大学英语写作教程1第九单元.ppt

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1、UnitNineSentencevarietyUnitObjectivesSentencevarietyShortcompositionsSentencevarietyDifferentpartsofasentenceDifferenttypesofsentencesDifferentpartsofasentenceTheme Rheme Tombroketheteapot.TheteapotwasbrokenbyTom.LastnightTombroketheteapot.主位主位述位述位DifferenttypesofsentencesSimplesentenceCompoundsente

2、nceComplexsentenceSimplesentenceLightsflashed.Doorsbanged.Buzzerssoundedmadly.Peoplerushedpast,eyesstraight.Istoodthere,amazedandfrightened.The simple sentence is useful in expressing haste,excitement,exactness or simplicity of idea.CompoundsentenceYouleaveatonce.Ishallcallthepolice.Eitheryouleaveat

3、once,orIshallcallthepolice.Thiscarisnewer,but thatoneisabetterbuy.Jimisafraidofthisplan;so amI.Suddenlytherewasablindingglare,andIfelltomykneesinterror.Thecompoundsentenceiseffectivelyusedtoindicatecomparisonorcontrast,parallelactionorideas,oraction-resultideas.ComplexsentenceMr.Leeisafamousartist.H

4、elivesinOmaha.Mr.Lee,who lives in Omaha,isafamousartist.Thebook(that I mean)hasaredcover.Youmayhaveit(after I have read it).The complex sentence ties together related ideas of unequal importance.The less important ideas belong in dependent clause.Using subordination,vary the structure and length of

5、sentence.Avoid the exclusive use of simple and compound sentences.Simplesentences:NellieMelbawasborninAustralia.Shestudiessingingonthecontinent.Sheeventuallybecamefamousthereasaconcertandoperaticsinger.Complexsentence:BorninAustralia,NellieMelbastudiessingingonthecontinent,wheresSheeventuallybecamef

6、amousasaconcertandoperaticsinger.SecuringVarietywithintheSentence1.Donotexpresseveryidealikethis:subject,verb,complement.Foremphasisorclarity,shiftasentencepartoutofitsnaturalorder.e.g.Everycupwiththehandlemissing,Ithrewaway.Downthestreetcamethemarchers.object before verbsubject after verb2.Varysent

7、encebeginnings.1)Beginasentencewiththerewhenitseemsnaturaltodoso.e.g.Thereisnothingmoretobesaid.2)Beginwithanadj.outofitsnaturalorderorbeginwithanadverb.e.g.Old and feeble,thedogcouldscarcelywalk.HurriedlyJanetstuffedclothesintoasuitcase.3)Beginwithaprepositionalphrase.e.g.In the distanceIcouldheart

8、herumbleofthunder.4)Beginwithaverbalphrase.e.g.To emphasize his remark,hepounderonthedesk.Having received an unexpected holiday,weweredelighted.By leaving now,weshouldreachtheparkbeforenoon.5)Beginwithadependentclause.e.g.What I could not useIstoredinmylocker.While Lee stood amazed,Alfredmarchedoffd

9、ownthestreet.FROM PARAGRAPH TO ESSAY2THINKITOVERDoyoueverwonder“howtobegin”athemeoressay?Isathemehardertowritethanaparagraph?Actually,athemeisanessayacompositioninwhichthewritersonechiefaimistotellhowhefeelsorthinksaboutacertainsubject.Ashegiveshisimpressions,moods,likes,dislikes,andviewpoints,herev

10、ealshimselftothereader.Heisinterestedinprimarilyinexpressinghisopinions.Hisreadersmayormaynotagreewithhim;hedoesnotreallycare,forhisisnot,asarule,tryingtoinfluencethem.Themecancoveranykindofideaandcantakemanyforms.Thesubjectcanbeanything,importantorinsignificant;youmightwriteathemeaboutouterspaceoru

