单机游戏运行常见问题.ppt

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1、http:/ 奇迹单机版Speakers and topicsHiltonJ.Klein,M.S.,V.M.D.OverviewandintroductionKathrynA.L.Bayne,M.S.,Ph.D.,D.V.M.ReviewofcommonlycitedfacilityproblemsJamesF.Taylor,D.V.M.,M.S.Designoffacilities-theAAALACperspectiveStephenT.Kelley,M.S.,D.V.M.PerformancestandardsandfacilitydesignandoperationHilton J.K

2、lein,M.S.,V.M.D.Overview and introductionWhat is a program?Rising costs of researchand research trends Rapidly increasing R&D costsNew targets from genomicsFlexibility and adaptabilityResearchtrendsofanimaluseDogandmonkeyuse-USDAreportsshowdeclineRodentuseInstitutiondependentAcademicvs.industryNIH/P

3、HSfundingincreasesOverall/generalanimaluseAnimalregulationsDog,monkeyspaceandcare-U.S.;EuropeFlexibility and adaptability(Contd)FutureRegulationofrats,mice,birds-space?OperationalissuesEnergyMaintenanceNewtechnologiesTransgenicsandnewspeciesGenomicsandproteomicsOtherdriversforthewayanimalsareusedSoc

4、ialFacilities operation and designScientificprogramsLaboratoryanimalsVeterinariansEngineersCommunityBuilding considerationsResearchobjectivesNewconstructionRenovationFlexibilityandadaptabilityUtilitiesuseAdjacenciesOperationalcostsOperation and design tools(Some examples)Informationsharing-networkCo

5、mputeraideddesignComputationalfluiddynamicsInformation and managementAnIntegratedDatabaseforManagingAnimalStudyProposalsandAnimalInventoryfortheSmallAnimalFacility.T.Calzone,J.S.Montijo,M.B.St.Claire,andE.Lamoreaux.2001.Lab Animal30(2):28-31.AComprehensive,BarCodedSystemfortheManagementofAnimalInfor

6、mationinaResearchFacility.C.Pryor,D.Frankenfield,H.Klein,W.Terpeluk,S.Washington,N.T.Mourad.2001.Lab Animal30(2):36-38.SoftwareforLabAnimalFacilities.G.NovakandT.Schub.2001Lab Animal30(2):39-43.Conclusion:renovationsorconstructionwillrequiresystemsforinformationmanagementaccessandretrievalforeffecti

7、vecolonyandfacilitymanagement.Design and operational considerationsQualificationPerformancestandardsapproachFactoryacceptancetesting(FAT)DirtycagesetupMicrobiologytestsPhysicaltestingInstallationqualification(IQ)Operationalqualification(OQ)Performance standardsPerformancestandardsdefineanoutcomeinde

8、tailandprovidecriteriaforassessingthatoutcome,butdonotlimitthemethodsbywhichtoachievethatoutcome.Standards usedGuide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals(NRC1996)EEC86/609CoEConventionNationallegislationReferenceresources(“AgGuide,”AVMAPanelonEuthanasia,etc.)Hager HaulerSummary and conclusions

9、Asdemandforanimalspacechanges,wemustdesign,construct,andoperatefacilitiesinaflexibleandadaptablemanner.TheuseofR&Dresourcesisrisingasnewtherapeutictargetsareidentified.Summary and conclusions(Contd)AnimalresearchresourcesarecoupledtoR&Dandwemustdeterminestrategiestoaddressoperationalissuesthroughfac

10、ilitydesignandautomation-performancestandards.Teamapproachesarehighlyeffectiveforscientists,administration,engineers,labanimaltoaddressandsolvespaceandoperationalissues.Summary and conclusions(contd)Certainfutureareasinlabanimalfacilitiesopportuneforchangeinclude:RoomdesignandlayoutFacilitydesignand

11、layoutNewtechnologicaladvancesAutomationKathryn A.L.Bayne,M.S.,Ph.D.,D.V.M.Review of commonlycited facility problemsOver 640 accredited institutions.in18countriesProportion of accredited unitsBy facility size(sq.feet)Animal care and useprogram deficienciesFacilities mandatory deficiencies1.FacilityH

12、VAC2.Facilitysafety3.Facilitymaintenance4.Facilitysanitation5.Facilitydesign6.Facilityillumination7.Facilitystorage8.FacilitysecurityThe top three deficienciesIACUCfunctionOccupationalhealthandsafetyprogramHeating,ventilationandairconditioningsystemperformanceHVAC mandatories(Ranked in order of most

