英语语言学概论 Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学).ppt

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1、Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学,词法学)Internal structures of words and rules of word formationcareful wonderful successful beautiful widen deepen shorten fasten sharpenImpossible,incorrect,improper,illegal,report,import export transport support porterrespect inspect expect suspect prospectboys girls toys boo

2、ks tables bottles working,thinking speaking,cutting,hitting the,to,for,bird,leg,air,captain.suffixes,prefixes,roots,inflectional suffixes,free root Semantically:root(词根词根)and affixaffix(词缀词缀):prefix(前缀前缀),suffix(后缀后缀);derivational affixes(派生词缀派生词缀)and inflectional affixes(屈折词缀屈折词缀)Structurally:free

3、morphemes(自由词素自由词素,即自由词根即自由词根)and bound morphemes(粘粘着词素着词素)5.1 what is morphologyMorphology studies the internal structures(内部结构内部结构)of words and word formation rules.It divided into two fields:inflectional morphology(屈折词法屈折词法)and derivational/lexical morphology(派生词法派生词法).It studies the different ca

4、tegories of morphemes(bound,free,derivational and inflectional)morphological rules5.2 morpheme(词素,语素)Morpheme is a minimal meaningful grammatical unit in a language.1 minimal:smallest,it can not further be divided.un,bird but not blackboard=black+boarddisagree=dis+agree 2 meaningful:can not be furth

5、er divided without destroying its meaningcap+tain,man+age=manage3,grammatical:not only lexical morphemes like bird,leg,table,but also grammatical ones,liketo,for,-s,ed,-er,the a aninternational=inter+nation+altourists=tour+ist+sdisagreements=dis+agree+ment+sClassification of morphemesFree morphemes:

6、those that can exist as individual words:the,to for cap shoe Lexical morphemes:nouns,adjectives,verbs,adverbs.Open class,large part of vocabulary 实词实词Functional morphemes:prepositions,conjunctions,articles,pronouns.Closed class.虚词虚词Bound morphemes(粘着词素粘着词素):those that can not occur alone as separate

7、 words.-ful,-less,re-de,tele-vis-ion,un-happyRoots(词根词根),the most important part of a word that carries the principal meaning:receive,conceive,deceive,Respect,expect,suspect,diction,contradiction bird leg handAffixes(词缀词缀):those that lexically depend on roots and do not convey the fundamental meanin

8、g of words.Interralation:all free morphemes(like bird)are roots but not all roots are free morphemes.(like spect).All affixes are bound morphemes but not all bound morphemes are affixes (like ceive)affixesPosition:prefixes,suffixes and inffixes(中缀)dislike,disagree,discourage;movement,encouragement s

9、pokesman,townspeopleFunction:affixes can be divided into:inflectional affixes and derivational affixesInflectional affixes:indicate grammatical function,do not produce new words or cause a change in grammatical class.Number,gender,tense,aspect,case and degree (8个:-s,-s,s,-ing,-ed,-en,-er,est P60)Der

10、ivational affixes:produce new words,some change grammatical classes of words.dis-,un-,re-,in-,-ly,-y,ful,-er,ment,tion,(P 61)root:the basic part of a word that can not be further analysed without total loss of its identitybase:the form that a derivational affix is attached,disagree+ment=disagreemens

11、tem:the form that an inflectional affix is attached:reopen+ing=reopening.eat+ing=eating(stem)eat+able=eatable(base)eat+er=eaterincorrect,impossible illegal irregularinexact impracticle illegible irrelevantinaccurate improper inefficient in-/in/,/im/,/il/,/ir/enlarge embodyensure empowerenrich en-/en

12、/,/em/Morpheme,morph,allomorphMorphemes are the minimal meaningful units in a grammatical system of a language.ingMorphs are the realizations of morphemes in general and are the actual forms used to realize morphemesAllomorphs(词素变体词素变体):the realizations of a particular morpheme./in/,/il/ir/,/im/d:/t

13、/after voiceless consonants except/t/;hoped,looked,stopped,finished/d/after vowels and voiced consonants except/d/;loved,lived,realized/id/after/t/and/d/.Visited,stated,headedz:/s/:after voiceless consonants except/s/,/,and/,books,maps streets;/z/after vowels and voiced consonants except/z/,/,/.bags

