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1、师说英译赏析 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望师说v古之学者必有师。师者,所以传道受业解惑也。人非生而知之者,孰能无惑?惑而不从师,其为惑也,终不解矣。生乎吾前,其闻道也固先乎吾,吾从而师之;生乎吾后,其闻道也亦先乎吾,吾从而师之。吾师道也,夫庸知其年之先后生于吾乎?是故无贵无贱,无长无少,道之所存,师之所存也。v嗟乎!师道之不传也久矣!欲人之无惑也难矣!古之圣人,其出人也远矣,犹且从师而问焉;今之众人,其下圣人也亦远矣,而耻学于师。是故圣益圣,愚益
2、愚。圣人之所以为圣,愚人之所以为愚,其皆出于此乎?爱其子,择师而教之;于其身也,则耻师焉,惑矣。彼童子之师,授之书而习其句读者,非吾所谓传其道解其惑者也。句读之不知,惑之不解,或师焉,或不焉,小学而大遗,吾未见其明也。巫医乐师百工之人,不耻相师。士大夫之族,曰师曰弟子云者,则群聚而笑之。问之,则曰:“彼与彼年相若也,道相似也。位卑则足羞,官盛则近谀。”呜呼!师道之不复,可知矣。巫医乐师百工之人,君子不齿,今其智乃反不能及,其可怪也欤!v圣人无常师。孔子师郯子、苌弘、师襄、老聃。郯子之徒,其贤不及孔子。孔子曰:三人行,则必有我师。是故弟子不必不如师,师不必贤于弟子,闻道有先后,术业有专攻,如是而
3、已。v李氏子蟠,年十七,好古文,六艺经传皆通习之,不拘于时,学于余。余嘉其能行古道,作师说以贻之。韩愈 简介v韩愈(768824)唐代文学家、哲学家。字退之,河阳(今河南省焦作孟州市)人,汉族。祖籍昌黎(今辽宁义县),世称韩昌黎。晚年任吏部侍郎,又称韩吏部。谥号“文”,又称韩文公。他是唐代古文运动的倡导者,主张学习先秦两汉的散文语言,破骈为散,扩大文言文的表达功能。宋代苏轼称他“文起八代之衰”,明人推他为唐宋八大家之首,与柳宗元并称“韩柳”,有“文章巨公”和“百代文宗”之名。作品都收在昌黎先生集里。韩愈还是一个语言巨匠。他善于使用前人词语,又注重当代口语的提炼,得以创造出许多新的语句,其中有不
4、少已成为成语流传至今,如“落阱下石”、“动辄得咎”、“杂乱无章”等。在思想上是中国道统观念的确立者,是尊儒反佛的里程碑式人物。v韩愈三岁而孤,受兄嫂抚育,早年流离困顿,有读书经世之志,虽孤贫却刻苦好学。20岁赴长安考进士,三试不第。2535岁,他先中进士,三试博学鸿词科不成,赴汴州董晋、徐州张建封两节度使幕府任职。后回京任四门博士。3649岁,任监察御史,因上书论天旱人饥状,请减免赋税,贬阳山令。宪宗时北归,为国子博士,累官至太子右庶子,但不得志。5057岁,先从裴度征吴元济,后迁刑部侍郎。因谏迎佛骨,贬潮州刺史。移袁州。不久回朝,历国子祭酒、兵部侍郎、吏部侍郎、京兆尹等职。政治上较有作为。诗
5、力求险怪新奇,雄浑而重气势。译文来源v1.VI选自戴抗选,谢百魁译,中国历代散文一百篇。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1996年。v2.V2选自中国文学出版社编,中国文学古代散文卷(汉英对照),外语教学与研究出版社,1998年。v3.V3为罗经国译,选自英语学习2003年第9期。选词的艺术选词的艺术谢弋谢弋从哲理上选词从哲理上选词v人非生而人非生而知知之者,孰能无惑?之者,孰能无惑?vV1:Man is not born with knowledge.Who can deny that he has puzzles?vV2:As men are not born wise,who can be
6、free from ignorance?vV3:Since no one is born omniscient,who can claim to have no doubts?v“生而知之生而知之”一语出自论语:一语出自论语:“子曰:子曰:生而知之者,上也。生而知之者,上也。”意即意即“生下来就有知生下来就有知识、懂道理的人识、懂道理的人”。古汉语中的。古汉语中的“知知”主要主要有两个范畴的含义:一是有两个范畴的含义:一是动词动词“知道知道”、“了解了解”及名词及名词“知识知识”、“知觉知觉”等等;二是;二是通假通假“智智”,也就是,也就是“聪明的聪明的”或或“聪慧聪慧”、“智慧智慧”。V1V
7、1、3 3分别选用分别选用knowledgeknowledge和和omniscientomniscient,倾向于选择第一范畴的意义,倾向于选择第一范畴的意义,V2V2的的wisewise则倾向于第二个范畴。韩愈借用孔则倾向于第二个范畴。韩愈借用孔子哲学思想,主要是从子哲学思想,主要是从求师、求学求师、求学出发,结出发,结合该句所要表达的哲理来看,选择第一范畴合该句所要表达的哲理来看,选择第一范畴的意义比较合适。的意义比较合适。v而就而就omniscient和和knowledge的选择而言,的选择而言,omniscient意为意为“无所不知的无所不知的”,比,比knowledge更贴合原文意思
8、。更贴合原文意思。v译文修改:译文修改:Since no one is born omniscient,who can be free from puzzles?从概念上措词从概念上措词v师者,所以师者,所以传道传道、授业授业、解惑解惑也。也。vV1:A teacher is one who passes on the truth,imparts knowledge and solves puzzles.vV2:A teacher is who passes on the truth and dispels ignorance.vV3:A teacher is one who could pr
