从奈达对等理论视角论英汉翻译中的正说反译与反说正译.doc

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1、长沙学院毕业论文从奈达对等理论视角论英汉翻译中的正说反译与反说正译摘 要尤金奈达的翻译理论为翻译领域做出了杰出的贡献，特别是他的功能对等理论，是对传统理论的一个突破，在建立新的翻译理论模式方面给我们以深远启发。根据奈达的功能对等理论，翻译的第一要素是要真实地传达原文含义，然后尽量做到风格对等, 达到翻译文本信、达、雅三原则的目标。本文简单地介绍了奈达的功能对等理论的起源、概念以及核心内容，对奈达的功能对等的三个层次进行了全面的分析，论证了正说反译与反说正译在英汉翻译中的实际运用。关键词：奈达，功能对等，正说反译,反说正译On the Negation and Affirmative of E-

2、C Translation from the Perspective of Nidas EquivalenceABSTRACTDr. Eugene A.Nida has made significant contribution to translation field, especially his functional equivalence theory, which is the breakthrough in traditional translation theories and provides us with profound enlightenment in establis

3、hing new translation theoretical mode. According to Nidas theory of functional equivalence, the first element in translation is to convey the meaning of the original work faithfully and then to translate it in terms of style as accurately as possible for the purpose of achieving the three principles

4、 of faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance of the translation text. This paper briefly introduces the theoretical origin, conception and core content of Nidas functional equivalence, makes a comprehensive analysis of the three levels of Nidas functional equivalence, gives demonstrations of the pr

5、actical applications of negation and affirmative in E-C translation.Keywords: Nida, functional equivalence, negation & affirmative AcknowledgementsFirst of all, I really want to give my thanks to my dear supervisor, Mr. Li, who throughout the process of my writing this thesis, shows great patience a

6、nd undertakes tremendous responsibility in supervising, and gives me valuable advice or suggestions. His personality and profound professional knowledge have impressed me so much that I benefit much from him. It is just with his encouragement and help that I have confidence in finishing the present

7、paper.Second, I want to thank all my teachers who have taught and supported me in Changsha University in the past four years and all the teachers who have helped me in English study. Whats more, I would like to owe many thanks to my classmates and friends. They inspired me so much and offered valuab

8、le ideas and their help when asked for, especially those who have encouraged me a lot during the process of my research.CONTENTS摘 要IABSTRACTIIAcknowledgements.1Introduction12Nidas Functional Equivalence Theory32.1 Origin32.2 Conception32.3 Core Content43Levels of Negation and Affirmative Translation

9、7 3.1 Lexical Level.73.2 Phrasal Level83.3 Syntactic level104Applications of Negation and Affirmative in E-C Translation 124.1 Nouns124.2 Verbs12 4.3 Phrases.13 4.4 Adverbs & Adjectives.135Conclusion.15References.17长沙学院毕业论文1 IntroductionDr. Eugene A. Nida, one of the most outstanding contemporary tr

10、anslation theorists in the west, has achieved great success in the field of translation. His great achievement in translation theory is Functional Equivalence, which has exerted great influence on the translation studies in western and Asian countries especially in China.The communicative translatio

11、n theory, brought forward by Newmark who is a famous translation theorist in England, has been developed by Nida. What the communicative translation theory emphasizes is not only language meaning transform, but also functional equivalence. Nidas translation theory plays a vital role in translation t

12、heory research in China. There is no doubt that Nidas translation theory gives translation researchers significant inspiration.In 1964, Nida first put forward the concept of “dynamic equivalence” in Toward a Science of Translating: “Dynamic-equivalent translation is the closest, natural, equivalent

13、to the source-language message directed primarily toward equivalence of response rather than equivalence of form.”(Nida 1964:166) But later，the term “dynamic” has been misunderstood and misinterpreted by some people. In order to avoid such cases, the concept of “functional equivalence” is proposed t

14、o replace “dynamic equivalence”. Nida makes further description of the nature of functional equivalence as “Basically，dynamic equivalence has been described as term of functional equivalence. The translation process has been defined on the basis that the receptors of a translation should comprehend

15、the translated text to such an extent that they can understand how the original receptors must have understood the original text.” and he states that “in general it is best to speak of functional equivalence, a number of different translations can in fact represent varying degrees of equivalence. Th

16、is means that equivalencecan not be understood in its mathematical meaning of identity, but only in terms of proximity.”(Nida 1993:117)Nidas functional equivalence theory deals with translation from a completely new perspective and sets up a complete system of translation theory. Based on it Nida (2

17、004:12)proposes his famous definition of translation: “Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.” In this famous definition the major goals of translation have

18、been pointed out clearly, that is reproducing the closest natural equivalence. The three most important concepts in Nidas Functional Equivalence theory is “readers responses”,“content is over form”and “free translation”. Nidas functional equivalence theory plays an important part in Chinese translat

19、ion field. There are many difficulties and obstacles in E-C translation, since Chinese and English belong to different language systems. With the developing of globalization and the deepening advance of Chinas reform and opening up, it is quite necessary and urgent for translators to carry on the re

20、search of E-C translation. Since both languages have differences in expressing negative concepts by using words, phrases, grammar, or even linguistic logic, we may meet barriers or make a misunderstanding in E-C translation if we just simply translate negative forms in English into negative forms in

21、 Chinese or affirmative sentences in English into affirmative sentences in Chinese. According to Lin Xueping (2000), translators should take the conversion between affirmative and negation into account with discretion in E-C translation to achieve that the translated text is faithful to the source t