14、,cars keys/iz/after/s/,/z/,/,/,/,/.sizes,bridges bosses,matcheshaus-/haus/:house,housework,housewife;or/hauz/:houseswaif-/waif/wife,housewife or /waiv/wivesnaif-/naif/knife,or /naiv/knivesMorphs are related to morphemes in general and allomorphs are related to a specific morpheme.empty morph and zer

15、o morphempty morph:a morph whcu has form but no meaning.children=child+r+en oxen=ox+enzero morph:a morph which has meaning but no form.They work in Nanjing.work=work+/sheep(plural)=sheep+/IC analysisMorphemic analysis:to analyse the number of morphemes and the relationships between the morphemes.lin

16、ear order of morphemes:the horizontal(水平水平)order or the sequential characteristics of morphemes in a word:meanings=mean+ing+sdisagreements=dis+agree+ment+shierarchical order:the internal structure or relationships of the morphemes.Immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis)to divide the morphemes of

17、 a word into two groups and then divide them into sub-groups and so on,until the irreducible constituents or the morphemes are obtained.replacements replacement +s replace +ment re+place ultimate constituents(最后成分最后成分):re,place,ment,simmediate constituents:constituents:all the forms except the one a

18、t the top(word)replacements re+placements placement+s place+ment disagreements dis+agreements agreements+sIC analysis must conform to the morphological rules:the rules that determine how morphemes are combined into new words.每次切分所每次切分所得的词素都必须有意义得的词素都必须有意义,反映词构成的先后反映词构成的先后顺序顺序.un+truly,unman+ly 5.6 w

19、ord-formation processes1 coining(创造新词创造新词):the first-time creation of non-complex words whose form and meaning is completely unmotivated and arbitrary.Clone aspirin,nylon,zipper,dacron,Kleenex,雷人雷人2 borrowing:taking over words from other languages.borrowed words,borrowings or loanwords fall into 4 c

20、ategories:aliens(非同化词非同化词):elite(精英精英),coup detat(政变政变)coupe(汽车汽车);denizens(同化词同化词):get,theater,socio(French)+logy(Greek).translation-loan(译借词译借词):black humour(humour noir),mother tongue(lingua materna).semantic borrowings(借义词借义词):gift(the price of wife in Old English)-”gift or present”from the Scan

21、dinavian term“gift”word-formation processes:the rule-governed processes of forming new words on the basis of already existing linguistic resources.productive ones:derivation(派生派生),conversion(转换转换)and compounding(复复合合);less productive ones:blending(拼拼缀法缀法),clipping(截短法截短法),backformation(逆成法逆成法),acron

22、ymy(首字母法首字母法)Derivation:a process in which one or more affixes are attached to a root or a base to produce a new word known as derived words.Derivation will often change the part of speech or grammatical class of the root or base.happyhappily.It is the most common word-formation process,including pr

23、efixation and pounding:a process in which two or more free morphemes are combined to form a new word called compound word or compound.sleepwalk,forget-me-not,water-bed.3 types:hyphenated compounds:linked by a hyphen.father-in-law,baby-faced,whistle-blowing,lets-make-a-deal.A solid compound:two words

24、 are written together:fingerprint,sunburn doorknob.Open compound:the words are written separately:April Fools day,Boston terrier.A compound may be permanent or temporaryConversion:a process to turn a owrd into a new word class without the addition of affix.It is also called functional shift or zero-

25、derivation.Increase-increase.full conversion,partial conversion:the rich,the poor,the lastblending:to delete parts of two words and combine the remaining parts to form a new word.breakfast+lunch=brunchclipping:to form a new word by deleting one or two syllables without any change in meaning or part

26、of speech.ominibus=busback-clipping:automobile=autoFront-clipping:airplane=planefront and back clipping:influenza=fluPhrase clipping:popular music=popback-formation:to form a new word by removing the supposed suffix from a longer word already in a language.baby-sit from babysitter edit from editoracronymy:to form a new word by joining the first letters of several words together.Acronym:the letters are pronounced as a single word.APEC,NASAInitialism:the letters are pronounced one by one.UFO,VOA