医学遗传学第八章生化遗传病.ppt
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1、第八章第八章 生化遗传病生化遗传病What Is Biochemical Genetics?Biochemical Genetics 是研究基因与酶之间的关系,特别是是研究基因与酶之间的关系,特别是基因在控制生化代谢过程中各个生物基因在控制生化代谢过程中各个生物化学反应上的作用的一个学科。化学反应上的作用的一个学科。The study of the relationships between genes and enzymes,specifically the role of genes in controlling the steps in biochemical pathways.Bioc
2、hemical Genetics 生物化学生物化学是研究体内各个生理反应的化学是研究体内各个生理反应的化学本质;本质;遗传学遗传学是研究遗传与变异,是通过是研究遗传与变异,是通过变异来研究遗传;而变异来研究遗传;而生化遗传生化遗传是研究人体是研究人体内的各种生物化学变异及其生理学结果。内的各种生物化学变异及其生理学结果。The Early Landmark EventsInborn errors of metabolismOne gene one enzymeOne gene one polypeptideo血红蛋白病血红蛋白病o血浆蛋白病血浆蛋白病o酶蛋白病酶蛋白病o受体蛋白病受体蛋白病o膜
3、转运体蛋白病膜转运体蛋白病血血 红红 蛋蛋 白白 病病 Hemoglobinopathy人类生化遗传病是首先从研究血红蛋白病开始人类生化遗传病是首先从研究血红蛋白病开始人类生化遗传病是首先从研究血红蛋白病开始人类生化遗传病是首先从研究血红蛋白病开始18661866年年 胎儿血红蛋白与成人不同胎儿血红蛋白与成人不同19251925年年 地地中中海海区区域域陆陆续续发发现现贫贫血血患患儿儿,后后来来被被称称作作珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血,但习惯称之为地中海贫血珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血,但习惯称之为地中海贫血19041904年年 一黑人血液中发现了镰形红细胞一黑人血液中发现了镰形红细胞19101910年年 一
4、一例例居居住住在在芝芝加加哥哥的的西西印印度度群群岛岛男男子子患患有有严严重镰形红细胞贫血重镰形红细胞贫血历历 史史 沿沿 革革19171917年年 发现此类贫血患者红细胞在可在体外发生镰发现此类贫血患者红细胞在可在体外发生镰变变19271927年年 发现缺氧是镰变的重要条件,氧充足时恢复发现缺氧是镰变的重要条件,氧充足时恢复原貌原貌19491949年年 Linus Pauling等发现正常血红蛋白和镰形血等发现正常血红蛋白和镰形血红蛋白电泳速率有异,发表了红蛋白电泳速率有异,发表了镰形红细胞贫血镰形红细胞贫血 一一种分子病种分子病论文论文19561956年,年,Ingram测定出了镰形血红蛋
5、白的氨基酸取测定出了镰形血红蛋白的氨基酸取代。代。全世界异常血红蛋白携带者有全世界异常血红蛋白携带者有1 1亿多人亿多人历历 史史 沿沿 革革What is Hemoglobin?血红蛋白是位于红细胞内的一种由珠蛋白(globin)和色素辅基血红素(heme)所组成的一种复合蛋白,在体内担负着携带氧重任。A hemoglobin molecule consists of four polypeptide chains:two globin chains(shown in green and blue)and two globin chains(shown in yellow and orang
6、e).Each globin chain contains a heme(shown in red).1 1 2 2 1 1 55 3316pter-p13.316pter-p13.31 31 32 99 100 1411 31 32 99 100 141Hemoglobin Alpha Chain11p15.511p15.5 GG A A 1 1 55 33Hemoglobin Beta Chain1 30 31 104 105 1461 30 31 104 105 146人类血红蛋白的分子结构人类血红蛋白的分子结构血红蛋白血红蛋白(hemoglobinhemoglobin)血红素(血红素(
7、hoemhoem、hemeheme)珠蛋白珠蛋白(globinglobin)类类链链 (,)类类链(链(,)组成人组成人类类6 6种血种血红蛋白红蛋白0 2 4 6 8 Birth 2 4 6 80 2 4 6 8 Birth 2 4 6 8MonthsMonths1001008080606040402020Percentage of Percentage of globin synthesis(%)globin synthesis(%)Development of HemoglobinDevelopmentalStageHemoglobinHemoglobin CompositionEmbr
8、yoHb Gower1 2 2 Hb Gower2 2 2 Hb Portland 2G 2 2A 2 FetusHb F 2G 2 2A 2 AdultHb A 2 2 Hb A2 2 2 Development of Hemoglobin 异常血红蛋白病的分子基础异常血红蛋白病的分子基础(1)1)单个碱基置换单个碱基置换 错义突变:如镰形细胞贫血、不稳定血红蛋白病错义突变:如镰形细胞贫血、不稳定血红蛋白病无义突变:突变为终止密码使肽链合成提前终止无义突变:突变为终止密码使肽链合成提前终止 终止密码突变:肽链合成延长终止密码突变:肽链合成延长(2)2)密码子缺失或插入密码子缺失或插入(3)3