11、ponastomach-ache!Athemeisnomoredifficulttowritethanisaparagraph;itissimplylonger.Inatheme,indeed,youhavemoreroomtodevelopatopicthaninaparagraphmore“leeway”toexpressyourself.Nordoesathemerequirespecialguidesbeyondthosethatpertaintoaparagraph.Themostimportantsingleconsiderationinthemewriting,asinparag

12、raphwriting,isunity.Considerathemeasanexpansionofaparagraphthatbeginswithatopicsentenceandendswithaclincher.Paragraphsbearthesamerelationshipinathemethatsentencesdoinaparagraph.Youshouldhavenotroubledevelopingathemeifyourememberthatfact.topic sentence=opening paragraph;related sentences=middle parag

13、raph(s);clincher sentence=final paragraph.ESSAY PARAGRAPH_._,_._,_._._._._,_._._._._,_,_._._._._._._,_.TOPIC SENTENCEMIDDLE PARAGRAPHSRELATED or SUPPORTINGSENTENCESCLINCHERSENTENCEFINALPARAGRAPHOPENING PARAGRAPHThe Positive Meanings of LoveWedliketosharesomeofthepositivemeaningslovehasforus.Lovemean

14、sthatIknowthepersonIlove.LovemeansthatIcareaboutthewelfareofthepersonIlove.LovemeanshavingrespectforthedignityofthepersonIlove.LovemeanshavingaresponsibilitytowardthepersonIlove.LovemeansmakingacommitmenttothepersonIlove.LovemeanstrustingthepersonIlove.Lovecantolerateimperfection.Loveisopen.Loveisse

15、lfish.Loveinvolvesseeingthepotentialwithinthepersonwelove.Inshort,matureloveisunionundertheconditionofpreservingonesindividuality.Inlove,twobeingsbecomeoneandyetremaintwo.The Positive Meanings of LoveWedliketosharesomeofthepositivemeaningslovehasforus.LovemeansthatIknowthepersonIlove.Imawareoftheman

16、ysidesoftheotherpersonnotjustthebeautifulsidebutalsothelimitations,inconsistenciesandfaults.Ihaveanawarenessoftheothersfeelingsandthoughts,andIexperiencesomethingofthecoreofthatperson.Icanpenetratesocialmasksandrolesandseetheotherpersononadeeperlevel.写作教程2-1.mp32-10.mp3sLovemeansthatIcareaboutthewel

17、fareofthepersonIlove.Totheextentthatitisgenuine,mycaringisnotpossessive,nordoesitholdtheotherpersonback.Onthecontrary,mycaringfreesbothofus.IfIcareaboutyou,Imconcernedaboutyourgrowth,andIhopeyouwillbecomeallthatyoucanbecome.Consequently,Idontputupobstaclestowhatyoudothatenhancesyouasaperson,eventhou

18、ghitmayresultinmydiscomfortattimes.s2-1.mp3LovemeanshavingrespectforthedignityofthepersonIlove.IfIloveyou,Icanseeyouasaseparateperson,withyourownvaluesandthoughtsandfeelings,andIdonotinsistthatyousurrenderyouridentitytomatchanimageofwhatIexpectyoutobeforme.Icanallowandencourageyoutostandaloneandtobe

19、whoyouare,andIavoidtreatingyouasanobjectorusingyouprimarilytosatisfymyownneeds.s2-2.mp3LovemeanshavingaresponsibilitytowardthepersonIlove.IfIloveyou,Irespondtomostofyourmajorneedsasaperson.Thisresponsibilitydoesnotincludemydoingforyouwhatyouarecapableofdoingforyourself;nordoesitmeanthatIrunyourlifef

20、oryou.ItdoesmeanacknowledgingthatwhatIamandwhatIdoaffectsyou,sothatIamdirectlyinvolvedinyourhappinessandyoursuffering.Aloverdoeshavethecapacitytohurtorignorethelovedone,andinthissenseweseethatloveinvolvesanacceptanceofsomeresponsibilityfortheimpactmywayofbeinghasonyou.2-3.mp3sLovemeansmakingacommitm

