Chap23宏观经济数据经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语.ppt

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1、8 THE DATA OF MACROECONOMICS宏观宏观经济数据经济数据Measuring a Nations Income一国收入的衡量一国收入的衡量Chapter 23Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Microeconomics微观经济学微观经济学uMicroeconomics is the study of how individual households and firms make decisions and how they interact with one anot

2、her in markets.微观经济学微观经济学研究家庭和企业如何作出决研究家庭和企业如何作出决策，以及他们如何在市场上相互交易。策，以及他们如何在市场上相互交易。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Macroeconomics宏观经济学宏观经济学uMacroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole.宏观经济学宏观经济学研究整体经济。研究整体经济。uIts goal is to explain the economic changes t

3、hat affect many households,firms,and markets at once.宏观经济学的目标是解释同时影响许多家宏观经济学的目标是解释同时影响许多家庭、企业和市场的经济变化。庭、企业和市场的经济变化。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.MacroeconomicsuMacroeconomics answers questions like the following:uWhy is average income high in some countries and

4、low in others?uWhy do prices rise rapidly in some time periods while they are more stable in others?uWhy do production and employment expand in some years and contract in others?Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.宏观经济学宏观经济学u宏观经济学回答以下问题：宏观经济学回答以下问题：u为什么一些国家平均收入高，而另一些国

5、为什么一些国家平均收入高，而另一些国家平均收入低家平均收入低?u为什么一些时期物价上升迅速，而另一些为什么一些时期物价上升迅速，而另一些时期物价较为稳定时期物价较为稳定?u为什么一些年份生产和就业扩大，而另一为什么一些年份生产和就业扩大，而另一些年份收缩？些年份收缩？Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Economys Income and Expenditure经济的收入与支出经济的收入与支出When judging whether the economy is doing well

6、or poorly,it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning.当判断经济富裕还是贫穷时，观察经济当判断经济富裕还是贫穷时，观察经济中所有人赚到的总收入是自然而然的。中所有人赚到的总收入是自然而然的。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Economys Income and Expenditure经济的收入与支出经济的收入与支出uFor an economy as a

7、whole,income must equal expenditure because:对一个整体经济而言，对一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出，收入必定等于支出，因为：因为：uEvery transaction has a buyer and a seller.每一次交易都有买者和卖者。每一次交易都有买者和卖者。uEvery dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.某个买者的某个买者的1美元支出就是某个卖者的美元支出就是某个卖者的1美元收入美元收入Harcourt,Inc.items and

8、 derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.uGross domestic product(GDP)is a measure of the income and expenditures of an economy.uIt is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.The Measurement of Gross Domestic ProductHarcourt,Inc.

9、items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.u国内生产总值国内生产总值(GDP)衡量一个经衡量一个经济体的收入和支出。济体的收入和支出。u国内生产总值国内生产总值(GDP)是在某一既是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终商品（物品）与服务（劳务）的市商品（物品）与服务（劳务）的市场价值。场价值。国内生产总值的衡量国内生产总值的衡量Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Measurement o

10、f Gross Domestic Product国内生产总值的衡量国内生产总值的衡量The equality of income and expenditure can be illustrated with the circular-flow diagram.收入等于支出可以由收入等于支出可以由经济循环图经济循环图来来说明。说明。Figure 1 The Circular-Flow DiagramFigure 1 The Circular-Flow DiagramSpendingGoods andservicesboughtRevenueGoodsand servicessoldLabor,

11、land,and capitalIncome=Flow of inputs and outputs=Flow of dollarsFactors ofproductionWages,rent,and profit FIRMSProduce and sellgoods and servicesHire and use factorsof production Buy and consumegoods and servicesOwn and sell factorsof productionHOUSEHOLDS Households sellFirms buyMARKETSFORFACTORS O

12、F PRODUCTION Firms sellHouseholds buyMARKETSFORGOODS AND SERVICESHarcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.图图1.经济循环图经济循环图企业企业家庭家庭生产要素生产要素市场市场商品和服务商品和服务市场市场支出支出(=GDP)收入收入=(DGP)工资、租金工资、租金和利润和利润(=GDP)收入收入(=GDP)销售商品销售商品和服务和服务购买商品购买商品和服务和服务劳动、土地劳动、土地和资本和资本生产投入生产投入Harcourt,Inc.it

13、ems and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Measurement of GDPGDP的衡量的衡量GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.GDP 是在某一既定时期一个国家内生是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。市场价值。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyr

14、ight 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Measurement of Gross Domestic Productu“GDP is the Market Value.”Output is valued at market prices.u“.Of All Final.”It records only the value of final goods,not intermediate goods(the value is counted only once).u“.Goods and Services.“It includes both tangible goods(food

15、,clothing,cars)and intangible services(haircuts,housecleaning,doctor visits).Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.GDP的衡量的衡量u“GDP 是市场价值是市场价值.”产出按市场价格来评价。产出按市场价格来评价。u“.所有的所有的.”GDP只包括最终物品的价值，而不包括中间只包括最终物品的价值，而不包括中间品的价值（价值只能计算一次）。品的价值（价值只能计算一次）。u“.物品与劳务物品与劳务.“它既包括有形的物品（食物、

16、衣服、汽车），它既包括有形的物品（食物、衣服、汽车），也包括无形的劳务（理发、打扫房屋、医生也包括无形的劳务（理发、打扫房屋、医生出诊出诊）。）。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Measurement of Gross Domestic Productu“.Produced.”It includes goods and services currently produced,not transactions involving goods produced in the past.u

17、“.Within a Country.”It measures the value of production within the geographic confines of a country.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.GDP的衡量的衡量u“.生产的生产的.”它包括现期生产的物品与劳务，并不包括它包括现期生产的物品与劳务，并不包括涉及过去生产的东西的交易。涉及过去生产的东西的交易。u“.一个国家之内一个国家之内.”它衡量的生产价值是在一个国家的地理范它衡量的生产价值是在一个国家的

18、地理范围之内。围之内。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product国内生产总值的衡量国内生产总值的衡量u“.In a Given Period of Time.”“在某一既定时期内在某一既定时期内”It measures the value of production that takes place within a specific interval of time,usually a year or a quarte

19、r(three months).它衡量某一既定时期内进行的生产的价值，通常它衡量某一既定时期内进行的生产的价值，通常这个时期是一年和一个季度（三个月）。这个时期是一年和一个季度（三个月）。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.THE COMPONENTS OF GDPGDP的组成部分的组成部分uGDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally in markets.GDP包括一个经济体生产并在市场上合包括一个经济体生产并

20、在市场上合法销售的所有物品与劳务。法销售的所有物品与劳务。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.THE COMPONENTS OF GDP uWhat Is Not Counted in GDP?GDP excludes most items that are produced and consumed at home and that never enter the marketplace.It excludes items produced and sold illicitly,such as

21、 illegal drugs.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.GDP的组成部分的组成部分u什么未计算在什么未计算在GDP之内？之内？GDP不包括在家里生产和消费而没有进不包括在家里生产和消费而没有进入市场的大多数商品和服务。入市场的大多数商品和服务。GDP不包括非法生产和销售的项目，如不包括非法生产和销售的项目，如毒品。毒品。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Other Measures o

22、f Income其他收入衡量指标其他收入衡量指标uGross National Product(GNP)国民收入总值国民收入总值uNet National Product(NNP)国民生产净值国民生产净值uNational Income 国民收入国民收入Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Other Measures of Income其他收入衡量指标其他收入衡量指标uPersonal Income 个人收入个人收入uDisposable Personal Income 个人可支配收入个人可支配

23、收入Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Gross National ProductuGross national product(GNP)is the total income earned by a nations permanent residents(called nationals).uIt differs from GDP by including income that our citizens earn abroad and excluding income that forei

24、gners earn here.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.国民总收入国民总收入u国民总收入国民总收入(GNP)是一国永久居民（称是一国永久居民（称为国民）所赚到的总收入。为国民）所赚到的总收入。uGNP 与与GDP不同之处在于包括本国公民不同之处在于包括本国公民在国外赚到的收入，而不包括外国人在本在国外赚到的收入，而不包括外国人在本国赚到的收入。国赚到的收入。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,

25、Inc.Net National Product(NNP)uNet National Product(NNP)is the total income of the nations residents(GNP)minus losses from depreciation.uDepreciation is the wear and tear on the economys stock of equipment and structures.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.国民生产净值国民生产净值

26、(NNP)u国民生产净值国民生产净值(NNP)是一国居民的是一国居民的总收入减去折旧的消耗。总收入减去折旧的消耗。u折旧折旧是经济中设备和建筑物存量的是经济中设备和建筑物存量的磨损或损耗。磨损或损耗。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.National IncomeuNational Income is the total income earned by a nations residents in the production of goods and services.uIt differ