9、)移码突变:移码突变:插入或缺失的碱基数不是插入或缺失的碱基数不是3 3的倍数的倍数(4)4)融合基因:融合基因:可能在减数分裂时同源染色体之可能在减数分裂时同源染色体之 间错位配对引发不等交换引起两种非同源基间错位配对引发不等交换引起两种非同源基 因的部分片段拼接因的部分片段拼接Sickle Cell Disease(HbS)Missense Mutation镰形细胞贫血镰形细胞贫血(Sickle Cell Anemia)Sickle Cell DiseaseSickle Cell Disease发病机制及临床表现发病机制及临床表现 AR,血红蛋白,血红蛋白 链第链第6 6位谷氨酸被位谷氨酸
10、被缬氨酸取代,成为缬氨酸取代,成为HbS,在脱氧情况在脱氧情况下下HbS聚合成长棒状聚合物,导致血聚合成长棒状聚合物,导致血红蛋白溶解度降低,使红细胞镰变。红蛋白溶解度降低,使红细胞镰变。Sickle Cell DiseaseO2HbAHbSSickle Cell DiseaseSickle Cell DiseaseSickle Cell DiseaseSickle Cell Disease 纯合子症状严重,由于纯合子症状严重,由于镰变引起血粘度增高,产生镰变引起血粘度增高,产生血管阻塞危象,可引起如腹血管阻塞危象,可引起如腹部疼痛、脑血栓等,另有严部疼痛、脑血栓等,另有严重溶血性贫血及脾肿大
11、等症重溶血性贫血及脾肿大等症状。杂合子不表现临床症状,状。杂合子不表现临床症状,可以引起红细胞镰变,称为可以引起红细胞镰变,称为镰形红细胞性状镰形红细胞性状(sickle cell trait)。问题:什么是问题:什么是HbC,HbM,Hb Bristol?HbS怎样治疗?如何产前检测怎样治疗?如何产前检测HbS?Sickle Cell Anemia(HbS):code 57Sickle Cell Anemia(HbS):code 57MstMstMstMst:CCTNAGGCCTNAGGCCTNAGGCCTNAGG A A A A:CCTG:CCTG:CCTG:CCTGA A A AGGAG
12、GGAGGGAGGGAG S S S S:CCTG:CCTG:CCTG:CCTGT T T TGGAGGGAGGGAGGGAGSickle Cell Disease你理解了遗传选择的概念吗?你理解了遗传选择的概念吗?ThalassemiaThalassemiaThalassemia is is inherited inherited anemia anemia caused caused by decreased synthetic rate of hemoglobin.by decreased synthetic rate of hemoglobin.vvGreek letterGreek
13、letter designates affected globin chain designates affected globin chain:Indicates a gene deletion:Indicates a gene deletion/:Indicates Indicates division division between between genes genes inherited inherited from from both parentsboth parents+:Indicates Indicates diminished,diminished,but but so
14、me some production production of of globin chain by geneglobin chain by gene0 0:Indicates no production of globin chain by gene:Indicates no production of globin chain by geneTerminology of ThalassemiaAlpha ThalassemiaAlpha Alpha thalassemiathalassemia occurs occurs when when one one or or more more
15、 of of the the four four alpha alpha chain chain genes genes fails fails to to function.function.With With alpha alpha thalassemiathalassemia,the the“failed”“failed”genes genes are are almost almost invariably invariably lost lost due due to to a a genetic accident.genetic accident.vFusion genevCodo
16、n insertion or deletionvvFrame shift mutationvvNonsense mutationvvTerminator codon mutationPathogenesisvvMissense mutation GG A A 1 1 5 35 3Fusion GeneHb Lepore Difference of beta&delta chain Difference of beta&delta chain LeporeAnti LeporeFusion GeneHb Lepore Difference of beta&delta chain Differen
17、ce of beta&delta chainAlpha ThalassemiaTypesGenotypeDeletionAlpha proteinHemoglobin Barts 0/0/0HbH disease+/0/25%Mild anemia A/0 /50%+/+/Silent Carrier A/+/75%Normal A/A /100%1 1 2 2 1 1 55 334.2 Kbvv+thalassemiaLeftward deletionLeftward deletion:The loss of:The loss of 2 2,Asian,AsianRightward dele