21、enttothepersonIlove.Thiscommitmentdoesnotmeansurrenderingourtotalselvestoeachother;nordoesitimplythattherelationshipisnecessarilypermanent.Itdoesinvolveawillingnesstostaywitheachotherintimesofpain,struggle,anddespair,aswellasintimesofcalmandenjoyment.2-5.mp3sLovemeanstrustingthepersonIlove.IfIloveyo

22、u,Itrustthatyouwillacceptmycaringandmyloveandthatyouwontdeliberatelyhurtme.Itrustthatyouwillfindmeattractive,andthatyouwontabandonme;Itrustthemutualnatureofourlove.Ifwetrusteachother,wearewillingtobeopentoeachotherandrevealourtrueselves.2-5.mp3sLovecantolerateimperfection.Inaloverelationshipthereare

23、timeswhenIambored,timeswhenImayfeellikegivingup,timesofrealstrain,andtimesIfeelIcantmoveforward.Authenticlovedoesnotimplyenduringhappiness.Icanstayduringroughtimes,however,becauseIcanrememberwhatwehadtogetherinthepast,andIcanpicturewhatwewillhavetogetherinourfutureifwecareenoughtofaceourproblemsandw

24、orkthemthrough.Weagreewiththeideathatloveisaspiritthatchangeslife.Loveisawayoflifethatiscreativeandthattransforms.However,loveisnotreservedforaperfectworld.Loveismeantforourimperfectworldwherethingsgowrong.Loveismeanttobeaspiritthatworksinpainfulsituations.Loveismeanttobringmeaningintolifewherenonse

25、nseappearstorule.Inotherwords,lovecomesintoanimperfectworldtomakeitpossibletolive.s2-6.mp3Loveisopen.IfIloveyou,Iencourageyoutoreachoutanddevelopotherrelationships.Althoughourloveforeachotherandourcommitmenttoeachothermightprohibitcertainactionsonourparts,wearenottotallyandexclusivelymarriedtoeachot

26、her.Itisafalselovethatcementsonepersontoanotherinsuchawaythatheorsheisnotgivenroomtogrow.2-7.mp3sLoveisselfish.IcanonlyloveyouifIgenuinelylove,value,appreciate,andrespectmyself.IfIamempty,thenallIcangiveyouismyemptiness.IfIfeelthatImcompleteandworthwhileinmyself,thenImabletogivetoyououtofmyfullness.

27、Oneofthebestwaysformetogiveyouloveisbyfullyenjoyingmyselfwithyou.s2-8.mp3Loveinvolvesseeingthepotentialwithinthepersonwelove.Inmyloveforanother,Iviewherorhimasthepersonsheorhecanbecome,whilestillacceptingwhoandwhatthepersonisnow.Bytakingpeopleastheyare,wemakethemworse,butbytreatingthemasiftheyalread

28、ywerewhattheyoughttobe,wehelpmakethembetter.s2-9.mp3Tosumitup,matureloveisunionundertheconditionofpreservingonesindividuality.Inlove,twobeingsbecomeoneandyetremaintwo.2-10.mp3sARGUMENTATION PARAGRAPH AND ESSAY ANALYSIS2幻灯片2ARGUMENTATION WRITINGThepurposeofargumentationistoconvince,sothatthepointinth

29、eargumentativeparagraphoressaymustbeclear.Thewritermaytrytomakethereaderagreehisorherpointofvieworpersuadethereadertochangehismindorbehavior.Additionally,thewritersideamustbearguable.Itcannotbeafact,forexample,BeijingisthecapitalofChinaorpersonalpreference,forexample,MichaelJordanismyfavoritebasketb

30、allplayer.Otherwise,theargumentwillbemeaningless.Theothernecessaryelementsinanargumentativeessayaresufficientevidenceandgoodlogic.Exploring the Main Traits on the ModelsHowcanyouwriteanargumentationparagraphandessay?Whatarethemainelementsinthem?Youcanfirstreadthefollowingmodelparagraphs:oneisaboutpu

