《新编简明英语语言学教程》PPT课件教学内容.ppt

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1、新编简明英语语言学教新编简明英语语言学教程程PPTPPT课件课件TheGoalsforthisCoursen nTogetascientificviewonlanguage;n nTounderstandsomebasictheoriesonlinguistics;n nTounderstandtheapplicationsofthelinguistictheories,especiallyinthefieldsoflanguageteaching&learning(SLAorTEFL),cross-culturalcommunication;n nToprepareforthefuturer

2、esearchwork.TheRequirementsforthiscoursen nClassattendancen nClassroomdiscussionn nFulfillmentoftheassignmentn nExaminationReferenceBooksn n戴炜栋，何兆熊，戴炜栋，何兆熊，(2002)(2002)，新编简明英语语言学教程，上，新编简明英语语言学教程，上海外语教育出版社。海外语教育出版社。n n胡壮麟，胡壮麟，(2001)(2001)，语言学教程，北京大学出版社。，语言学教程，北京大学出版社。n n刘润清，刘润清，(1995)(1995)，西方语言学流派，外

3、语教学与研究出版，西方语言学流派，外语教学与研究出版社。社。n nFromkin,V.&R.Rodman,(1998),Fromkin,V.&R.Rodman,(1998),AnIntroductiontoLanguageAnIntroductiontoLanguagethethesixthedition,Orlando,Florida:Holt,Ranehart&Winston,Inc.sixthedition,Orlando,Florida:Holt,Ranehart&Winston,Inc.Chapter1.Introduction1.Whatislanguage?Languagecan

4、meann nwhatapersonsayswhatapersonsays(e.g.badlanguage,expressions)(e.g.badlanguage,expressions)n nthewayofspeakingorwritingthewayofspeakingorwriting(e.g.Shakespeares(e.g.Shakespeareslanguage,Luxunslanguage)language,Luxunslanguage)n naparticularvarietyorlevelofspeechorwritingaparticularvarietyorlevel

5、ofspeechorwriting(e.g.(e.g.languageforspecialpurpose,colloquiallanguage)languageforspecialpurpose,colloquiallanguage)n ntheabstractsystemunderlyingthetotalityofthetheabstractsystemunderlyingthetotalityofthespeech/writingbehaviorofacommunityspeech/writingbehaviorofacommunity(e.g.Chinese(e.g.Chinesela

6、nguage,firstlanguage)language,firstlanguage)n nthecommonfeaturesofallhumanlanguagesthecommonfeaturesofallhumanlanguages(e.g.He(e.g.Hestudieslanguage)studieslanguage)n natoolforhumancommunication.(socialfunction)atoolforhumancommunication.(socialfunction)n nasetofrules.asetofrules.(rule-governed)(rul

7、e-governed)Sapirsdefinition(1921)n n“Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.”Hallsdefinition(1968)n nLanguageis“theinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrar

8、ysymbols.”Chomskysdefinition(1957)n n“FromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeasetof(finiteorinfinite)sentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.”Languagecanbegenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Languageisasystemn nSystematic-rule-governed,ele

9、mentsinitarearrangedaccordingtocertainrules;cantbecombinedatwill.e.g.*bkli,*Iappleeat.Languageisarbitraryn nArbitrary-nointrinsicconnectionbetweenthewordandthethingitdenotes,e.g.“pen”byanyothernameisthethingweusetowritewith.Languageissymbolicinnaturen nSymbolic-wordsareassociatedwithobjects,actionsi

10、deasbyconvention.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”-ShakespeareLanguageisprimarilyvocaln nVocal-theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages;writingsystemcamemuchlaterthanspokenform.Languageishuman-specificn nHuman-specific-differentfromthecommunicationsystemsotherformsoflifepossess,e.g.birdsongs,beed

11、ance,animalcries.Thedesign/definingfeaturesofhumanlanguage(CharlesHockett)ArbitrarinessProductivity/CreativityDualityDisplacementCulturaltransmissionArbitrariness-Nological(motivatedorintrinsic)connectionbetween-Nological(motivatedorintrinsic)connectionbetweensoundsandmeanings.soundsandmeanings.n nO

12、nomatopoeicwords(whichimitatenaturalsounds)areOnomatopoeicwords(whichimitatenaturalsounds)aresomewhatmotivated(English:rumble,crackle,bang,.somewhatmotivated(English:rumble,crackle,bang,.Chinese:putong,shasha,dingdang)Chinese:putong,shasha,dingdang)n nSomecompoundwordsarenotentirelyarbitrary,e.g.Som