9、opagate the doctrine,impart professional knowledge and resolve doubts.v“传道传道”、“授业授业”、“解惑解惑”是三个概念是三个概念:“道道”为儒家学说,为儒家学说,“业业”为学业知识,为学业知识,“惑惑”为疑难。此处为疑难。此处V2V2将将“授业、解惑授业、解惑”合合译为译为dispel ignorance dispel ignorance,严重影响了原文的,严重影响了原文的意思表达。意思表达。“授业授业”这一概念在文中多次出这一概念在文中多次出现,跟现,跟“传道传道”、“解惑解惑”一起构成了对一起构成了对“师师”的阐释,
10、不可略去。故的阐释,不可略去。故V1V1、V3V3使用一一使用一一对应的直译更为妥当。对应的直译更为妥当。v“道道”,除了,除了“道理、真理道理、真理”外,在此处又外,在此处又有有“儒家学说儒家学说”的意思。所以的意思。所以V3V3使用的使用的doctrinedoctrine(教义,教条教义,教条)要比)要比V1V1、V2V2的的truthtruth要好。要好。PropagatePropagate(传播、普及传播、普及)也比)也比passpass(传递)贴切。在(传递)贴切。在knowledgeknowledge前加了形容词前加了形容词professionalprofessional也更贴近也
11、更贴近“业业”的概念。的概念。v译文修改:译文修改:A teacher is one who A teacher is one who propagates the doctrine,imparts propagates the doctrine,imparts professional and solves puzzles.professional and solves puzzles.从理解上用词从理解上用词v三三人行,则必有我师。人行,则必有我师。vV1:When three persons walk together,one of them can surely be my teach
12、er.vV2:Out of my two fellow-travelers one must be qualified to be my teacher.vV3:Whenever walking in a company of several persons,there among them must be someone worth my learning from.v在汉语的模糊性中,在汉语的模糊性中,“五五”、“九九”、“万万”等都只是表示等都只是表示“多、高多、高”等程度而不是精等程度而不是精确数字,如确数字,如“五光十色五光十色”、“九牛一毛九牛一毛”、“万无一失万无一失”等。在模糊
13、语意中,等。在模糊语意中,“三三”是是尤其要注意的,甲骨文中三木为森,三人为尤其要注意的,甲骨文中三木为森,三人为众,众,“三三”经常被用作模糊概念。经常被用作模糊概念。v原文中的原文中的“三三”,并不能作为一个精确概念,并不能作为一个精确概念,而是虚指或者比喻性说法而是虚指或者比喻性说法。V2V2的的two fellow-two fellow-travlerstravlers已经将已经将“三三”理解表达为精确数字。理解表达为精确数字。V1V1直截了当的直截了当的threethree,出于文化差异外国人不,出于文化差异外国人不一定能理解。一定能理解。V3V3的的a company of sev
14、eral a company of several personspersons,较为符合英文的思维逻辑,也切合,较为符合英文的思维逻辑,也切合原文含义,准确表达了原文含义,准确表达了“三三”的含义。的含义。小结小结v翻译中,词语选择是一个重点。翻译时要通翻译中,词语选择是一个重点。翻译时要通过反复对比词语本身释义、外延含义和中西过反复对比词语本身释义、外延含义和中西方理解角度,仔细斟酌选择合适用词,才能方理解角度,仔细斟酌选择合适用词,才能在最大程度上保留原神韵的同时,产出文学在最大程度上保留原神韵的同时,产出文学性、艺术性俱佳的译文。性、艺术性俱佳的译文。修辞手法 修辞手法:反问v吾师道也
15、,夫庸知其年之先后生于吾乎?vV1:It is the truth that I endeavour to learn.Must I know beforehand whether my teacher was born earlier or later than I?vV2:As I seek the truth,I need not worry whether my teacher is my senior or junior.vV3:Since what I desire to learn is the doctrine,why should I care whether he was
16、born before me or after me?修辞手法:反问v析:原句是反问句,V2译成陈述句,失去了原文的韵味。V1把一句话译成两句,且后一句是一般疑问句,非反问句。只有V3用了反问句,且反诘、强调的语气比V1、V2好很多,更符合原句的韵味。但V3中的“doctrine”一般指“教条”或“法律条文”,而“师道”指学习道理,探索真理,因而我们建议其改译为“As I seek Tao,why should I care whether he was born before me or after me?”附:原文的意思是“因为我是向他学习道理,难道还用得着问他是先于我出生还是后于我出生吗
17、?”。小结v 反问句故意发出无疑之问,不作回答,让对方或读者自己体会其含义。故在翻译时,宜保留其反诘的语调,这样会比正面陈述更加有力,也更符合原文的韵味。修辞手法:对偶v是故无贵无贱,无长无少,道之所存,师之所存也。是故无贵无贱,无长无少,道之所存,师之所存也。vV1:Therefore,no distinction should be made between the noble and the humble or between the young and the old.Where lies the truth,there is a teacher.vV2:Whether he is n