13、 common)1.Datanotavailableatsitevisit2.Notmaintainingtemperaturerange3.Notmaintainingairchanges(ventilation)4.Notmaintaininghumidityrange5.Notmeetingrecirculatedairstandards6.AnimalroomtemperatureandhumiditynotmonitoredCommon HVAC findingsAirexchangerate(10-15ach)RelativehumiditylevelsAirrecirculati

14、on/filtrationAirpressuredifferentialsHVAC purposes(Guide)SupplyadequateoxygenRemovethermalloadsDilutegaseousandparticulatecontaminantsAdjustmoisturecontentCreatestatic-pressuredifferentialsSpace,temperature and humidity criteriaDrybulbtemperatureAdjustable+/-2Fixed,minimum66For68FIndividualroomorzon

15、eSpace,temperature and humidity criteriaRelativehumidityAdjustableorfixed,30-70%RHIndividualroomorzoneHVAC purposes(NIH Ventilation Design Handbook)Balanceairquality,animalcomfortandenergyefficiencytoprovidecageenvironmentsthatoptimizeanimalwelfareandresearchefficiency.Provideahealthyandcomfortablee

16、nvironmentforresearchersandanimalcaregivers.FactorsRoomsizeAirchangeratesPressurizationTypeandlocationofdiffusersTypeandlocationofracks/cagesFactorsSpeciesBeddingtypeCagechangefrequencyContains:Detailsoncodes,regulationsandstandards.Laboratoryanimalfacilitiesplanninganddesignincludingarchitecturalfi

17、nishesandcostsissues.Overviewofequipmentandmechanicalsystems.Available in CD ROM or Spiral Bound book.James F.Taylor,D.V.M.,M.S.Design of facilities the AAALAC perspectiveCritical elements for successDefinewhatthefacilityneedstoaccomplishProvideflexibilitytoaccommodatefutureneedsKnowledgeableusersan

18、dA&E/planners:Plan,program,design,andconstructDefinedecisionmakingmatrixConsideroperationalandlife-cyclecostsReview,review,review!ConstantlyfocusonAchillesheelsIncludecommissioning/validationProgram needsAnimalprocedures-vivariumorlaboratoriesSurgicalordiagnosticradiographysuitesIn-housediagnosticne

19、edsNeedforfloordrainsContainment/contaminationcontrolImagingrequirementsSizingmajorinstalledequipmentImpactofdesignonlaborcostsSeparation of functions AnimalopsfrompersonnelareasDisease-statusseparationSpeciesconflicts/incompatibilitiesNoiseOperational adjacenciesEstablishedcoloniesvs.newarrivalsCag

20、esanitationCagestorage/cagestagingProcedureroomsSurgicalsuiteandassociatedsupportspacesLoadingdockandassociatedin/outfunctionsIndirectadjacenciesrequiringaccommodationHorizontal vs.vertical design ElevatorsStairwaysSecurityWindows/externallightMechanicalsystemsdistributionSupportcolumnsSecurityTraff

21、ic flow vs.efficiency of designSystemofcorridorsContainment/contaminationcontrolSafetyandsecurity(emergencyegress)PersonnelenteringorusingfacilityAnimalresourcestaff;researchstaffMaintenance/servicestaff;VisitorsAccesstosupportspaces(offices,training)HorizontalversusverticalconstructionFacility inte

22、grity considerationsSeismicVibrationExternalwater-vertical&horizontalInherentinsulationAcousticcontrolFloorloadingconsiderationsInstitutional infrastructureElectricalCentralsteam&chilledwaterWaterandsewagesystemsCommunicationsSecurityFacility maintenanceInterstitialspace=max.flexibilityAvoidmaintena

23、ncedevicesaboveanimalroomdropceilingsConsiderspace/accessforrepairofallinstalledequipment!Mechanical systemsDesignHVACforworstcaseDedicatetoanimalfacilityProvidecomponentredundancyDuctworkintegrity(minimalleakage)AirpressuredifferentialcontrolneedsRHcontrol(none,zone,room-by-room)Additionalexhaustne

24、edsFloor drainsDraindiameter/gratingcriticalLocationCentervs.side;trenchvs.surfaceObviouslyshouldbelowpointofroomCapdrainsininfrequentlyusedroomsConsiderinstalledbutcappedascontingencyVentilation characteristicsComputationalfluiddynamicsAirsupplydiffusersExhaustgrilles-numberandlocationRoomexhaustfi

25、lterstoprotectHVACPressuredifferentialsStabilityoftempandRHcontrolFloorsChemicalandwearresistanceLifecyclecost-maintenanceburdenEpoxy,seamlessvinyl,MMA,terrazzo,tileSurfacepreparationandcuretimes!ProvidecontinuouscoveInstallerexpertiseisparamountWallsStructuralrequirements(cagingsystems)Space(andren

