第二章医学词汇的来源最精简优秀PPT.ppt

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1、第二章医学词汇的来源最精简第一页，本课件共有92页-omicsgenomicsmetabolomicsproteomicstranscriptomicslipidomicsimmunomicsglycomicsRnomicsAbenomicsLikonomicsEconomics第二页，本课件共有92页Two Types of Medical Terms Native=Anglo-saxon Borrowed=loan-word第三页，本课件共有92页Two Types of Medical Terms Borrowed words,or loan-words:taken from other

2、 languages largely based upon Greek,Latin and French vocabularyGerman,Italian,Spanish and others have contributed some words to medical terminology.第四页，本课件共有92页Words evolved from old English Most medical words from old English denote:anatomic structuresOrgansSubstancesbasic concepts of human activit

3、ies 第五页，本课件共有92页Words evolved from old English Changes concerningpronunciation(phonological)spelling(morphologic)meaning(semantical)第六页，本课件共有92页Words evolved from old English Without Semantical Changesanklebackbladdereareyefoothairhandkneelipliverlungneckthroattongueachebreathfever第七页，本课件共有92页Anatom

4、ic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changesblood In O.E.,spelt as blodperhaps originally meant“to swell,gush,spurt”or that which bursts out”.第八页，本课件共有92页Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changesblood bleedinghemorrhagecerebral hemorrhage脑溢血;脑出血internal

5、 hemorrhage内出血subarachnoid hemorrhage蛛网膜下出血subdural hemorrhage硬脑膜下出血第九页，本课件共有92页Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changeschestchest In O.E.,cest meaning“box,coffer”.a medicine chest(药箱)第十页，本课件共有92页Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical ChangeschestT

6、he meaning was extended to“thorax”in 1530 and replaced breast,on the metaphor that the ribs are a box for the organs.第十一页，本课件共有92页Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changeschestflat chest扁平胸seen in weak peopleor people withchronic consumption 第十二页，本课件共有92页Anatomic words Wo

7、rds evolved from old English With Semantical Changeschest桶状胸barrel chestcommonly seen in patient with emphysema第十三页，本课件共有92页Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changeschestrachitic chest rE5kitik佝偻病胸 鸡胸pigeon chestpeople withrachitis rE5kaitis第十四页，本课件共有92页Anatomic words Wor

8、ds evolved from old English With Semantical Changeschestfunnel chest 漏斗胸 第十五页，本课件共有92页Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changesorgan It was organe in O.E.,and orgene in O.Fr.(Old French),both meaning“musical instrument”.第十六页，本课件共有92页Anatomic words Words evolved from old E

9、nglish With Semantical Changesorgan Sense was narrowed in late M.E.to modern musical instrument known by that name(风琴).第十七页，本课件共有92页Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changesorgan Great Organ Works伟大管风琴作品Organ Favorites 最著名的管风琴曲 第十八页，本课件共有92页Anatomic words Words evolved fr

10、om old English With Semantical Changesorgan The meaning“functioning body part”appeared in English in 1392.What are they?第十九页，本课件共有92页第二十页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Greek Process第二十一页，本课件共有92页Early Modern English(1500-1800)Time:1500-1800Event:Renaissance Result:wave of innovation in English 第二十二页

11、，本课件共有92页Words originated from Greek acneIt was borrowed from Gk.akme in 1570,meaning“(highest)point”.It contains the base“ak-”,denoting“sharp”.“青春痘”“暗疮”“粉刺”第二十三页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Greek acnewhiteheads blackheads pustules nodules,or cysts 第二十四页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Greek acneacn

12、e vulgaris 寻常性痤疮 a condition of the epidermis or skintypically occurs on the face,neck,upper back,chest,or shoulders.第二十五页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Greek anorexiaanorexia It entered English from Greek anorexia in 1598.Made from an-(without)and orexis(appetite,desire),it means“lack of appetite”.

13、Anorexia nervosa(emaciation as a result of severe emotional disturbance)was coined 1873 by William Whitney Gull(1816-1890).第二十六页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Greek diagnosisWe show in this first case report that a diagnosis of Hairy cell leukemia(HCL)can be accurately rendered EUS-FNA samples.To co

14、nsistently make a diagnosis of gastritis,knowledge of the structures seen in normal stomach is required.第二十七页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Greek diagnosismisdiagnosis misdiagnoseMany gifted and talented children(and adults)are being mis-diagnosed by psychologists,psychiatrists,pediatricians,and oth

15、er health care professionals.dual diagnosis第二十八页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Greek diagnoseBack-formation diagnose was first recorded 1861.Diagnostic was recorded from 1625.第二十九页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Greek metastasisEntering English in 1577,it was derived from Greek metastasis(transferenc

16、e,removal,change),which was evolved from methistanai(to remove,change)composed of meta-(over,across)and histanai(to place,cause to stand).第三十页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Greek metastasismE5tAstEsis It was first used in medicine referring to“shift of disease from one part of the body to another”in

17、 English from 1663.第三十一页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Greek necrosis Entering English in 1665,it was evolved from Greek nekrosis(becoming dead,state of death),formed from the base nekros(dead body,corpse).第三十二页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Greek necrosise.g.necrodermatitis坏死性皮炎necromania/necrophil