31、nctuality;theotherisaboutwomenscollegeeducation.Afterreadingthetwoparagraphsandansweringtheanalysisquestions,youcanfindsomesimilaritiesbetweenthem:Model1:An Argumentation Paragraph(1)Whenyouarewaitinginfrontofatheatreoratthetrainterminal,youwillrealizehowimportantpunctualityis.(2)Punctualityisreally

32、avirtue,especiallyinamoderncity.(3)Ifeverybodywaspunctual,therewouldbelesssufferingandsorrow.(4)Punctualityisthemainconstituentofgoodcharacter.(5)Apersonwhoisontimeforhisappointmentshowshisrealconsiderationforothers.(6)Ontheotherhand,apersonwhoisalwayslateshowshisselfishnessandthoughtlessnessandheis

33、notthepersonthatisworthytobefriendswith.(7)Tobeornottobepunctualisahabit.(8)Sowhenweareyoung,weshouldtrytobepunctualeverytimeandneverbelateforitismuchmoreeasilyacquiredinyouththanwhenweareolder.Analysis Questions1.Aboutthecontent:a.Whatisthewriterspointofviewaboutpunctuality?b.Howmanygoodpointsofpun

34、ctualitydoesthewritermentionintheparagraph?Whatarethey?c.Whatisthewriterssuggestionaboutpunctuality?Peopleshouldtrytobepunctual.Two.Oneislesstobesufferingandsorrowandtheotheristoshowonesconsiderationforothers.Whenweareyoung,weshouldtrytobepunctualeverytimeandneverbelateforitismuchmoreeasilyacquiredi

35、nyouththanweareold.2.Aboutthestructure:a.Isthereatopicsentenceintheparagraph?Whichisit?b.Howmanysupportingsentencesarethere?Whatisthemethodusedtoorganizethesupportingdetails?c.Isthereaconcludingsentence?Ifso,whichsentenceisit?Yes,thesecondsentence.Therearefivesupportingsentences,from(3)to(7).Thewrit

36、erusedcomparisonandcontrasttoshowtheevidence.Yes,thelastsentenceistheconcludingsentence.3.Aboutthefunctionofthesentence(s):a.Whatdoyouknowfromthefirsttwosentences?Whatisthelogicoftheargumentation?b.Whatdoyouknowfromthesupportingsentences?c.Whatdoesthelastsentencetellus?The1stsentenceisaspecificexamp

37、leconcerningthetopicandthe2ndsentenceisageneralstatementofthewriterspointofview.Sothelogicisinductivereasoning-fromexampletostatement.Thesupportingsentencesshowtheevidencesofthepoint.Thewriterconcludesitsargumentationbygivingasuggestioninthelastsentence.4.Aboutthelanguage:Whatarethefeaturesoftheexpr

38、essionsusedintheparagraph?Therearenoexpressionsofsubjectivitylike“Ithink”,“inmyopinion”,expressionsofideasarecertainandclearlystated.Model 2:Another Argumentation ParagraphTheotherSideofCityLifeIntheeyesofmanypeople,citylifeisattractivewithallitsadvantagesandconvenience,yettheydontknowtheothersideof

39、thepicture.First,withtheexpansionofthecity,housinghasbecomeaseriousproblemforcitypeople.Thenthereistheproblemofpollution:harmfulgasesfromvehiclesandpoisonouswaterfromfactoriespolluteoursurroundings;noisecontinuallydisturbsyourpeaceandrestanddrivesyoumad.Thirdly,moderncitylifeputsahighpressureuponpeo

40、ple:youhavetohurrytoandfromwork;youhavetododgeinthestreetsoastoavoidbumpingintothefloodofpeople,bicycles,cars,buses;alldaylongyouareundergreatstress.Fourthly,bigcitiesalsocausesomesocialproblems,ofwhichhighcrimerateisthemostseriousone.Peoplearejustifiablyinfearofbecomingvictimsofburglary,robbery,mur