26、ovation)costsofCMUversusRFPNoisecontrolLifecyclecost-maintenanceburdenEpoxy,tile,RFPSurfacepreparationandcuretimes!CeilingsBottomofflooraboveorsuspendedAccessrequirementSanitizabilityIntegrityimpactuponpestcontrolprogramWallguards-bumpersDoorjambguardsCornerguardsInteriorcurbsFit and finish protecti

27、onCritical dimensionsDoorheightsandwidths(netclearances)Cagewashequipmentchamber(H&W)ElevatordoorheightsAutoclaveheight,widthanddepthCorridorwidths+turningradiusesatcorners,elevatorlobbies,etc.Corridordevices&otherprotuberances(signs,fireextinguishers,telephones,etc.)DoorsAvoidhollowdoors(pestmanage

28、ment)Doorhardware-long-termintegrityiscriticalHingesDoorclosuresDoorhandledesignSecurity(electricstrike)MetalversusfiberglassversuswoodenElectrical systemEarlyidentificationofhigh-demandequipmentEmergency(stand-bypower)needsHVACEmergencylightingEmergencyegress;surgery/ICUareasAnimalholding;outletsfo

29、requipmentPerimeterandinternalsecurityAssuresufficientdistribution,placementandnumberofoutletsIlluminationDuallightlevelsFixtureplacementrelativetorackpositionstomaximizecagelevelilluminationLight-cycleautomationminimizesinadvertentlightingerrorsCage washConsiderautomationforlargefacilitiesConsidere

30、quipmentthroughputcapacitiesversusmanpowercostsSolidwastemanagement-soiledbeddingErgonomicsofcagewashtasksdeserveprioritytreatmentPersonnelsafetyandcomfortdeservepriorityconsiderationAssureadequatespacearoundmachinesformaintenanceandrepair!Critical elements for successDefinewhatthefacilityneedstoacc

31、omplishProvideflexibilitytoaccommodatefutureneedsKnowledgeableusersandA&E/plannersPlan,program,design,andconstructDefinedecisionmakingmatrixConsideroperationalandlife-cyclecostsReview,review,review!ConstantlyfocusonAchillesheelsIncludecommissioning/validationStephen T.Kelley,M.S.,D.V.M.Performance s

32、tandards and facility design and operationAAALAC International uses recognized references for performance standards Examples of references which address facility design and operationGuide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals,1996,NationalResearchCouncil,NationalAcademyofSciences.AnimalWelfareA

33、ct-9CFRChapter1,SubchapterA,AnimalWelfare.Biosafetyinmicrobiologicalandbiomedicallaboratories,4thEd.,1999,HHSPublicationNo.(CDC)93-8395.References(Continued)Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Research Animals,1997.NationalResearchCouncil,NationalAcademyofSciences.Guide for the Car

34、e and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching,FederationofAnimalScienceSocieties,FirstRevisedEdition,January1999.References(Continued)Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals,CanadianCouncilonAnimalCare.Vol.1,1993.GuidetotheCareandUseofExperimentalAnimals.CanadianC

35、ouncilonAnimalCare.Vol.1,1993.References(Continued)EuropeanConventionfortheProtectionofVertebrateAnimalsUsedforExperimentalandOtherScientificPurposes.CouncilofEurope(ConventionETS123),1985.CouncilDirectiveontheApproximationofLaws,RegulationsandAdministrativeProvisionsoftheMemberStatesRegardingthePro

36、tectionofAnimalsUsedforExperimentalandOtherScientificPurposes.EuropeanUnion(Directive86/609/EEC),1986.Evaluation criteriaPerformancevs.engineeringEvaluation responsibilityInstitutionalAnimalCareandUseCommitteeFacilitymanagementEngineeringOperational considerationsSizeoftheprogramNatureofanimaluseSpe

37、ciesFlexibilityrequirementsGeographicallocation&environmentFacilitytypeandconstructionFacility locationand traffic patternsSecurityPublicaccessSignsLocksandothermeasuresTraffic-reduce potentialfor contamination Personnel areasClerical/officeareasRestrooms/lockerroomsEatingareasAnimal speciesSpeciesr

38、equirementsMicrobiologicalstatusContainmentSupport functionsSurgeryDedicated?ProcedureNecropsyCageWashReceivingLaboratoriesMaintenance IdentificationofdeficienciesPrioritizationofrepairConductingrepairsDocumentationofthemaintenanceprogramSurfacesWalls,ceilings,floorsFrequencySpaceMaterialsandmethods

