破解“七选五”的黄金法则：一致性原则 讲义-高三英语一轮复习.docx

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1、专攻解题方法与技巧破解“七选五”的黄金法则一致性原则“七选五”又称为阅读填句或补全短文，该题型是在一篇约300词左右的短文中抽出五个句子，留出五个空白，要求学生从所给的七个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，使补全后的短文意思通顺、前后连贯。“七选五”考查学生对短文的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握，体现了普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版2020年修订）中“主要考查学生理解语篇上下文逻辑关系的能力”。“七选五”体裁多为指导性或描述性说明文，有时也会出现夹叙夹议类文章或议论文。题材贴近学生生活，引导学生思考人与自我、人与社会和人与自然的关系，体现高考的思想性原则和落实立德树人根本任

2、务。“七选五”题按设空位置可分为： 小标题、段首句、段中句 和 段尾句 。按所填句子的功能可分为： 主题句、过渡句 和 细节句 。主题句 考查学生对段落大意的概括能力，通常通过段落小标题或段首句、段尾句的形式来考查。过渡性句子 考查学生对文章结构的梳理能力，考查前后段之间、前后句之间的衔接，因此，这类题目可以是非首段的段首句、非尾段的段尾句或段中句。细节句 考查学生对文章上下文逻辑关系的理解能力。七选五试题通常以考查细节句为主，但一般要有至少一个主题句或过渡句的考查。一、句式一致原则有标题文本的小标题的句式通常是一致的，多用祈使句或名词短语，可以从前后段落的小标题的句式来确定设空处的正确选项。

3、无段落小标题的段首句也可采用句式一致的原则，从前后段落的首句句式来判断。有时候段中句也可用上下句句式结构一致的原则找出正确选项。2022年新高考全国卷节选So, how do you find a workout partner?First of all, decide what you want from that person. 37 Or do you just want to be physically fit, able to move with strength and flexibility? Think about the exercises you would like to

4、 do with your workout partner.D. Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport?解题思路37. D。考查句式一致。根据本空下一句Or do you just want to be physically fit .? 可知本空和它是并列关系，后面是一般疑问句，本空也应该是一般疑问句式。Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport? Or do you just want to be physically fit, able t

5、o move with strength and flexibility?（你是想要在你最喜欢的运动中成为一名更好的运动员吗？或者你只是想要身体健康，能够有力量和灵活地移动？）。故选D。2022年1月浙江卷节选Combine your activities.Many people go crazy trying to figure out how to spend time with friends, family, work, play, etc. 33 Find ways to enjoy them in a combined manner. Build your social life

6、around people in your work environment. Find people in your company who share common interests and develop your career (职业) around the people and activities you love. 34 You would think learning, takes more time from you, but actually there are always new ways of doing things that can save you time

7、on daily tasks, freeing you up for the most important. Always be looking for a new way to gain back an hour here or there.B. Be an active learner.C. Stop trying to balance time between them all.解题思路33. C。考查段中句的上下句句式一致及指代一致。上文说“许多人把控不好花在朋友、家庭、工作和娱乐等方面的时间”，而本空后连续用了三个祈使句来说明“找到同时享受这些时间的方法，围绕工作环境中的人建立你的社

8、交生活，在公司里找到和你兴趣相同的人并围绕你喜欢的人和活动发展你的事业。”根据上下句句式一致的原则，此处应用祈使句。根据C项中名词“time”与空前句子中的“time”一致，以及C项中代词“them”与空后句子中的“them”均指代前面的“friends, family, work, play, etc.”可知，C项（不要试图在他们之间平衡时间）符合语境。故选C。34. B。考查小标题句式一致。根据上下文其它小标题句式结构可知，此处用祈使句，再结合本段谈论的主题“学习的必要性”，可确定此处作者建议“做积极的学习者”。故选B。维克多英语二、指代一致原则句子中的代词会和上下句的名词形成一致的指代关

9、系，可以根据空白处前后句的名词或代词来明确指代关系，确定正确选项。2022年全国甲卷节选Chopstick RulesThe way you handle chopsticks is important to avoid annoying your companions. When you put them down between bites, always put them down together so they are parallel with the edge of the table in front of you. 37 .Making Requests 39 . In Po

10、rtugal, this would be a serious mistake, because it shows the chef that you dont like their seasoning skills. Similarly, in Italy, never ask for extra cheese to add to your food.F. Never stick them upright in your food or cross them as you use themG. It may seem like a simple request to ask for salt