18、oble or common,older or younger,whoever knows the truth can be a teacher.vV3:Therefore,it does not matter whether a person is high or low in position,young or old in age.Where there is the doctrine,there is my teacher.修辞手法:对偶 析:此句是对偶句,其中“贵”对“贱”,“长”对“少”,语义相反;“道”对“师”。V2处理得较差,没体现出对偶的美感,如noble 和 common并
19、非语义相反的对应词。V1和V3处理得较好。V1的noble对humble产生了听觉美,两个结构划一的betweenand很有视觉美,句式“Where lies,there is 也使用了仿句,即模仿了“Where there is a will,there is a way.”,具有美学追求。V3的high or low in position,young or old in age 也体现了对称美。不过我们建议把V1、V3的young and old 改为old and young,更符合原文,另外从仿句的仿真程度考虑,我们建议把Where lies,there is改为Where ther
20、e is,there is 综合起来,我们建议译文修改为:Therefore,it does not matter whether a person is high or low in position,old or young in age.Where there is Tao,there is a teacher.小结v 对偶句结构上平行对称、句法相似、语义关系相反或相衬,因而在翻译时,译文要像原文那样讲究形式及语义对称,给人一种听觉或视觉的美感。修辞手法:排比v古之圣人,其出人也远矣,犹且从师而问焉;今之众人,其下圣人也亦远矣,而耻学于师。vV1:Sages in olden times
21、 outstripped by far the ordinary people.Nevertheless,they had teachers and asked them questions.Nowadays the multitude,though much inferior to sages,are ashamed of being instructed by teachers.vV2:The old sages were far superior to common men,yet they sought the truth from teachers.Most men of today
22、 are far below those sages,yet they think it shameful to learn.vV3:Ancient sages,who far surpassed us,even learned from their teachers.People today,who are far inferior to them,regard learning from the teachers as a disgrace.修辞手法:排比v析:这个句群其实是“排比+对偶”的形式。排比形式上讲究整齐,目的在于加强语势,提高表达效果。V1只是一般的陈述,没有原文形式上的美感。
23、V2和V3前后句间在形式上都有一定的整齐性,但还不够完美,V2前句用了superior to,后句应该用inferior to 来形成对应;同理,V3后句用了inferior to,前句应该用superior to来形成对应。另外,三个版本都把原来的一句话译成两句或以上,其实,译文中也可以使用分号把原文译成一句话的。综上,我们建议将原文译成:The old sages,though much superior to the ordinary people,had teachers and asked them questions;the multitude today,though much
24、inferior to those sages,think it shameful to be instructed by teachers.小结v 在翻译排比句时,特别要注意其形式以及语义的整齐对应性。尽量保持原文的韵味,使译文与原文保持一致性。翻译技巧中的变通何略韬变通:转换v是故圣益圣,愚益愚。vV1:As a consequence,sages become more sage,and ignoramuses more ignorant.vV2:That is why sages become more sage,while fools more foolish.vV3:Thus,wi
25、se men become more wise and unlearned men become more foolish.v原文“圣益圣,愚益愚”是对偶句,句中的第一个“圣”和“愚”是名词,第二个“圣”和“愚“是形容词,这种结构是在古汉语中经常用到的修辞手法。变通:转换vV1:As a consequence,sages become more sage,and ignoramuses more ignorant.vV2:That is why sages become more sage,while fools more foolish.vV3:Thus,wise men become m
