词汇句法语义变异优秀PPT.ppt

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1、词汇句法语义变异词汇句法语义变异现在学习的是第1页，共86页n nIn coining new words,it may be said that the literary writer is not so much breaking rules of word-formation as extending the rules.n nIn the coinage of new words,the literary writer usually extends three major rules of word-formation:affixation,compounding and conve

2、rsion.现在学习的是第2页，共86页n n2.3.1 Affixationn n Affixation is the addition of a prefix or suffix to an item which already exists in the language.The following lines contain some typical examples of words coined by extension of this rule:现在学习的是第3页，共86页n n(1)There was a balconyful of gentlemen.(Chesterton)

3、n n(2)We left the town refreshed and rehatted.(Fotherhill)现在学习的是第4页，共86页n n后缀后缀-ful 经常与经常与bowl,basket,spoon 等表示等表示容器的名词连用容器的名词连用,表示表示“满满.的的”,此处与此处与balcony 连用连用,生动形象地描绘出生动形象地描绘出“阳台好像阳台好像容器一样挤满了人容器一样挤满了人”这样一幅画面。英语这样一幅画面。英语是形合型语言是形合型语言,对词汇的形态变化有严格的对词汇的形态变化有严格的要求要求,为了使表达更形象生动为了使表达更形象生动,直接在名词后直接在名词后添加形容词

4、词尾添加形容词词尾,使描述更具物象感使描述更具物象感,也起到也起到了填补词汇缺项的作用。了填补词汇缺项的作用。现在学习的是第5页，共86页（3）It is easier to marry than unmarry.现在学习的是第6页，共86页 这一句中的这一句中的unmarry 是根据是根据marry创造出来创造出来的，意思是的，意思是divorce,但作者没有用但作者没有用divorce,却却用了临时词用了临时词unmarry,这不仅与这不仅与marry 押韵，押韵，而且生的地说明了在作者所处的时代离婚而且生的地说明了在作者所处的时代离婚是一件非常困难的事，修辞效果不言而喻。是一件非常困难的

5、事，修辞效果不言而喻。现在学习的是第7页，共86页n nE.g.“the widow-making unchilding unfathering deeps”(英国十九世纪诗人霍英国十九世纪诗人霍普金斯描写大海的诗普金斯描写大海的诗)n nwidow-making：大海吞噬了妻子的丈夫；：大海吞噬了妻子的丈夫；n nunchilding：夺去了老人们的孩子；：夺去了老人们的孩子；n nunfathering：葬送了孩子们的父亲：葬送了孩子们的父亲现在学习的是第8页，共86页n nE.g(4)The orangemostest drink in the world.现在学习的是第9页，共86页n

6、 norange 一词后面连续用了两个最高级词缀一词后面连续用了两个最高级词缀most 和和est,给人以深刻的印象。广告商给人以深刻的印象。广告商为了体现广告语言的表意功能为了体现广告语言的表意功能,使用词汇使用词汇变异手段来实现广告的注意、兴趣和记忆变异手段来实现广告的注意、兴趣和记忆的语用目的。的语用目的。现在学习的是第10页，共86页n n例：满心例：满心“婆理婆理”而满口而满口“公理公理“的绅士的绅士们的名言暂且置之不论不议之列们的名言暂且置之不论不议之列 -鲁迅鲁迅现在学习的是第11页，共86页n n 2.3.2 Compoundingn nCompounding is the c

7、ombination of two or more items to make a single compound one.Consider the following examples:现在学习的是第12页，共86页n n(1)They were else-minded then,altogether,the men.(G.M.Hopkins)现在学习的是第13页，共86页n n(2)They lowed about her whom he knew,dewsilky cattle.(James Joyce:Ulysses)现在学习的是第14页，共86页n n这是小说这是小说尤利西斯尤利西斯

8、中描写一群奶牛的语中描写一群奶牛的语句。在这里，乔伊斯巧妙地将句。在这里，乔伊斯巧妙地将dew和和 silky组组合在一起，形成了一个新奇而又自然的复合在一起，形成了一个新奇而又自然的复合词合词 dewsilky,简洁生动地为读者传达了简洁生动地为读者传达了“露水露水”和和“丝绸般光亮丝绸般光亮”这两个意象这两个意象,形象形象地描绘出清晨奶牛身有耳目一新的感觉。地描绘出清晨奶牛身有耳目一新的感觉。现在学习的是第15页，共86页n n（3）the wagon beginning to fall into its slow and mileconsuming clatter.-William Fa