27、s from NNP by excluding indirect business taxes(such as sales taxes)and including business subsidies.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.国民收入国民收入u国民收入国民收入 是一国居民在物品与劳务生是一国居民在物品与劳务生产中赚到的总收入。产中赚到的总收入。u国民收入国民收入与国民产值的不同之处在于与国民产值的不同之处在于不包括间接的企业税（例如销售税）不包括间接的企业税（例如销售税）而包括企业补

28、贴。而包括企业补贴。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Personal IncomeuPersonal income is the income that households and noncorporate businesses receive.uUnlike national income,it excludes retained earnings,which is income that corporations have earned but have not paid out to

29、 their owners.uIn addition,it includes households interest income and government transfers.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.个人收入个人收入u个人收入个人收入是居民户和非公司企业得到的是居民户和非公司企业得到的收入。收入。u与国民收入不同，个人收入不包括留存与国民收入不同，个人收入不包括留存收益（未分配利润），留存收益是公司收益（未分配利润），留存收益是公司赚到但没有支付给其所有者的收入。赚到但没有支付

30、给其所有者的收入。u另外，个人收入包括家庭从其持有政府另外，个人收入包括家庭从其持有政府债券中得到的利息收入，以及从政府得债券中得到的利息收入，以及从政府得到的转移支付（例如福利和社会保障收到的转移支付（例如福利和社会保障收入）。入）。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Disposable Personal IncomeuDisposable personal income is the income that household and noncorporate businesses hav

31、e left after satisfying all their obligations to the government.uIt equals personal income minus personal taxes and certain nontax payments.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.个人可支配收入个人可支配收入u个人可支配收入个人可支配收入是家庭和非公司企业在是家庭和非公司企业在完成他们对政府的义务之后剩下的收完成他们对政府的义务之后剩下的收入。入。u个人可支配收

32、入个人可支配收入等于个人收入减去个人等于个人收入减去个人所得税和某些非税收支付（例如，交所得税和某些非税收支付（例如，交通罚单）。通罚单）。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Components of GDPGDP的组成部分的组成部分GDP(Y)is the sum of the following:GDP(Y)是以下项目之和：是以下项目之和：u Consumption(C)消费（消费（C）u Investment(I)投资（投资（I）u Government Purchases(G)

33、政府购买（政府购买（G）u Net Exports(NX)净出口（净出口（NX）Y=C+I+G+NXHarcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Components of GDPGDP的组成部分的组成部分uConsumption消费消费(C):uThe spending by households on goods and services,with the exception of purchases of new housing.家庭除了购买新住房以外用于物品与劳务的支出。家庭除了购买新住房

34、以外用于物品与劳务的支出。uInvestment投资投资(I):uThe spending on capital equipment,inventories,and structures,including new housing.用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，其中包括家用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，其中包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。庭用于购买新住房的支出。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Components of GDPuGovernment Purchases(G):uT

35、he spending on goods and services by local,state,and federal governments.uDoes not include transfer payments because they are not made in exchange for currently produced goods or services.uNet Exports(NX):uExports minus imports.Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.GDP的

36、组成部分的组成部分u政府购买政府购买(G):u地方、州和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支地方、州和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出。出。u政府购买不包括转移支付，因为这种支付政府购买不包括转移支付，因为这种支付并不要求交换现在生产的物品与劳务。并不要求交换现在生产的物品与劳务。u净出口净出口(NX):u出口减进口出口减进口Table 1 GDP and Its ComponentsTable 1 GDP and Its ComponentsCopyright2004 South-WesternHarcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by H

37、arcourt,Inc.表表1.GDP和其组成部分（和其组成部分（1998）总量总量（10亿美元）亿美元）人均量人均量（美元）（美元）占百分比占百分比（）（）国内生产总值，国内生产总值，Y10 08235 375100消费，消费，C6 98724 51669投资，投资，I1 5865 56516政府购买，政府购买，G1 8586 51918净出口，净出口，NX-349-1 225-3Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.GDP and Its Components(2001)Consumption

38、 69%Government Purchases18%Net Exports-3%Investment16%Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.GDP和其组成部分和其组成部分(2001)消费消费 69%政府购买政府购买18%净出口净出口-3%投资投资16%Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Real versus Nominal GDP 实际实际GDP与名义与名义GDPuNominal GDP v