26、ore wise and unlearned men become more foolish.v在第一句中,3个译文都做得不错,做到了用前后两个相同的词,但不同词性来翻译,尽可能与原文相符。可是第二句中,3个译文翻译得不太好,与对偶的含义有点出入,应该按照第一句那样的结构翻译。不过相比之下,V2版本的句式用了一个从句来连接两部分,而V1和V3则是用and来连接两个小句,显得有点累赘和不太符合英语的习惯。因此我们决定在V2的基础上修改一下词语,使之达到对偶的要求。变通:转换v我们这里把译文稍微修改为:vAs a consequence,sages become more sage,while f
27、ools more fool.v根据朗文词典,fool除了可以作名词,还可以作形容词,意思仍然是foolish或silly或stupid,因此可以借用变通:叙事与表态v爱其子,择师而教之;于其身也,则耻师焉,惑矣!vV1:Loving parents may select teachers to instruct their children.But when it comes to themselves,they feel it a disgrace to be taught by them.vV2:A man who loves his son chooses a teacher for
28、him but is ashamed to find one for himself.This is entirely wrong.vV3:It is absurd that a person would choose a teacher for his son out of his love for him,and yet refuse to learn from the teacher himself,thinking it a disgrace to do so.v一般来说,句中若有叙事部分和表态部分,英语常常是表态部分(判断,结论等)在前,叙事部分(事实,描写等)在后,即先总提后分述,
29、或先讲结果后追叙过去,汉语的顺序往往相反;句中若有长短部分,英语常常是先短后长,即头轻脚重,汉语的顺序则往往相反。变通:叙事与表态v爱其子,择师而教之;于其身也,则耻师焉,惑矣!v原文中的“惑”是表态部分,语言单位很短,位于较长的叙事“爱其子,择师而教之;于其身也,则耻师焉”部分之后;在英语当中,“惑”这种表态部分应该位于长结构的叙事部分之前。变通:叙事与表态vV1:Loving parents may select teachers to instruct their children.But when it comes to themselves,they feel it a disgra
30、ce to be taught by them.vV2:A man who loves his son chooses a teacher for him but is ashamed to find one for himself.This is entirely wrong.vV3:It is absurd that a person would choose a teacher for his son out of his love for him,and yet refuse to learn from the teacher himself,thinking it a disgrac
31、e to do so.vV1和V2中,运用了顺译的手法翻译了叙事部分和表态部分,虽然意思也比较清楚,可是句式过于松散,特别是V1,影响到原文叙事与表态在语义上的紧密度。V2表态部分的翻译似乎也与原文有所出入。然而V3和前两者不一样,符合了英语的习惯用法,而且句子之间关系比较紧密,因此更为可取。变通:重构v句读之不知,惑之不解,或师焉,或不焉,小学而大遗,吾未见其明也。vV1:For lack of reading skills,one seeks the help of teachers,while for unsolved puzzles,one acts contrariwise.It i
32、s indeed learning the lesser but giving up the greater.I do not see its wisdom.vV2:If we want to learn to read but not to dispel ignorance,we are learning the lesser and giving up the greater,which is hardly intelligent.vV3:I dont think it wise to learn from the teacher when one doesnt know how to p
33、unctuate,but not when one has doubts unresolved,for that I find to be the folly of learning in small matters,but neglecting the big ones.v重构是解决语序及表达层次障碍的最彻底的变通手段,也是保证目的语可读的最佳手段,最便于发挥译文的优势。变通:重构v句读之不知,惑之不解,或师焉,或不焉,小学而大遗,吾未见其明也。v就原文语段而言,“吾未见其明也”是中心句,因为这句是前面阐述后推出的一个观点。原文意思大致是,不了解句读(指句子的停顿),疑惑没有弄明白,有的(指