9、ulner现在学习的是第16页，共86页n n(4)To lighten the burden of womankind.现在学习的是第17页，共86页（5）They my-loved and my-deared each other.-William Thackeray现在学习的是第18页，共86页n n作者创造了作者创造了my-loved，my-deared两个临两个临时用的复合动词，句子即变得妙趣横生。时用的复合动词，句子即变得妙趣横生。现在学习的是第19页，共86页n n2.3.3 Conversion Conversion,which is often described as ze

10、ro affixation,is the adaptation of an item to a new grammatical function without changing its form.现在学习的是第20页，共86页n n(1)Dont be such a harsh parent,father!Dont father me!(H.G.Wells)现在学习的是第21页，共86页n nE.g(2)My mother and father toted the luggage from car to cottage,exclaiming over how well the place h

11、ad wintered,no broken windows n nwinter 通常作名词使用通常作名词使用,此处则将它们用此处则将它们用作动词作动词,winter 意为意为“经受了冬天的考验经受了冬天的考验”。现在学习的是第22页，共86页n n(3)The coffee-er coffee.n n此广告把名词此广告把名词coffee当形容词用，别出心当形容词用，别出心裁地使之有了比较级形式裁地使之有了比较级形式“coffee-er”，用，用以表达以表达“咖啡千杯好，此品味更浓咖啡千杯好，此品味更浓”的意的意思。思。现在学习的是第23页，共86页n n (4)A world of made

12、is not a world of born.n n 创造的世界并非是原生的世界。创造的世界并非是原生的世界。创造的世界并非是原生的世界。创造的世界并非是原生的世界。（动词转名词）（动词转名词）（动词转名词）（动词转名词）n n卡明斯这句诗意在把物化的文明世界与原始的世界进行对卡明斯这句诗意在把物化的文明世界与原始的世界进行对卡明斯这句诗意在把物化的文明世界与原始的世界进行对卡明斯这句诗意在把物化的文明世界与原始的世界进行对比，表达了他对文明世界的一些创造物如摧残人性的机器比，表达了他对文明世界的一些创造物如摧残人性的机器比，表达了他对文明世界的一些创造物如摧残人性的机器比，表达了他对文明世界

13、的一些创造物如摧残人性的机器的真实感觉。的真实感觉。的真实感觉。的真实感觉。现在学习的是第24页，共86页n n(5)Fainter,dimmer,stiller,each moment,now night.n n 愈近黄昏，暗越暗，静越静，每刻每分，愈近黄昏，暗越暗，静越静，每刻每分，已入夜境。已入夜境。n n“night”这儿用作动词使这首小诗意蕴深这儿用作动词使这首小诗意蕴深远，在读者面前展现了一幅夜暮时分，万远，在读者面前展现了一幅夜暮时分，万籁寂静，万物沉寂的恬淡的画面。籁寂静，万物沉寂的恬淡的画面。现在学习的是第25页，共86页n n如在雅虎网站的一则广告语如在雅虎网站的一则广告语

14、 “Do you Yahoo?”n n“Yahoo”一词就被前景化或凸显一词就被前景化或凸显(foregrounded),因为此词的词性发生因为此词的词性发生了偏离。了偏离。现在学习的是第26页，共86页n n再如一则宣传食用油的广告再如一则宣传食用油的广告:n n“馋在眼里馋在眼里,香在心里香在心里”n n用了非常规的词语搭配用了非常规的词语搭配,从而勾起了人从而勾起了人的无限联想和欲望。的无限联想和欲望。现在学习的是第27页，共86页其他方法其他方法n n谐音造词法谐音造词法n n英语中有时利用一些发音相同或相近的字母英语中有时利用一些发音相同或相近的字母或字母组合互相替代或字母组合互相替