39、Heating ventilationand air conditioningMonitoringPersonnelManual/automaticTemperature&humidityAirflowdirectionEvidenceofanimalabnormalitiesFrequencyMaintenanceOperationalaspectsHeating ventilation and air conditioningSpecial requirementsBiosafetyandfumehoodmaintenanceandcertificationNecropsyInhalant

40、anestheticsPlumbingMonitoringDrinkingwatersystemsSanitationwatersystemsDrainsIlluminationLighttimers(timeroverrides)LightintensityNaturallightObservationalconditionsNoiseAnimalissuesPersonnelsafetyissuesOperationalissuesStorage facilitiesAdequacyAppropriateforuseorseparationFoodBeddingCleancagesChem

41、icalsSanitation facilitiesPreventcrosscontaminationControlaerosols-personnelprotectionMonitoringeffectivenessMaintenanceUseofvacuumsUseofchemicalsStandard operatingprocedures and trainingThe key element necessaryto assure high levels of performance standards:Well trainedand dedicated personnelCase s

42、tudiesCase Study#1HVACObservationSitevisitorsconductedasitevisitatarespected,smallresearchinstituteconductinginfectiousdiseasestudiesinvolvingBiosafetyLevel2agents.Therewereatotalofsix(6)animalroomshousingeitherratsormice.TheHVACreportbelowwasprovidedasanattachmenttotheprogramdescription.RoomNo.Filt

43、rationAirExchangesAirPressureDifferential1101HEPA11.8/hr(fresh)Negative1202HEPA8.2/hr(fresh)Negative1303HEPA7.8/hr(fresh)Negative1404HEPA10.4/hr(fresh)Negative1505HEPA12.0(fresh)Negative1606HEPA8.0(fresh)NegativeSurgery/NecropsyHEPA14.0/hr(fresh)NegativeFollow upAllroomsweresanitizedatweeklyinterval

44、sbywet-moppingthefloorandwipingthewallsdownwithanappropriatemildquaternaryammoniumdisinfectant.Cagesweresanitizedappropriatelytwiceweekly.Beddingwasalsochangedonceinahoodbetweencagesanitationcycles.Uponenteringtherooms,sitevisitorsobservedthefollowingcageandstockingdensitiesFollow upRoom1101rats-4pl

45、asticcages(2/box)Room1202rats-8plasticcages(2/box)Room1303mice-15plasticcages(3/box)Room1404mice-12plasticcages(2/box)Room1505mice-10plasticcages(4/box)Room1606rats-8shoeboxcages(2/box)SuggestionforimprovementCase Study#2 Elevator accessObservationAsitevisittoalargeuniversitybiomedicalresearchprogra

46、mindicatedthatasmallcolony(n=25adults)ofmacaqueswashousedinthetopfloorofa“satellite”building.Theresearchinvolvedbehavioraltestingandbrainimagingwhichwasconductedinseparatelaboratorieswithinthesamebuilding.Thebehavioraltestlabandtheimaginglabwereaccessibleonlybyanelevatorwhichwasalsousedtotransportno

47、n-laboratorypersonnel.Cagewashingfacilitieswerelocatedinthebasementofthebuilding.FindingsThemacaqueswerespecificpathogenfreeandwereknowntobeCHV-1(Herpes“B”virus)negativebyELISAandWesternBlot.CageswerecoveredbyTyvekshroudsfortransporttoandfromcagewash.Soiledcagesweresprayedwithpovidine-iodinesolution

48、priortotransporttothecagewasharea.Elevatorswere“lockedout”topersonnelwhentransporttoandfromthelabswasperformedandtheelevatorsweresanitizedafteruse.Reviewofdocumentsrevealednoproblems.Suggestions for improvementSuggestasecurityreviewtoassurethepotentialforescapedanimalsisminimizedintheelevator,thebeh

49、avioraltestinglab,andtheimaginglab.SuggestthelabsbeevaluatedforwearingadequatePPEandwhetherhumanpatientswereimagedintheimaginglab,aswellasanyhealthriskstopersonnelandpatients.Case Study#3After-hours monitoringUponcarefulreviewofthewrittenProgramDescription,sitevisitorsconcludedthatafter-hoursmonitor

50、ingoftheanimalroomsina45yearoldanimalfacilityconsistedof:a)recordingthehigh-lowtemperaturereadingsintheroomonalogsheetbytheanimalcaretaker,andb)thesecurityguardmakingroundstoensurethecorridorandhallwaydoorsareclosed.Thisprocesswasconfirmedduringthesitevisit.moreCase Study#3 After-hours monitoring(co