39、alues the production of goods and services at current prices.名义名义GDP按现期价格计算的物品与按现期价格计算的物品与劳务产出的价值量。劳务产出的价值量。uReal GDP values the production of goods and services at constant prices.实际实际GDP按不变的基年价格计算的按不变的基年价格计算的物品与劳务产出的价值量。物品与劳务产出的价值量。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,In

40、c.Real versus Nominal GDP实际实际GDP与名义与名义GDPAn accurate view of the economy requires adjusting nominal to real GDP by using the GDP deflator.如果想对经济有一个更准确的理解，如果想对经济有一个更准确的理解，需要用需要用GDP平减指数将名义平减指数将名义GDP转换转换成实际成实际GDP。Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP 实际与名义实际与名义实际与名义实际与名义GDPGDPCopyri

41、ght2004 South-Western 年年热狗的价格热狗的价格热狗的数量热狗的数量汉堡的价格汉堡的价格汉堡的数量汉堡的数量2001$1100$2502002$2150$31002003$3200$4150Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP 实际与名义实际与名义实际与名义实际与名义GDPGDPCopyright2004 South-Western计算名义计算名义GDP:20012001($1/个热狗个热狗 X 100个）个）+（$2/个汉堡个汉堡 X 50个）个）￥20020022002($2/个热狗个热狗 X

42、 100个）个）+（$3/个汉堡个汉堡 X 50个）个）￥60020032003($3/个热狗个热狗 X 100个）个）+（$4/个汉堡个汉堡 X 50个）个）￥1200Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP 实际与名义实际与名义实际与名义实际与名义GDPGDPCopyright2004 South-Western计算实际计算实际GDP（基年为基年为2001年）年）:20012001($1/个热狗个热狗 X 100个）个）+（$2/个汉堡个汉堡 X 50个）个）￥20020022002($1/个热狗个热狗 X 100个

43、）个）+（$2/个汉堡个汉堡 X 50个）个）￥35020032003($1/个热狗个热狗 X 100个）个）+（$2/个汉堡个汉堡 X 50个）个）￥500Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.GDP Deflator GDP平减指数平减指数uThe GDP deflator measures the current level of prices relative to the level of prices in the base year.GDP平减指数平减指数衡量相对于基年价格的现期物价

44、水平。衡量相对于基年价格的现期物价水平。uIt tells us the rise in nominal GDP that is attributable to a rise in prices rather than a rise in the quantities produced.GDP平减指数说明在名义平减指数说明在名义GDP增长中，多少归因于增长中，多少归因于价格的上升而不是产量的增加。价格的上升而不是产量的增加。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.GDP Deflator GDP平减

45、指数平减指数The GDP deflator is calculated as follows:GDP平减指数平减指数计算如下：计算如下：Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Converting Nominal GDP to Real GDP将名义将名义GDP转换成实际转换成实际GDPNominal GDP is converted to real GDP as follows:转换如下：转换如下：Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP Table 2 Real and Nom

46、inal GDP 实际与名义实际与名义实际与名义实际与名义GDPGDPCopyright2004 South-Western计算计算GDP平减指数：平减指数：2001（$200/$200)X 100=1002002（$600/$350)X 100=1712003（$1200/$500)X 100=240Figure 2 Real GDP in the United StatesFigure 2 Real GDP in the United StatesBillions of1996 Dollars$10,0009,0008,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0001970197

47、519801985199020001995图图图图2.2.美国的实际美国的实际美国的实际美国的实际GDPGDP1996年的年的10亿美元亿美元$10,0009,0008,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0001970197519801985199020001995Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.GDP and Economic Well-BeingGDP和经济福利和经济福利uGDP is the best single measure of the economic wel

48、l-being of a society.GDP是社会经济福利一个最好的衡量指标。是社会经济福利一个最好的衡量指标。uGDP per person tells us the income and expenditure of the average person in the economy.人均人均GDP告诉我们经济中每个人的平均收入告诉我们经济中每个人的平均收入与支出。与支出。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.GDP and Economic Well-BeingGDP和经济福利和经济福利

49、uHigher GDP per person indicates a higher standard of living.较高的人均较高的人均GDP说明较高的生活水平。说明较高的生活水平。uGDP is not a perfect measure of the happiness or quality of life,however.但是，但是，GDP并不是幸福或生活质量的完美衡并不是幸福或生活质量的完美衡量指标。量指标。Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.GDP and Economic We

50、ll-BeinguSome things that contribute to well-being are not included in GDP.uThe value of leisure.uThe value of a clean environment.uThe value of almost all activity that takes place outside of markets,such as the value of the time parents spend with their children and the value of volunteer work.Har