15、代,来临时创造一些词语来临时创造一些词语,用以表达原词所无法表达的含义。比如用以表达原词所无法表达的含义。比如,一一则低价销售冬装的广告为则低价销售冬装的广告为:n n GoodBuy Winter!100%Cotton Knit wear 49.95现在学习的是第28页，共86页n nE.g.Britainnia Rues the Waves 这是一篇文章的标题这是一篇文章的标题,诙谐模仿英国海军进诙谐模仿英国海军进行曲中歌词行曲中歌词Britannia Rules the Waves 所所产生的变异效果产生的变异效果,将将“rule”调换成调换成“rue”,意思从意思从“统领统领”转为转为

16、“懊悔、叹息懊悔、叹息”。这。这样的标题有吸引力样的标题有吸引力,耐人寻味。耐人寻味。现在学习的是第29页，共86页n n另一方面，如果新造的词汇在形式上背离常另一方面，如果新造的词汇在形式上背离常规，那么往往能产生奇特的艺术效果，可规，那么往往能产生奇特的艺术效果，可令读者体会到一种全新的、陌生的、甚至令读者体会到一种全新的、陌生的、甚至是扭曲的美。是扭曲的美。n n例例:It soared,a bird,it held its flight,a swift pure cryof the high vast irradiation every where all soaring all ar

17、ound about the all,the endlessnessnessnessnessn n (James Joyce:Ulysses)现在学习的是第30页，共86页n n小说中布鲁姆在一家酒吧里想入非非，而他小说中布鲁姆在一家酒吧里想入非非，而他想象中的情人玛莎正在众人面前展现她那想象中的情人玛莎正在众人面前展现她那美妙的歌声。显然，美妙的歌声。显然，“endlessnessnessness”一词是作者利用一词是作者利用英语后缀的习惯新造的词。英语后缀的习惯新造的词。“ness”的四的四次重复似乎能产生一种听觉上的艺术效果，次重复似乎能产生一种听觉上的艺术效果，让读者也感受到歌声的美妙

18、悠扬，余音缭让读者也感受到歌声的美妙悠扬，余音缭绕，回味无穷。同时，读者似乎也能切身绕，回味无穷。同时，读者似乎也能切身体会到布鲁姆那虚无缥缈的精神世界以及体会到布鲁姆那虚无缥缈的精神世界以及他在优美歌声中浮想联翩的心理状态。他在优美歌声中浮想联翩的心理状态。现在学习的是第31页，共86页分析：分析：n nE.g.Dont dear me.现在学习的是第32页，共86页n n E.g.-You have a lovely wife.n -She is a workholic.现在学习的是第33页，共86页n n这几种词汇变异都超越了正常语言的词汇，这些词汇使诗人的想象得以自由发挥，纵横自如，不

19、受现有词汇的束缚和限制。变异只是一种手段，不是目的。在任何变异的背后，总是隐藏着作者或说话人的意图。了解语言使用中的变异，对于我们进行文体分析会起到很大的帮助作用,也在不知不觉中提高了文学鉴赏能力。现在学习的是第34页，共86页2.4 Syntactic Deviation n nn nSyntactic deviation refers to departures from normal(surface)grammar.These include a number of features such as unusual clause themes,unusual phrase structu

20、res.现在学习的是第35页，共86页n n2.4.1 Unusual Clause Theme2.4.1 Unusual Clause Themen n The initial unit of a clause may be called its theme.The initial unit of a clause may be called its theme.Apart from the last stressed element of the clause Apart from the last stressed element of the clause structure whic

21、h most naturally bears the information structure which most naturally bears the information focus,the theme is the most important part of a clause focus,the theme is the most important part of a clause from the point of view of its presentation of a message from the point of view of its presentation

22、 of a message in sequence.The theme may be characterized as the in sequence.The theme may be characterized as the communicative departure for the rest of the clause.In communicative departure for the rest of the clause.In English,the expected or English,the expected or“unmarkedunmarked”theme theme（无

23、标记（无标记（无标记（无标记主位）主位）主位）主位）of a main clause is:of a main clause is:现在学习的是第36页，共86页n n1.Subject of an indicative clause:n nE.g.(She)got a new dress.2.Auxiliary in a yes-no question:n nE.g(Did)she get a new dress?现在学习的是第37页，共86页n n3.Wh-element in a wh-question:e.g.(Which)dress did she get?4.Main verb i

24、n an imperative clause:e.g(Get)a new dress for her.现在学习的是第38页，共86页n n However,the literary writer can go beyond this and may place any of the rest of clause elements in the thematic position in order to achieve certain literary effect.The theme thus produced is unusual and is therefore called a mark