11、 and pepper at a meal解题思路37.F。考查指代的一致性。根据本段小标题“Chopstick Rules”可知，本段主要讲述的是使用筷子的规则。根据上文“When you put them down between bites, always put them down together so they are parallel with the edge of the table in front of you. (当你在吃东西的间隙把它们放下来的时候，一定要把它们放在一起，这样它们就和你面前的桌子边缘平行了。)”可知，此处讲述了正确使用筷子的方式。由此可知，F项“Nev

12、er stick them upright in your food or cross them as you use them (不要把它们竖着插在食物上，也不要在使用它们时交叉放置)”讲述的也是使用筷子时的注意事项，符合此处语境，其中“them”和上句中的them都是指代段首句的“chopsticks”。故选F。39.G。考查指代的一致性。根据本段小标题“Making Requests”可知，段首句要讲的是用餐时提请求的问题。G项“It may seem like a simple request to ask for salt and pepper at a meal (吃饭时要盐和胡椒

13、看似很简单)”符合此处语境，其中“request”与段落小标题是关键词的复现，根据下文“In Portugal, this would be a serious mistake, because it shows the chef that you dont like their seasoning skills. Similarly, in Italy, never ask for extra cheese to add to your food. (在葡萄牙，这将是一个严重的错误，因为这向厨师表明你不喜欢他们的调味技巧。同样，在意大利，永远不要要求在食物中添加额外的奶酪。)”可推知，在一些

14、国家，用餐时提出要求是很无礼的。下文中的this和it都是代指G项中的to ask for salt and pepper at a meal。故选G。三、意义一致原则有时候，作者为了使行文逻辑合理，保持上下文意义一致，会复现上文提到的内容，上下文就会出现原词、同义词、同根词、反义词等，运用意义一致原则可以轻松找到答案。2022年全国甲卷节选Important Things to Know When Dining OutCultural dining etiquette (礼节) might surprise you with some of its important rules. 36 .

15、 Knowing some tips will help ensure that you have an enjoyable meal with friends or family no matter where you are in the world.D. Dont get caught making an embarrassing mistake at a restaurant解题思路36.D。考查意义一致。根据文章标题“Important Things to Know When Dining Out（外出就餐时要知道的重要事情）”可知，本文主要介绍的是外出就餐时应该知道的重要事情。由此

16、可知，D项“Dont get caught making an embarrassing mistake at a restaurant（不要被人发现你在餐厅就餐时犯了尴尬的错误）”符合语境，其中“at a restaurant”和标题中的“When Dining Out”是同一个意思，同时引起下文“Knowing some tips will help ensure that you have an enjoyable meal with friends or family no matter where you are in the world.（知道一些技巧将有助于确保你和朋友或家人一起

17、享受一顿愉快的晚餐无论你在世界的哪个地方）”。故选D。2022年新高考全国卷节选Fitness Magazine recently ran an article titled “Five Reasons to Thank Your Workout Partner.” One reason was: “Youll actually show up if you know someone is waiting for you at the gym,” while another read: “ 36 ” With a workout partner, you will increase your

18、training effort as there is a subtle (微妙) competition.You and your partner will probably have different skills. 40 Over time, both of you will benefit your partner will be able to lift more weights and you will become more physically fit. The core (核心) of your relationship is that you will always be

19、 there to help each other.C. Youll work harder if you train with someone else.F. Just accept your differences and learn to work with each other.解题思路36. C。考查意义一致。根据本空下一句“With a workout partner, you will increase your training effort as there is a subtle (微妙）competition.（如果有一个健身的伙伴，你会增加你的训练量，因为这当中有微妙的

20、竞争。）”可知，C项“Youll work harder if you train with someone else.（如果你和别人一起训练，你会更努力。）”符合语境。故选C。40. F。考查意义一致。根据本空上一句“You and your partner will probably have different skills. （你和你的健身伙伴也许有不同的技能。）”可知，F项“Just accept your differences and learn to work with each other.（接受你们的不同，学会彼此合作，求同存异。）”符合语境。F项中的differences

21、和上一句中的different是同根词。故选F。四、逻辑一致原则“七选五”主要考查学生对上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握，而行文逻辑通常通过逻辑标志词来表示。譬如：表示 并列关系 的and，not only but also ，similarly；表示 选择关系 的or；表示 因果关系 的because，as，since，for，so，therefore，as a result，consequently；表示 转折关系 的but，however，yet，instead，rather，on the contrary，nevertheless；表示 对比关系 的while，in contrast，by

22、comparison；表示 让步关系 的while，though，although；表示 递进关系 的whats more，even，too，more over，more than that，besides；表示 顺承关系 的firstly，secondly，then，afterwards，finally；表示 例证关系 的for example，namely，that is to say；表示 总结 的in short，in a word，in brief，in summary，to sum up，to conclude，in conclusion， in general，generally