41、derandothercrimesatanytime.Thecityshouldfindsomewayorothertocopewithalltheseproblems.Analysis Questions1.Aboutthecontent:a.Whatisthewriterspointofviewaboutcitylife?b.Howmanyreasonsaregivenbythewritertosupporttheidea?Whatarethey?c.Whatisthewritersconclusion?Thewriteraskstoseetheothersideofthecitylife

42、.Therearemainlyfourreasonstosupporttheidea:problemofhousing;problemofpollution;problemofcrowdedness;andproblemofcrimes.Thewritersuggeststhatpeoplefindsomewaytocopewiththeproblems.2.Aboutthestructure:a.Isthereatopicsentenceintheparagraph?Whichisit?b.Howmanysupportingsentencesarethere?Whatisthemethodu

43、sedtoorganizethesupportingdetails?c.Isthereaconcludingsentence?Ifso,whichsentenceisit?Yes,thereis.Thefirstsentenceisthetopicsentence.Allthesentencesaresupportingsentencesexceptthefirstoneandthelastone.Yes,thereis.Thelastsentenceistheconcludingsentence.3.Aboutthefunctionofthesentence(s):a.Whatcanyouk

44、nowfromthefirstsentence?Whatisthelogicofargumentation?b.Whatdoyouknowfromthesupportingsentences?c.Whatdoesthelastsentencetellus?The1stsentencetellsthewriterspointofview-hisopinionaboutcitylife.Thelogicisdeductivereasoning-fromstatementtoexample.Thesupportingsentencesshowtheevidencesofthepoint.Thewri

45、terconcludesitsargumentationbygivingasuggestioninthelastsentence.4.Aboutthelanguage:Whatarethefeaturesoftheexpressionsusedintheparagraph?Therearenoexpressionsofsubjectivitylike“Ithink”,“inmyopinion”,expressionsofideasarecertainandclearlystated.Thewriterusedsuchwordsas“first,then,thirdlyandfourthlyto

46、statehispointofview.Findings on an Argumentation Paragraph1.Themainfeaturesofanargumentationparagraphinclude:a.oneclearpointofview,usuallyinthebeginningorthesecondsentence.b.agoodlogic-eitherinductiveordeductivereasoning.c.gooduseofotherwritingmodesandmethodstoorganizethesupportingfacts,examplesando

47、therevidences,forexample,comparisonandcontrast,classification,andsoon.d.arestatementofthepointofvieworgivingsuggestionattheendoftheparagraph.2.Thelanguagefeaturesareasfollows:a.Theexpressionsinanargumentativeparagraphshouldtrytobeobjective,thatis,trytoavoidsuchexpressionslikeIthink,orinmyopinion.b.T

48、heoveruseoftheexpressionsofuncertaintylikeperhaps,maybe,sometimes,etc,willweakentheforceofargument.Wecanfindthesimilarcharactersinargumentationessaysaswell:providingclearpointofview;developingtheargumentwithagoodlogic-eitherinductiveordeductivereasoning;makinggooduseofotherwritingmodesandmethodstoor

49、ganizethesupportingfactsandrestatingthepointofvieworgivingsuggestionattheend.PleasereadModel3tofindouttheelementsalikeandthentrytoanswerthequestionsfollowed.Model3:AnArgumentationEssayIsthe“TEM4Test”Necessary?Recently,therehasbeenaheateddiscussionaboutwhetherthenational“TEM4Test”isnecessaryornot.Som

50、eteachers,studentsandauthoritiesareinfavorofit.TheyholdthatitisaneffectivewaytoraisetheleveloftheEnglishlanguageinourcountryrapidly.ItissomethingthatmaystimulatetheteacherstoimprovetheirteachingandurgestudentstoattachimportancetoEnglishandstudyhardtoraisetheirlevel.Thereareotherswhoholdanoppositepoi