25、ed theme.（有标记主位）（有标记主位）现在学习的是第39页，共86页n n因此，在句法上，较为常见的变异因此，在句法上，较为常见的变异（或偏离）是违反常规的句子结构。（或偏离）是违反常规的句子结构。现在学习的是第40页，共86页n n e.g(1)My opinion of the coal trade on that river is,that it may require talent,but it certainly requires capital.Talent Mr.Micawber has,capital Mr.Micawber has not.(Dickens,David

26、 Copperfield)n n此句为强调宾语此句为强调宾语此句为强调宾语此句为强调宾语talenttalent和和和和capital,capital,并用排比的方并用排比的方并用排比的方并用排比的方法将其自然地进行对比法将其自然地进行对比法将其自然地进行对比法将其自然地进行对比,表达了表达了表达了表达了Mr.MicawberMr.Micawber徒有徒有徒有徒有才华却缺乏资金的遗憾。才华却缺乏资金的遗憾。才华却缺乏资金的遗憾。才华却缺乏资金的遗憾。现在学习的是第41页，共86页n nAdverbials in the initial position：n nE.g.(2)Alone she

27、cuts and binds the grain,And sings a melancholy strain;现在学习的是第42页，共86页n nNotes:The use of alone first makes it possible for the line to rhyme with the next one,and bestow a musical quality to the poem.Secondly,this fronting of the adjunct makes the element highly noticeable and reinforce the theme o

28、f the poem.现在学习的是第43页，共86页n n2.4.2 Deviant Phrase Structuren n To employ phrases that are structurally deviant for the purpose of certain communicative effects.现在学习的是第44页，共86页 e.g.Do not Go Gentle into that Good Night(Do not Go Gentle into that Good Night)(Dylan Thomas,“Do Not Go Gentle into That Ni

29、ght”)现在学习的是第45页，共86页 Good night here means death Gentle here means one should not accept death without resistance.Such deviant use of gentle attracts much attention to the line itself and makes the reader pause to think seriously about the meaning of the line and meaning of death.现在学习的是第46页，共86页分析：分

30、析：n n语序混乱语序混乱n nMe up at does Me up at does out of the floorout of the floorquietly Stare quietly Stare a poisoned mousea poisoned mousestill who alive still who alive is asking Whatis asking Whathave i done that have i done that You wouldnt haveYou wouldnt have (e.e.cummings,(e.e.cummings,“Me up at

31、 DoesMe up at Does”)现在学习的是第47页，共86页n n This is a short poem containing only 8 lines and 26 This is a short poem containing only 8 lines and 26 words and is composed exclusively of everyday words words and is composed exclusively of everyday words and expressions.Nevertheless,it is not easy to and ex

32、pressions.Nevertheless,it is not easy to understand at a first reading.The difficulty in understand at a first reading.The difficulty in understanding the poem is caused by the extremity in understanding the poem is caused by the extremity in syntactic deviation in the first part of the poem and by

33、syntactic deviation in the first part of the poem and by the graphological deviation as is manifest in the the graphological deviation as is manifest in the capitalization of the first letter of certain words and the capitalization of the first letter of certain words and the de-capitalization of th

34、e pronoun de-capitalization of the pronoun i.i.现在学习的是第48页，共86页n nThere is a lot to be said about the syntactic deviation here but for the moment let us simply rearrange the order of some words and lines so as to give some idea of what the poem is about,realizing though that any alteration in syntax

35、would mean some change in meaning.现在学习的是第49页，共86页n n a poisoned mouse who still alive does Stare quietly out of the floor up at Me is asking what have i done that You wouldnt have现在学习的是第50页，共86页n n From this rearrangement,we may see that Me in the From this rearrangement,we may see that Me in the po

36、em is a human being and the addresser of the poem poem is a human being and the addresser of the poem from whose point of view this scene is presented.It is from whose point of view this scene is presented.It is perhaps this Me that has poisoned the mouse.We may perhaps this Me that has poisoned the

37、 mouse.We may also notice that What have i done that You wouldnt have also notice that What have i done that You wouldnt have is in fact a case of free direct speech.For clarity,let us is in fact a case of free direct speech.For clarity,let us transform it into direct speech by putting it into a pai