23、 speaking等。2022年全国甲卷节选Hands or Utensils (餐具)In India and the Middle East, its considered very rude to eat with your left hand. People in France expect you to eat with a utensil in each hand. 38 , instead preferring to use their hands. In Chile, you may never touch any food with your fingers. People

24、in Thailand generally use their forks only to push food onto their spoons.C. Mexicans consider it inappropriate to eat with utensils解题思路38. C。考查逻辑一致。根据本段小标题“Hands or Utensils (餐具)”可知，本段主要讲述的是手和餐具的问题。根据上文“In India and the Middle East, its considered very rude to eat with your left hand. People in Fra

25、nce expect you to eat with a utensil in each hand.（在印度和中东，用左手吃饭被认为是非常不礼貌的。法国人认为吃饭时每只手里都应该拿着餐具。）”，以及本空后“instead preferring to use their hands（相反更愿意使用他们的双手）可知，此处在讲述不同国家就餐时习惯使用手还是餐具的问题。因此，C项“Mexicans consider it inappropriate to eat with utensils（墨西哥人认为用餐具吃饭是不合适的）”符合语境，与下文形成转折关系。故选C。2022年全国乙卷节选.Dont re

26、ly on technology alone 40 , but long-distance friendships even close ones may require more conscious effort to sustain. Try to seek out chances to renew friendships. How to do it? Just spend face-to-face time together whenever possible.F.It is easy to have a sense of connectedness through social med

27、ia解题思路40.F。考查逻辑一致。设空处所在句子的后半句“but long-distance friendships even close ones may require more conscious effort to sustain.（但是异地友谊甚至是关系亲密的友谊可能需要更加自觉地去维系。）”讲的是我们要更加自觉地维系异地友谊。其中“but”说明后半句与设空处形成转折，而F项“It is easy to have a sense of connectedness through social media（朋友之间很容易通过社交媒体产生一种联结感）”讲的是可以通过社交媒体这种方式与朋

28、友产生联结，与后半句“require more conscious effort to sustain”形成转折，而且其中的“social media”呼应了该段的小标题“Dont rely on technology alone（不要仅仅依赖技术）”中的“technology”。故选F 项。五、语义场一致原则语义场是借用物理学中的“场”的概念而来，它指的是若干个具有共同核心义素又有自己独立意义的一群词的聚合体。语义场有不同的层次，同一个语义场中单词相互联系，相互补充，词义有一定的交叉性。有些词代表的范围大，有些词代表的范围小，它们就存在上下义关系，代表的范围大的词叫上义词，代表的范围小的词叫

29、下义词。有时候可以根据语义场一致的原则来锁定答案。2022年全国乙卷节选维克多英语More isnt always merrierMake sure you have communicated with your friend about how frequently each of you wants to be contacted and what method works best for you both. 37 . There are alternatives to constant written communication, such as leaving voice messa

30、ges or having a group chat. 39 Anniversaries and birthdays carry even more weight in long-distance friendships. Although technology might make day-to-day communication possible, extra effort goes a long way on special days. Simply keeping a diary that keeps track of friends birthdays and other impor

31、tant dates will make sure nothing slips by you.A.Remember important datesE.Friends need to talk about their preferred methods of communication解题思路37.E。考查语义场一致。上文“Make sure you have communicated with your friend about how frequently each of you wants to be contacted and what method works best for you

32、 both.（确保你已经与你的朋友沟通过，了解你们彼此希望联系的次数，以及哪种沟通方式最适合你们两人。）”提到异地朋友之间要商量沟通方式，E项“Friends need to talk about their preferred methods of communication（朋友需要沟通交流的方式）”提到了沟通交流方式。下文“There are alternatives to constant written communication, such as leaving voice messages or having a group chat.（除了不断的文字交流，还有其他方式，比如发语

33、音或者组建群聊。）”中的written communication，leaving voice messages和having a group chat都是E项中上义词methods的具体表现。故选E项。39. A。考查语义场一致。设空处的内容是该段的小标题。段首句“Anniversaries and birthdays carry even more weight in long-distance friendships.（周年纪念日和生日对于异地友谊而言是非常重要的。）”讲的是诸如周年纪念日和生日等重要的日子对于维系异地友谊是非常重要的，由此推知，这段对应的维系异地友谊的方法是A项“Rem

34、ember important dates（记得重要的日子）”。本段首句中的anniversaries和birthdays是对A项中上义词important dates的举例说明。故选A项。2022年新高考全国卷节选.My partner posted her request on the notice board of a local park. Her notice included what kind of training she wanted to do, how many days a week and how many hours she wanted to spend on e