22、ext and has the optimum readability. She also holds that using the conversion between negation and affirmative can not only help the translated text fully express the same meaning as the source text, but also effectively reproduce original rhetorical effect.In this paper, the author will analyze the

23、 theoretical origin, conception, core contents, and make a comprehensive analysis of the three levels of Nidas functional equivalence. At the same time, this paper will also analyze negation and affirmative in E-C translation from the perspective of Nidas theory of functional equivalence. 2 Nidas Fu

24、nctional Equivalence TheoryEugene A. Nida is one of the greatest theorist of translation over the world. His theory of functional equivalence has been widely accepted in the field of translation. In this part, we will briefly give a introduction to Nidas functional equivalence theory , making the re

25、aders have a good understanding of functional equivalence.2.1 Origin The concept “functional equivalence” was first advocated by Dr. Eugene A.Nida. It can be dated back to “dynamic equivalence”, which was officially mentioned in Nidas book The Theory and Practice of Translation “Dynamic equivalence

26、is therefore to be defined in terms of the degree to which the receptors of the message in the receptor language respond to it substantially in the same manner as the receptors in the source language.”(Nida and Taber 2004:57) Dynamic equivalence had been treated as the closest natural equivalent, bu

27、t the word “dynamic” had been misunderstood by some people. In order to avoid such misunderstanding to “dynamic” and emphasize the concept of function, people use the expression “functional equivalence” to describe the degrees of adequacy of a translation. Thus “functional equivalence” has taken the

28、 place of “dynamic equivalence”, which is the origin of functional equivalence. 2.2 Conception Functional equivalence theory was first brought forward in Torward a Science of Translating in1964. According to Eugene A.Nida, the definition of functional equivalence can be stated as “The reads of trans

29、lated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text understand and appreciate it” (Nida, 1993:9).In general, there is no translation that is ever completely equivalent, so it is better to talk about “functional equivalence” in term o

30、f a range of adequacy. Based on cognitive and experiential factors, functional equivalence implies different degrees of adequacy from minimal to maximal effectiveness. A minimal, realistic definition of functional equivalence can be stated as “The reads of translated text should be able to comprehen

31、d it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must understand and appreciate it.”(Nida, 1993:9)A maximal, ideal definition can be stated as “The reads of translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it in it in essentially the same manner as the orig

32、inal did.”(Nida, 1993:10) 2.3 Core Content Equivalence in translation emphasizes not only the meaning but also the form of two languages. Meaning comes first and then the form. In The theory and Practice of Translation, Nida points out: “Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language t

33、he closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in term of meaning and secondly in term of style.”(Nida, 2004:12) That is to say, the target language may seem literally different from the source language, but the purpose or the function of the two languages must be the same. The

34、functional equivalence primarily focuses on complete naturalness of expression. And the translation of functional equivalence tries to relate the receptor to behavioral modes relevant within the context of its own culture. So we should remember that a good translation should achieve the same functio

35、n in the target language as the original does in the source language. Therefore, it is necessary for us to have a good understanding of three core contents of functional equivalence “readers response” , “content over form” and “free translation”.2.3.1 Readers responseEugene. A. Nida is the first lin

36、guist to describe element about the reader in the history of western translation. He is one of the greatest representatives of western translation theories, well-known as “the father of translation theory” and his theory has a significant part in translation field. Readers Response Theory is an impo

37、rtant sector of functional equivalence.Nidas theory of readers response stresses the target readers response. which should be the same as that of the receptor of the original language. There is no doubt that translators should focus on the requirements of the target readers during the process of tra

38、nslation. Nowadays, due to the unawareness of the receptors cultural tradition and cultural differences between languages the negligence of the readers expectation, a large number of mistranslations come into being. It is said that translators should rely on the readers attention to improve the qual

39、ity of translation because of the readers important role in the process. For other things or another, many translators over the world have accepted this principle of “readers response” . They try their best to make the expression in target language similar or nearly similar to that produced by the o

40、riginal one. 2.3.2 Priority of Content over FormAccording to Nidas theory of functional equivalence, the ultimate standard of testing the quality of a translation work is to judge whether the translation work makes the reader correctly understand the original information or not. So content comes fir

41、st and form second. Instead of formal equivalence of surface structure, the translation strategy should reflect mainly functional equivalence of deep structure. The information received by the audience of the target language is the most important thing in translation. It is important in both content

42、 and form. The translation works need not only to be understood but also to be appreciated. However, the translators may not maintain both the content and the form of the original work because of factors like cultural differences. Under these circumstances, translators should pay more attention to t

43、he content and try to keep the meaning of the original work. And Only when the translator could express the original features, he can realize “functional equivalence”. In the definition of translating, we can know that meaning also called the content must be given priority during the process of tran

44、slation.2.3.3 Free Translation According to Nida，free translation is more preferred in the following two situations：1) When a close formal equivalence is utterly meaningless; 2) When it carries a wrong meaning. When the literal translation cannot help to convey the information of the original words

45、in negation and affirmative or make the version understandable to Chinese readers, free translation can work as a substitute. By means of free translation, the translator will not confine in finding the equivalent form in Chinese, but focus more attention on the Chinese response and use more straigh

46、tforward words to convey to Chinese readers the correct information. It is self-evident that free translation is a useful strategy in the E-C translation. 3 Levels of Negation and Affirmative Translation Due to different life styles, life background, and thinking modes from country to country, negat

47、ion and affirmative, universal phenomenon in all languages, have varied ways of expression. The differences between expressions of Chinese negation and affirmative and those of English usually cause big discrepancy in understanding. Moreover, it is a major source of difficulty in English writing for Chinese learners that the habits of using negation and affirmative are also different. Not only in English-speaking countri