18、ia恋尸狂,恋尸癖necrophobia死亡恐怖,尸体恐怖第三十三页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Latin The earliest influence of Latin language on English may date back to Roman Empire.With the expansion,the Romans brought their language to other parts of the entire Empire.Greater influence was exerted after Norman Conquest.As Nor

19、man invaders spoke a language that derives from Ancient Latin,borrowing from Latin was inevitable.第三十四页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Latin abscessIt was borrowed into English from Latin abscessus(an abscess)in 1543.Literally meaning“a going away,”it is derived from ab-(away)and cedere(to go)The not

20、ion is that humors“go from”the body through the pus in the swelling.第三十五页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Latin aortaBorrowed into English in 1578 from Middle Latin aorta,the term was applied by Aristotle to the great artery of the heart.It literally meant“what is hung up.”第三十六页，本课件共有92页Words originat

21、ed from Latin autopsyBorrowed into English from Modern Latin autopsia(an eye-witnessing)in1651,it is formed from autos-“self”(comb.form)+opsis“a sight.”Sense of“dissection of a body to determine cause of death”is first recorded 1678.第三十七页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Latin autopsyalso called necrop

22、sypostmortem postmortem examination第三十八页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Latin bacteriaThe plural form of Modern Latin of bacterium,it comes into English in 1847.The original Latin word is from Greek bakterion(small staff),the diminitutive of baktron(stick,rod).It is so called because the first ones o

23、bserved were rod-shaped.第三十九页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Latin cell It is made from Latin cella(small room,hut),related to Latin celare(to hide,conceal).The earliest sense was for monastic rooms,then prison rooms.It began to be used in biology in the 17th century but not in modern sense until 184

24、5.第四十页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Latin clinicIt was borrowed in 1626 from Latin clinicus(physician),which was formed from Greek klinike(practice at the sickbed).from klinikos“of the bed.”It was originally used as an adjective in English,then to refer a“sick person.”The sense of“hospital”was firs

25、t recorded in 1884.第四十一页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Latin cortexEntering English in 1653 from Latin,originally meaning“bark of a tree.”Specific reference of“the outer layer of the brain”was first recorded in 1741.第四十二页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Latin the cortex ofthe brain the adrenal gland t

26、he kidney the cerebellumbrain cortex/cerebral cortexadrenal cortexrenal cortexcerebellar cortex第四十三页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Latin hydrophobiaIt was from late Latin hydrophobia,from hydros(water)and phobos(dread,fear).It is so called because human sufferers show aversion to water and have diff

27、iculty swallowing it.第四十四页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Latin hydrophobiaalso called rabies/mad dog disease第四十五页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Latin inflameIt was made from Latin inflammare(to set on fire,kindle),from in(in)+flammare(to flame).Literal sense of“to cause to burn”was first recorded in

28、 English in 1382.Inflammation(redness or swelling in a body part)began to be used from 1533.第四十六页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Latin symptoms of inflammation红肿热痛other terms of inflammation浸润渗出渗出液第四十七页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Latin symptoms of inflammation红:rubor/redness肿:tumor/swelling热:calor

29、/hotness痛:dolor/painother terms of inflammation浸润:filtration渗出:exudation渗出液:exudate第四十八页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Latin medicineOriginally ars medicina(the medical art)in Latin,it entering English around 1225 from medicina.第四十九页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Latin muscleMade in 1533 from Latin

30、musculus(a muscle),which literally means“little mouse,”the diminutive of mus(mouse).第五十页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Latin muscleIt is so called because the shape and movement of some muscles(notably biceps)were thought to resemble mice.analogy in Greek:mys is both“mouse”and“muscle,”and its combin

31、g form gives the medical prefix my/myo.第五十一页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Latin obstetricsIt was borrowed in 1742 from Modern Latin obstetricus(pertaining to a midwife),which was formed from obstetrix(midwife).Made from obstare(stand opposite to),it literally means“one who stands opposite(the woman

32、 giving birth)”.第五十二页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Latin placeboIt is Middle English from Latin placebo(I shall please).It was originally used for the rite of Vespers of the Office of the Dead,being the first word of the first antiphon,that is,“Placebo Domino in regione vivorum”(I will please(我愿意)t

33、he Lord in the land of the living).第五十三页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Latin placeboMedical sense(a medicine given more to please than to benefit the patient)is first recorded 1785.第五十四页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Latin panacea7pAnE5siE7pAnE5siEIt came into English in 1548 from Latin panacea(an a

34、llhealing herb),which originated from Greek panakeia(cureall),from pan(all)and akos(cure).第五十五页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Latin panacea“hygiene（卫生，卫生学）”一词源于希腊神话健康之神海吉娜（Hygeia）的名字，而海吉娜是医神阿斯克勒庇俄斯（Asclepius）的女儿。而“panacea”源出阿斯克勒庇俄斯另一女儿、被奉为治疗之神的帕娜赛娅（Panacea）的名字。第五十六页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Ara