18、tionRightward deletion:The loss of:The loss of 2 2(33)and)and 1 1(55)Pathogenesis3.7Kb 1 1 2 2 1 1 55 33vv 0 thalassemiavvThe loss of The loss of ,1 1,2 2,and 5 end of,and 5 end of 1 1vvThe loss of The loss of,1 1,2 2,and,and 1 1,Southeast Asia,Southeast AsiavvThe loss of The loss of 1 1,2 2 and and
19、 1 1,Mediterranean sea,Mediterranean seavvThe loss of The loss of 2 2 and 5 end of and 5 end of 1 1,Greeks,GreeksPathogenesisThese These occur occur less less commonly commonly than than the the deletion types.deletion types.PathogenesisvvNondeletion forms of alpha thalassemiaBeta Thalassemia Beta t
20、halassemia occurs when one or two of beta chain genes fails to function.With beta thalassemia,the beta globin gene is present,but suppressed and produces little beta globin protein.vvNonfunctional mRNAsvvSplice junction mutantsPathogenesisvvPromoter mutantsvvmRNA capping or tailing mutantsPathogenes
21、isvvNonfunctional mRNAsvvSplice junction mutantsvvDeletion forms of beta thalassemiaPathogenesisPPMissense mutationMissense mutationPPNonsense mutation&Nonsense mutation&Termination codon Termination codon mutationmutationPPFrame shift mutationFrame shift mutationPPFusion geneFusion genePPPoint muta
22、tion in the uncoding regionPoint mutation in the uncoding regionPathogenesis of HemoglobinopathyvvMost Most hemoglobin hemoglobin variants variants are are caused caused by by point mutationspoint mutationsvvDeletionDeletionTreatment In both thalassemia and hemoglobinopathy therapy is usually suppor
23、tive rather than curativeTreatmentoChronic blood transfusionnResults in iron overload of major organs resulting in increased morbiditynLaboratory monitoringnNecessitates the use of chelating agents to remove excess ironTreatmentoAlternative treatmentnActivation of fetal hemoglobin genesnBone marrow
24、transplantationEmphasisvvMolecular DiseaseMolecular DiseasevvPathogenesis of Abnormal Hemoglobin Pathogenesis of Abnormal Hemoglobin vvPathogenesis of ThalassemiaPathogenesis of Thalassemia先天性的代谢缺陷先天性的代谢缺陷(Inborn errors of metabolism)-尿黑酸尿(Alkaptonuria)Sir Archibald Garrod pioneering studies on Alka
25、ptonuria(尿黑酸尿)established the field of biochemical genetics and introduced the concept of the inborn errors of metabolism.Genetics of Alkaptonuria 属常染色体隐性遗传,是由于尿黑酸氧化酶基因突变而导致该酶先天性缺乏,使得尿黑酸不能被最终氧化成乙酰乙酸和延胡索酸,造成大量的尿黑酸从尿中排出。而尿黑酸在空气中易被氧化为一种黑色素样的产物而导致尿液逐渐变黑。该病的发病率约为1/250 000,尿黑酸氧化酶基因位于3q21 q23。临床症状o新生儿和儿童期:
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