13、ecompoundwordsarenotentirelyarbitrary,e.g.type-writer,shoe-maker,air-conditioner,photocopytype-writer,shoe-maker,air-conditioner,photocopyProductivity/creativity-Peculiartohumanlanguages-Peculiartohumanlanguages，usersoflanguagecanunderstandandusersoflanguagecanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhavene

14、verheardbefore,e.g.wecanproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore,e.g.wecanunderstandsentencelikeunderstandsentencelike“Ared-eyedelephantisdancingonthe“Ared-eyedelephantisdancingonthehotelbed”hotelbed”,thoughitdoesnotdescribeacommonhappeninginthe,thoughitdoesnotdescribeacommonhappeningintheworld.worl

15、d.n nAgibboncallsystemisnotproductiveforgibbondrawalltheirAgibboncallsystemisnotproductiveforgibbondrawalltheircallsfromafixedrepertoirewhichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganycallsfromafixedrepertoirewhichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganynoveltyimpossible.noveltyimpossible.n nThebeedancedoeshavealimitedproduct

16、ivity,asitisusedtoThebeedancedoeshavealimitedproductivity,asitisusedtocommunicateaboutfoodsourcesinanydirection.Butfoodsourcescommunicateaboutfoodsourcesinanydirection.Butfoodsourcesaretheonlykindofmessagesthatcanbesentthroughthebeearetheonlykindofmessagesthatcanbesentthroughthebeedance;beesdonot“ta

17、lk”aboutthemselves,thehives,orwind,letdance;beesdonot“talk”aboutthemselves,thehives,orwind,letaloneaboutpeople,animals,hopesordesiresaloneaboutpeople,animals,hopesordesiresDuality(doublearticulation)n nLowerlevel-sounds(meaningless)Lowerlevel-sounds(meaningless)n nHigherlevel-meaning(largerunitsofme

18、aning)Higherlevel-meaning(largerunitsofmeaning)n nAcommunicationsystemwithdualityisconsideredmoreAcommunicationsystemwithdualityisconsideredmoreflexiblethanonewithoutit,forafargreaternumberofflexiblethanonewithoutit,forafargreaternumberofmessagescanbesent.Asmallnumberofsoundscanbemessagescanbesent.A

19、smallnumberofsoundscanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofgroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning(words),andtheunitsofmeaningcanbearrangedmeaning(words),andtheunitsofmeaningcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.andrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.(w

20、e(wemakedictionaryofalanguage,butwecannotmakeamakedictionaryofalanguage,butwecannotmakeadictionaryofsentencesofthatlanguage.dictionaryofsentencesofthatlanguage.Displacement-Languagecanbeusedtorefertothings,whicharenotpresent:real-Languagecanbeusedtorefertothings,whicharenotpresent:realorimaginedmatt

21、ersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-awayorimaginedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.places.n nAgibbonneveruttersacallaboutsomethingheatelastyearAgibbonneveruttersacallaboutsomethingheatelastyearn nThereissomethingspecialaboutthebeedancethough.BeesThereissomethingspecialaboutthebee

22、dancethough.Beescommunicatewithotherbeesaboutthefoodsourcestheyhavefoundcommunicatewithotherbeesaboutthefoodsourcestheyhavefoundwhentheyarenolongerinthepresenceofthefood.Inthissense,thewhentheyarenolongerinthepresenceofthefood.Inthissense,thebeedancehasacomponentofdisplacement.Butthiscomponentisbeed

23、ancehasacomponentofdisplacement.Butthiscomponentisveryinsignificant.Forthebeesmustcommunicateaboutthefoodveryinsignificant.Forthebeesmustcommunicateaboutthefoodimmediatelyonreturningtothehive.Theydonotdanceabouttheimmediatelyonreturningtothehive.Theydonotdanceaboutthefoodtheydiscoveredlastmonthnordo

24、theyspeculateaboutfuturefoodtheydiscoveredlastmonthnordotheyspeculateaboutfuturediscoveries.discoveries.Culturaltransmission-Languageisculturallytransmitted(throughteachingandlearning;-Languageisculturallytransmitted(throughteachingandlearning;ratherthanbyinstinct).ratherthanbyinstinct).n nAnimalcal

25、lsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.Allcats,gibbonsandAnimalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.Allcats,gibbonsandbeeshavesystemswhicharealmostidenticaltothoseofallothercats,beeshavesystemswhicharealmostidenticaltothoseofallothercats,gibbonsandbees.gibbonsandbees.n nAChinesespeakerandanEnglishspeaker