34、句读之不知)向老师求解,有的(惑之不解)却不向老师求解,小的方面去学习,大的方面却遗漏了,我并未看见他的明事理啊!变通:重构vV1:For lack of reading skills,one seeks the help of teachers,while for unsolved puzzles,one acts contrariwise.It is indeed learning the lesser but giving up the greater.I do not see its wisdom.vV2:If we want to learn to read but not to d
35、ispel ignorance,we are learning the lesser and giving up the greater,which is hardly intelligent.vV3:I dont think it wise to learn from the teacher when one doesnt know how to punctuate,but not when one has doubts unresolved,for that I find to be the folly of learning in small matters,but neglecting
36、 the big ones.v首先看V2,把“句读之不知,惑之不解,或师焉,或不焉”翻译成“If we want to learn to read but not to dispel ignorance”首先在意思上就有偏差,中文翻译大致为“如果我们想学习如何理解书本的知识,但不解决疑难问题”明显意思就不同,而且也没有把后面“或师焉,或不焉”翻译出来,还把中心句翻译为一个定语从句,做法不太妥当。vV1和V3则比较贴近原文,但是V1没V3重构得彻底。而且句式上来说,V3也能能抓住中心句。句子之间的逻辑关系也相对于V1来说要紧密。变通:代词v巫医乐师百工之人,君子不齿,今其智乃反不能及,其可怪也欤
37、!vV1:Physicians,musicians,and artisan are refused to be treated as equals by gentlefolks,yet these turn out to be less intelligent than those.Is it not strange?vV2:Physicians,musicians and artisans are despised by gentlemen,yet they seem to be more intelligent.Is this not strange?vV3:Medicine men,mu
38、sicians and handicraftsmen are despised by the gentlemen.How strange it is that gentlemen are less wise than these people.变通:代词v巫医乐师百工之人,君子不齿,今其智乃反不能及,其可怪也欤!v原文“其智乃反不能及”中的代词“其”指代的是“君子”,动词“不能及”后面承前省略去了宾语“巫医乐师百工之人”。变通:代词vV1:Physicians,musicians,and artisan are refused to be treated as equals by gentle
39、folks,yet these turn out to be less intelligent than those.Is it not strange?vV2:Physicians,musicians and artisans are despised by gentlemen,yet they seem to be more intelligent.Is this not strange?vV3:Medicine men,musicians and handicraftsmen are despised by the gentlemen.How strange it is that gen
40、tlemen are less wise than these people.vV1使用了代词these/those分别指代先行词“君子”和“巫医乐师百工之人”。但是这样会产生误解。使读者理解为these指代前面提到的”physicians,musicians,and artisans”,而those指代前面刚刚提到的gentlefolks。这种理解就与原文的意思完全相反了。但是根据英语语法规则,前面刚刚提到的东西,英语中常用“that/those”表示。所以这种歧义是可能出现的。vV2承前使用了一个代词they来指代“巫医乐师百工之人”。但是单纯的用they,容易使读者不知道they是指代离
41、它近的gentlemen还是离它远的physicians,musicians,and artisans。vV3则考虑到这点,把原文代词结构变通为名词结构:gentlemen和these people,这样翻译使得语言的表意清楚多了。小结v1.在进行汉译英的过程中,为了尽可能地保持原文的对偶,排比等结构,很多时候都要善于利用词性的转换,使在结构上做到工整,这点特别是在翻译古文或者诗词中特别重要,因为诗词的意思美往往和它的结构有着紧密的联系。v2.当遇到需要翻译叙事和表态的句子,由于中英语言习惯的不一样,为了使英语读者能够更容易地理解,我们需要在翻译的时候将它们的顺序掉转,即先表态后叙事,这样更符合英语文化的习惯,更加的地道。v3.当遇到意思复杂或者很难用英语清晰地表达的句子的时候,我们也需要用到变通手法中的重构,把句子的顺序以及用词在不影响句子意思的基础上进行合适的变换,如此一来可以有利于翻译的意思传达。v4.尤其在翻译古文和诗词的时候,我们必须搞清楚代词指代的是什么,为了避免误解和歧异,在做到不赘余的前提下,可以适当的把代词具体化,这样能使得翻译更加清晰易懂。
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