewellawareoftheirresponsibilities.This groupofworkersiswellawareofitsresponsibilities.说明Referstothegroupasaunit.(6)某些特殊变化的
17、复数名词切不可误认为是单数名词,这样的词(如analyses,bacteria,criteria,formulae,phenomena,spectra,data等)作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。例 25 Extensive data on the thermodynamicalpropertiesoftheelementsareavailable.例26TheIRabsorptionspectraprovidesignificantinformationregardingfunctionalgroups.(7)Nounsendinginicsanddenotingascientificdisc
18、iplineareusuallysingular.dynamicsmechanicskineticsphysicsmathematicsthermodynamicsMechanicsinvolvestheapplicationofNewtonsthreelawsofmotion.Thekineticsofelectrontransfertoandfromphotogeneratedradicalswasexaminedbylaserflashphotolysis.Thethermodynamicsisgovernedbythepositionsofthevalenceandconduction
19、bands.(8)Compound subjects containing thewords“each”,“every”,and“everybody”maytakesingularverbs.例 27 Each flask and each holder wassterilizedbeforeuse.Bothcomponentsofthecompoundsubjectmustcontainthewordsinquestion.Otherwise,theverbmustbeplural.例28Eachstudentandalloftheprofessorswereinvited.(9)Somet
20、imes,oneofthesewordsisimplicit;suchcasestakeasingularverb.例29Eachnameandaddressisenteredintothedatabase.(10)Indefinite pronouns themselves(oradjectives combined with the indefinitepronoun“one”)can be the subject of thesentence.Those that take a singular verb are“each”,“either”,“neither”,“no one”,“ev
21、ery one”,“anyone”,“someone”,“everyone”,“anybody”,“somebody”,and“everybody”.例30Eachwasevaluatedforitseffectonmetabolism.例31Neitherdisruptsthecellmembrane.例32Regardingcompounds1-10,every one reactswiththecontrolagent.例33Someonemeasuresthevolumeeveryday.Thosethattakeapluralverbare“several”,“few”,“both”
22、,“and“many”.例34Severalwereevaluatedfortheireffectsonmetabolism.例35Fewdisruptthecellmembrane.例36Regarding compounds 1 1 and 2 2,bothboth react with the control agent.例37ManyMany were chosen to be part of the study.Thosethattakeeitherasingularorpluralverb,dependingoncontext,are“some”,“any”,“none”,“all
23、”,and“most”.Thenumberofthe object of the preposition determines the number of theindefinitepronounrelatedtoit.例38Someof the moneywasstolen.例39Someof the bookswerelost.例40Notall the disksarehere;somewerelost.(11)When a fraction is the subject of thesentence,thenumberoftheattendant objectofthe preposi
24、tion determines the number of thesubject.例41Onethirdoftheprecipitatewasdissolved.例42Onefourthfourth of the electronselectrons are excited.例43The remainderThe remainder of the compoundscompounds are yet to be described.(12)Mostof(plentyof,alotof)+复数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;Mostof(plentyof,alotof)+不可数名词作主语时,谓
25、语动词用单数形式Most of the better-known organic solvents are allsuitableforthesetests.Thereisplentyofdistilledwaterinthebottle.(其中的water是不可数名词。)Thereareplentyoftesttubesontesttable.Thereisplentyoffood.Thereareplentyofapples.Istherealotofsupportfortheidea?Therearealotoftouristshere.(1313)When When a a subje
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 英文 科技 论文 写作 语法 修辞
限制150内