35、ach session, and her age. It also listed her favorite sports and activities, and provided her phone number. 39 .G. Any notice for a training partner should include such information.解题思路39. G。考查语义场一致。段尾往往是总结。上文“Her notice included what kind of training she wanted to do, how many days a week and how m

36、any hours she wanted to spend on each session, and her age. It also listed her favorite sports and activities, and provided her phone number. （她的注意事项包括：锻炼的类别、一周锻炼多少天、一次锻炼几个小时和本人的年龄。还包括她最喜欢的运动和活动，并提供电话号码。）”都属于个人信息。本空作为段尾句，进行总结，以自己的健身伙伴为例，说明寻找健身伙伴发布告所要包括的信息。故选G。六、主从句一致原则有些题目会考查含状语从句的复合句中的主句或从句，如果设空在前，

37、则空格后部分以小写字母开头，如果设空在后，则选项部分以小写字母开头。找到备选项中不能独立成句的选项，再根据主从句一致的原则来敲定答案。时间状语 从句常见的引导词有：as，while，when，whenever，before，after，since，till，until，as soon as等。地点状语 从句常见的引导有：where，wherever等。原因状语 从句常见的引导词有：because，as，since，now that等。目的状语 从句常见的引导词有：in order that，so that，for fear that，in case等。条件状语 从句常见的引导词有：if，unl

38、ess，once，as/so long as，on condition that，providing/provided that等。让步状语 从句常见的引导词有：though，although，even if/though，no matter+疑问词, whether or 等。方式状语 从句常见的引导词有：as，as if/though等。比较状语 从句常见的引导词有：as，than等。2022年全国甲卷节选Some of these cultural dining etiquette rules may seem random and strange, but they are impor

39、tant in various countries. 40 , the more comfortable youll begin to feel with its foreign cultural practices.A.The more friends you make in your lifetimeB.The more time you spend in any given country解题思路40. B。考查主从句一致。根据下文“the more comfortable youll begin to feel with its foreign cultural practices.

40、(你就会对它的外国文化习俗感到越舒服)”可推知，此处指“在一个国家待得越久，就会越习惯当地习俗”，且此处是“the+比较级，the+比较级”结构，句子前半部分相当于条件状语从句，后半部分相当于主句。B项“The more time you spend in any given country (你在某个国家待得时间越长)”符合语境，引出下文，并且下文中its代指B项中的country。故选B。2018年全国卷节选.Over the years, there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach

41、 this important point. 37 , they can get a little complex. But good news is that therere really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home: the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones.A.While all of them are usefulB.Whatever you are looking forC.If you are experi

42、menting with a color解题思路37. A。考查主从句一致。虽然A、B、C三个备选项都是状语从句，但根据主句的意思“它们会有一些复杂”可知，此处所填内容应该是“虽然它们很有用”，A选项中的them和主句中的they都是指代上文的techniques。故选A。七、问答一致原则“七选五”的选项或文章中会涉及到疑问句，可以根据下句的答语确定上句的问句，也可以根据上句的疑问句的种类来确定下句的答语。2019年高考全国卷节选维克多英语Is Fresh Air Really Good for You?We all grew up hearing people tell us to “go

43、out and get some fresh air.” 36 According to recent studies, the answer is a big YES, if the air quality in your camping area is good. E. But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?解题思路36. E。考查问答一致。根据下句“根据最近的研究，答案是一个大大的YES”可知，设空处是一般疑问句，而七个备选项中只有E项是一般疑问句（但是新鲜空气真的像你妈妈常说的那样对你有好处

44、吗？）。故选E。八、时态一致原则有些文本中，主体时态是一般现在时，中间会出现过去某个时间发生的事情，空格处所填句子用什么时态，要结合语境，判断动作发生的时间，句子的时态与时间保持一致。2020年全国卷节选Housewarming parties get their name from the fact that a long time ago people would actually bring firewood to a new home as a gift. 40 Now most homes have central heating and dont use fires to keep

45、 warm.G. This was so that the person could keep their home warm for the winter.解题思路40. G。考查时态一致。上文介绍了乔迁聚会名称的由来，根据“bring firewood to a new home as a gift” 可知很久以前人们会带柴火作为礼物，那么本空承接上文说明了当时人们带柴火的目的和作用。只有G项“This was so that the person could keep their home warm for the winter.（这样人们就可以在冬天的时候保持家里温暖。）”符合语境，且时态一致。故选G。 9学科网（北京）股份有限公司