35、bian 第五十七页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Arabian Chemistry alchemy 炼金术dura mater dura mater cerebri=hard mother of brainpia mater pia mater cerebri=soft mother of brain第五十八页，本课件共有92页Words originated from Arabian cephalic vein 头静脉：该静脉可以治疗头痛有关？basilic vein 贵要静脉，放血治疗的重要选择syrup第五十九页，本课件共有92页Words origin

36、ated from French 第六十页，本课件共有92页Words originated from French After the Norman Conquest,the conquerors ruled the country for a long period of time and left a deep influence on the English language.As French language itself is a modified form of Latin,many of these borrowed words ultimately come from Gr

37、eek,since many words form this language had passed into Latin.第六十一页，本课件共有92页Words originated from French migraine(a severe form of headache,usually unilateral).French:migraineLatin hemicraniaGreek hemikrania(pain on one side of the head),from the prefix hemi-(half)and kranion(skull).第六十二页，本课件共有92页Wo

38、rds originated from French BenignIt came from Old French benigne(good,kind)in about 1320,derived from bene(well)and gignere(to bear,beget).benefitbenedictionbeneficent第六十三页，本课件共有92页Words originated from French MortuaryBorrowed into English in 1330 from AngloFrench mortuarie(gift to a parish priest f

39、rom a deceased parishioner),it was first used to refer to“a place where bodies are kept temporarily”in 1865 as a euphemism for earlier deadhouse.第六十四页，本课件共有92页Words originated from French EmbolismBorrowed into English in 1387 from Old French embolisme,it originally meant“intercalation(置润)of days int

40、o a calendar”as the French word was derived from late Latin embolismus(insertion of days in a calendar to correct errors).Its medical sense of“obstruction of a blood vessel”is first recorded in English in 1855.第六十五页，本课件共有92页Words originated from French MalaisemA5leizBorrowed in 1768 from French mala

41、ise,it literally means“illease”.The French word is formed from mal(bad)and aise(ease).第六十六页，本课件共有92页Words originated from French SurgeonIt was borrowed into English in about 1300 from AngloFrench surgien(originally,working or done by hand).第六十七页，本课件共有92页Words originated from French Prostate5prCsteit

42、It entered English in 1646 from Middle French prostate,which was ultimately based on Greek proistanai(set before),from pro(before)and histanai(cause to stand).It was so called because of its position at the base of the bladder.第六十八页，本课件共有92页Words originated from French Prostate前列腺炎prostatitis 前列腺肥大p

43、rostate hypertrophy/enlargement/enlarged prostate 前列腺痛prostatodynia 第六十九页，本课件共有92页Words originated from French Prostate前列腺切除术 prostatectomy prostaglandin 前列腺素第七十页，本课件共有92页Words originated from French bruit 杂音杂音chancre 下疳下疳debridement 清创术清创术goiter甲状腺肿甲状腺肿grand/petit mal癫痫大小发作癫痫大小发作lavage灌洗灌洗massage按摩

44、按摩第七十一页，本课件共有92页Words originated from German German第七十二页，本课件共有92页Words originated from German Starting from 19th century,German made great progress in science and technology.Such advances necessitate new vocabulary to denote new findings,discoveries,concepts and substances.Some medical terms were fi

45、rst coined in German and then introduced into English.第七十三页，本课件共有92页Words originated from German aspirin It was coined in 1899 in German as a trademark name either from Greek a(without)and Latin spiraea(ulmaria),the plant in whose flowers or leaves the processed acid in the medicine is found natural

46、ly.Hence aspirin means“acetylosalicylic acid which is gained not from the Spiraea ulmaria(but in a chemical way)”.第七十四页，本课件共有92页Words originated from German aspirin Or it may be a contraction of acetylierte spirsure,the German name of the acid.第七十五页，本课件共有92页Words originated from German ChemotherapyI

47、t came into English in 1907 from German Chemotherapie coined by German biochemist Paul Ehrlich from chemo and therapie.第七十六页，本课件共有92页Words originated from German chromosome It entered English in 1889 from German chromosom,coined the previous year by German anatomist Wilhelm von WaldeyerHartz from Gr

48、eek chroma(color)and soma(body).It is so called because the structures contain a substance that stains readily with basic dyes.第七十七页，本课件共有92页Words originated from German gene Coming into English in 1911 from German Gen,it was coined in 1905 by Danish scientist Wilhelm Ludvig Johannsen(18571927),from

49、 Greek genea“generation,race”.Genes had earlier been called pangenes.第七十八页，本课件共有92页Words originated from German GenomeLiterally meaning“sum total of genes in a set,”it was borrowed into English in 1930 from German genom,which was coined in 1920 by German botanist Hans Winkler from gen(gene)and(chrom

50、os)om(chromosome).第七十九页，本课件共有92页Words originated from German PsychoanalysisIt was borrowed into English in 1906 from German Psychoanalyse,coined 1896 by Freud from Greek psykhe(mental)and German analyse.Psychoanalyst and psychoanalyze were both first attested in 1911.第八十页，本课件共有92页Words originated fr