38、r of transform it into direct speech by putting it into a pair of quotation marks.quotation marks.n n is asking What is asking What have i done that have i done that You wouldnt have You wouldnt have现在学习的是第51页，共86页n n It is clear then that i refers to the poisoned mouse and You the human being-Me.No

39、w we have come to the point.According to the convention of verse composition,the first letter of each line should be capitalized.现在学习的是第52页，共86页n nHowever,cummings here breaches the convention by only capitalizing the first letter of the opening line and that of the closing line so that the two word

40、s Me and You stand out and become stylistically prominent.Me and You are also in strong contrast with i,Thus,they have acquired great significance in this poem.现在学习的是第53页，共86页n n How might we interpret the capitalization and de-capitalization of the pronouns in the poem?A possible interpretation for

41、 capitalizing the first letter of Me is that the poet may intend to have the reader see that the addresser considers himself to be superior to the mouse.现在学习的是第54页，共86页n n However,the addresser does not seem to be so calm and However,the addresser does not seem to be so calm and sober as the poisone

42、d mouse,for the mouse speaks sober as the poisoned mouse,for the mouse speaks much more grammatically than he does.This then much more grammatically than he does.This then shows satirically the fact that those who appear to be shows satirically the fact that those who appear to be important and powe

43、rful and are in a position to important and powerful and are in a position to manipulate others destinies may in fact be very weak manipulate others destinies may in fact be very weak inwardly.In other words,when they do evil against their inwardly.In other words,when they do evil against their own

44、conscience,they cannot help revealing their uneasy own conscience,they cannot help revealing their uneasy feelings.feelings.现在学习的是第55页，共86页n n Since i is the self-address of the mouse,the decapitalization may demonstrate that the mouse wishes to show its humbleness.The capitalization of You on the o

45、ther hand manifests that the mouse pays much respect to the addresser(the human being-Me),at least outwardly.现在学习的是第56页，共86页分析（分析（1）n nBus StopBus Stopn nAnonymousAnonymousn nI ran up the doorI ran up the doorn nOpen the stairs,Open the stairs,n nSaid my pajamasSaid my pajamasn nAnd put on my prayer

46、s,And put on my prayers,n nTurn off my bedTurn off my bedn nTumble into the light,Tumble into the light,n nAnd all becauseAnd all becausen nYou kissed me good nightYou kissed me good night现在学习的是第57页，共86页分析（分析（2）nE.g.I see in the street where strong men are digging bread.-(e.e.cummings)现在学习的是第58页，共86

47、页n n2.2.5 Semantic Deviationn n Semantic deviation belongs to deep-structure deviation,which may be defined as linguistic effects involving something odd in the cognitive meaning of a certain linguistic unit,e.g.,a word or phrase(Leech,1969:131).现在学习的是第59页，共86页n n E.g.The child is the father of the

48、man现在学习的是第60页，共86页n nE.g.More haste,less speed.(欲速则不达欲速则不达)现在学习的是第61页，共86页n nFigures of speech usually used in semantic deviation are:Oxymoron,Paradox,Irony.现在学习的是第62页，共86页n n(1)Oxymoron 矛盾修辞法矛盾修辞法n n Oxymoron is a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce an e

49、pigrammatic effect.n n所谓矛盾修辞法是指将语义截然相反对立所谓矛盾修辞法是指将语义截然相反对立的词语放在一起使用，来揭示某一项事物的词语放在一起使用，来揭示某一项事物矛盾性质的一种修辞手法。换言之，它使矛盾性质的一种修辞手法。换言之，它使用两种不相协调，甚至截然相反的特征来用两种不相协调，甚至截然相反的特征来形容一项事物，以增强语言感染力。形容一项事物，以增强语言感染力。现在学习的是第63页，共86页n nE.g.He passed an existence of competitive tranquility.现在学习的是第64页，共86页n nE.g.Parting

50、is such a sweet sorrow.现在学习的是第65页，共86页n nE.g.Can enemies become mortal friends?现在学习的是第66页，共86页n nE.g.He sat there and watched them,so changelessly changing,so bright and dark,so grave and gay.现在学习的是第67页，共86页n nE.g.(New York)has the poorest millionaires,the E.g.(New York)has the poorest millionaires,