26、arenotmutuallyAChinesespeakerandanEnglishspeakerarenotmutuallyintelligible.Thisshowsthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.Thatis,intelligible.Thisshowsthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.Thatis,itispassonfromonegenerationtothenextbyteachingandlearning,itispassonfromonegenerationtothenextbyteachingandl

27、earning,ratherthanbyinstinct.ratherthanbyinstinct.n nThestoryofawolfchild,apigchildshowsthatahumanbeingThestoryofawolfchild,apigchildshowsthatahumanbeingbroughtupinisolationsimplydoesnotacquirehumanlanguage.broughtupinisolationsimplydoesnotacquirehumanlanguage.Functionsoflanguage n nPhatic:establish

28、inganatmosphereormaintainingsocialPhatic:establishinganatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontact.contact.n nDirective:getthehearertodosomething.Directive:getthehearertodosomething.n nInformative:giveinformationaboutfacts.Informative:giveinformationaboutfacts.n nInterrogative:getinformationfromothers.Inte

29、rrogative:getinformationfromothers.n nExpressive:expressfeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.Expressive:expressfeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.n nEvocative:createcertainfeelingsinthehearer(amuse,Evocative:createcertainfeelingsinthehearer(amuse,startle,soothe,worryorplease)startle,soothe,worryorplease)n

30、 nPerformative:languageisusedtodothings,toperformPerformative:languageisusedtodothings,toperformactions.actions.Theoriginoflanguage n nThedivine-origintheory-LanguageisagiftofGodThedivine-origintheory-LanguageisagiftofGodtomankind.tomankind.n nTheinventiontheory-imitative,criesofnature,theTheinventi

31、ontheory-imitative,criesofnature,thegruntsofmenworkingtogether.gruntsofmenworkingtogether.n nTheevolutionarytheory-theresultofphysicalandTheevolutionarytheory-theresultofphysicalandpsychologicaldevelopment.psychologicaldevelopment.许国璋先生认为把语言定义成交际工具不够科学许国璋先生认为把语言定义成交际工具不够科学,至少不够严谨至少不够严谨.他对语言的定义做了如下概括

32、他对语言的定义做了如下概括:语言是一种符号系统语言是一种符号系统.n n当它作用于人与人之间的关系的时候当它作用于人与人之间的关系的时候,它是表达它是表达相互反应的中介相互反应的中介;n n当它作用于人与客观世界的关系的时候当它作用于人与客观世界的关系的时候,它是认它是认知事物的工具知事物的工具;n n当它作用于文化的时候当它作用于文化的时候,它是文化的载体它是文化的载体.2.Whatislinguistics?-Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.-Apersonwhostudieslinguisticsisknownasalinguist.F

33、ourprinciplesoflinguisticstudiesn nExhaustiveness/adequacyn nConsistencyn nEconomyn nObjectivityThescopeormajorbranchesoflinguisticsn nTheoreticallinguisticsTheoreticallinguistics1.1.PhoneticsPhonetics2.2.PhonologyPhonology3.3.MorphologyMorphology4.4.SyntaxSyntax5.5.SemanticsSemanticsn nUseoflinguis

34、ticsUseoflinguistics1.1.AppliedlinguisticsAppliedlinguistics2.2.SociolinguisticsSociolinguistics3.3.PsycholinguisticsPsycholinguisticsTheoreticallinguisticsn nPhonetics-speechsound(description,classification,Phonetics-speechsound(description,classification,transcription):articulatoryphonetics,acoust

35、icphonetics,transcription):articulatoryphonetics,acousticphonetics,auditoryphonetics.auditoryphonetics.n nPhonology-soundpatternsoflanguagesPhonology-soundpatternsoflanguagesn nMorphology-theformofwordsMorphology-theformofwordsn nSyntax-therulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintoSyntax-therulesgovern

36、ingthecombinationofwordsintosentence.sentence.n nSemantics-themeaningoflanguage(whenthemeaningSemantics-themeaningoflanguage(whenthemeaningoflanguageisconductedinthecontextoflanguageuse-oflanguageisconductedinthecontextoflanguageuse-Pragmatics)Pragmatics)Useoflinguisticsn nAppliedlinguistics-linguis

37、ticsandlanguageAppliedlinguistics-linguisticsandlanguageteachingteachingn nSociolinguistics-socialfactors(e.g.class,Sociolinguistics-socialfactors(e.g.class,education)affectlanguageuseeducation)affectlanguageusen nPsycholinguistics-linguisticbehaviorandPsycholinguistics-linguisticbehaviorandpsycholo

38、gicalprocesspsychologicalprocessn nStylistics-linguisticandliteratureStylistics-linguisticandliteratureSomeotherapplicationsn nAnthropologicallinguisticsn nNeurolinguisticsn nComputationallinguistics(e.g.machinetranslation)SomeimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsDescriptivevsprescriptiven nDescriptive

39、-describe/analyzelinguisticfactsobservedorlanguagepeopleactuallyuse(modernlinguistic)n nPrescriptive-laydownrulesfor“correct”linguisticbehaviorinusinglanguage(traditionalgrammar)Synchronicvsdiachronicn nSynchronicstudy-Synchronicstudy-descriptionofadescriptionofalanguageatsomepointlanguageatsomepoin

40、toftime(modernoftime(modernlinguistics)linguistics)n nDiachronicstudy-Diachronicstudy-descriptionofadescriptionofalanguagethroughtimelanguagethroughtime(historicaldevelopment(historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraoflanguageoveraperiodoftime)periodoftime)Speechvswritingn nSpeech-primarymediumoflanguage

41、n nWriting-laterdevelopedLanguevsparole(F.deSaussure)n nLangue-theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallLangue-theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofthespeechcommunity.membersofthespeechcommunity.n nParole-therealizationoflangueinactualuse.Parole-therealizationoflangueinactualuse.n nSaussureta

42、kesasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisSaussuretakesasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconventions.notionoflangueisamatterofsocialconventions.Competenceandperformance(Chomsky)n nCompetence-theidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguagen nPerformance-theactualrealizationofthi

43、sknowledgeinlinguisticcommunicationn nChomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviewandtohimcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.Traditionalgrammarvsmodernlinguisticsn nTraditionalgrammar-prescriptive,written,Latin-basedframeworkn nModernlinguistics-descriptive,spoken,notnecessarilyLa

44、tin-basedframeworkChapter2Phonology n nLanguageisprimarilyvocal.Theprimarymediumofhumanlanguageissound.Linguistsarenotinterestedinallsounds,butinspeechsounds-soundsthatconveymeaninginhumancommunication.Phonetics -Abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsforth

45、eirdescription,classificationandtranscription,e.g.pbilabial,stop.Threebranchesofphoneticsn nArticulatoryphonetics-fromthespeakerspointofview,Articulatoryphonetics-fromthespeakerspointofview,“howspeakersproducespeechsounds”“howspeakersproducespeechsounds”n nAuditoryphonetics-fromthehearerspointofview

46、,“howAuditoryphonetics-fromthehearerspointofview,“howsoundsareperceived”soundsareperceived”n nAcousticphonetics-fromthephysicalwayormeansbyAcousticphonetics-fromthephysicalwayormeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedfromonetoanother.whichsoundsaretransmittedfromonetoanother.ArticulatoryphoneticsSpeechorgan

47、s:threeimportantareasPharyngeal cavity the throat;The oral cavity the mouth;Nasal cavity the nose.Thediagramofspeechorgans1.1.LipsLips2.2.TeethTeeth3.3.Teethridge(alveolar)Teethridge(alveolar)4.4.HardpalateHardpalate5.5.Softpalate(velum)Softpalate(velum)6.6.UvulaUvula7.7.TipoftongueTipoftongue8.8.Bl

48、adeoftongueBladeoftongue9.9.BackoftongueBackoftongue10.10.VocalcordsVocalcords11.11.PharyngealcavityPharyngealcavity12.12.NasalcavityNasalcavityOrthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds-Astandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetic-Astandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictran

49、scriptionistheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA).ThebasictranscriptionistheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA).ThebasicprincipleoftheIPAisusingonelettertorepresentonespeechsound.principleoftheIPAisusingonelettertorepresentonespeechsound.n nBroadtranscription-usedindictionaryandtextbookforgeneralBroad

50、transcription-usedindictionaryandtextbookforgeneralpurpose,withoutdiacritics,e.g.clearpurpose,withoutdiacritics,e.g.clearl l,pit,pitn nNarrowtranscription-usedbyphoneticianforcarefulstudy,withNarrowtranscription-usedbyphoneticianforcarefulstudy,withdiacritics,e.g.darkl,aspiratedpdiacritics,e.g.darkl