新标准大学英语四UNIT.ppt

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1、Text About the authorGo to the textAbout the author The author of the passage Mo Mowlam(19492005)was a British Labour politician,who was the Member of Parliament for Redcar from 1987 to 2001,and served in the Cabinet as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland,Minister for the Cabinet Office and Chan

2、cellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.Her personal charisma,reputation for plain speaking and fight against a brain tumour led her to be perceived by many as one of the most popular“New Labour”politicians in the UK.She died in 2005 because of a brain tumour.Text Winston Churchill 1 In the summer of 1940,

3、Britain stood alone on the brink of invasion.At that crucial time,one man,Winston Churchill,defined what it meant to be British.We like to think of ourselves as tolerant and long-suffering people.But Churchill,through his leadership and his example,reminded us that if all we hold dear our democracy,

4、our freedom is threatened,we will show courage and determination like no other nation.Text 2 I have nothing to offer but blood,toil,tears and sweat.You ask what is our policy?I can say it is to wage war by sea,land and air,with all our might and with all our strength that God can give us;to wage war

5、 against a monstrous tyranny,never surpassed in the dark,lamentable catalogue of human crime.You ask what is our aim?I can answer in one word:It is victory,victory at all costs,victory in spite of all terror,victory however long and hard the road may be.Text 3 This was the moment when Britain had to

6、 be at its greatest.And in Churchill we found the greatest of Britons.4 Winston Churchill was born in 1874 into one of Britains grandest families.The Churchills had been fighting for king and country for generations.Young Winston always believed hed do the same.But self-belief was something he maint

7、ained despite rather than because of his family.Text His father Lord Randolph Churchill(18491895),and his mother,Jennie(18541921),were both cold and distant people.Winston was packed off to Harrow.He wasnt good-looking or clever;he was sickly,with a lisp and a stammer.He was bound to be bullied and

8、he was.Far from giving support,Winstons father predicted his child would degenerate into a shabby,unhappy and futile existence.Text 5 He left school and,after three attempts,got into the military academy at Sandhurst.After Sandhurst he went looking for military action wherever it was.He paid for him

9、self by doubling up as a war correspondent.He used his dispatches to promote himself as a hero of the Boer War,and returned to England in 1900 renowned and all set to become an MP.Text 6 He was elected as Tory MP for Oldham in the same year.Then he swapped to the Liberals,then back.He was never real

10、ly a Party animal.He cared about Britain.His vision was of a place with better living standards for ordinary people,but with a fierce regard for law and order.Though he wasnt a vicious man,Churchills attitude to suffragettes,trade unionists or anyone who challenged the system was brutal.His weapon o

11、f first resort was the army.Text 7 But then hed always wanted to be a general.This ambition dated back to the days when he spent his school holidays playing with toy soldiers in the corridors of Blenheim Palace,below the tapestries of his heroic ancestors.He must have been delighted when,in 1911,he

12、was made First Lord of the Admiralty and even more so when the First World War offered him the opportunity to plan a major military offensive at Gallipoli,in 1915.Text 8 Gallipoli was a disaster,costing Winston his job and nearly his sanity.This was the onset of his first major bout of depression,a

13、curse he called his black dog.Thankfully he now had a wife,Clementine,to help him through it.She was 11 years younger than him,beautiful,clever and unswervingly loyal.Text She kept him together,but he got himself out of it,in true Churchillian fashion.To make amends for his mistake,he took himself o

14、ff to the trenches of France to fight.He must be one of the few soldiers to have written home from the First World War that he had found happiness and content such as I have not known for months.He was a man made for war.Text 9 By the time Churchill returned to England,hed already achieved many grea

15、t things.Hed been a successful journalist,hed fought for his country and hed held high office,as he was to do again in the 1920s as Chancellor of the Exchequer.But by 1930,Labour was in power and he was on the backbenches,a nobody and a has-been.He largely sat out the 1930s at his country retreat Ch

16、artwell.Text 10 In September 1938,Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain(18691940)famously brandished an agreement hed signed with Adolf Hitler(18891945)and declared hed secured peace in our time.You could almost hear the sighs of relief.But not from Winston.Hed predicted long before anyone else what Ge

17、rman nationalism was leading to.Text By the time he was proved right,and war had been declared,King George VI(18951952)knew that there was only one person I could send for to form a Government who had the confidence of the country.And that was Winston.When the call came,Churchill was 65-year-old.It

18、had been a long wait,but destiny had arrived.Text 11 People talk of 1066,of the Armada,of Trafalgar.But 1940 was the most important year in British history.It was the year of Dunkirk,the Battle of Britain,the Blitz.It was the year when every single Briton,civilian as well as soldier,found themselves

19、 at war.The cause appeared hopeless,yet Winston,reviving the V sign for victory from the fields of Agincourt 500 years before,told us we could win.Text 12 Churchill was an instinctive,daring,often infuriating war leader.He was rude and unpleasant to his staff,who struggled to keep up with his limitl

20、ess capacity for hard work and hard liquor.But he was also an inspiration.When victory was finally declared in Europe on 8 May 1945,it was quickly followed by a general election.Text The billboards said Cheer Churchill,Vote Labour,and thats what people did.That was the irony.The very democracy that

21、Churchill was prepared to lay down his life to defend was the same democracy that knew the difference between the needs of peace and the needs of war.Text 13 When Churchill died in 1965,the new rock-and-roll Britain stood still.If Britain its eccentricity,its strength of character,its big-heartednes

22、s had to be summed up in one person,it was him.He had gone,but,thanks to him,Britain lived on.And what could be greater than that?Text 温斯顿温斯顿丘吉尔丘吉尔 1 1940年夏天，英国面临外敌入侵，孤立无援。在这一危急时刻，有一个人温斯顿丘吉尔挺身而出，显示了英国人的英雄本色。我们英国人喜欢把自己看成是一个宽容而坚忍的民族。但是丘吉尔以他卓越的领导才能和光辉的榜样让我们看到，当我们所珍视的一切我们的民主、我们的自由受到威胁的时候，我们会展示出无与伦比的勇气和决

23、心。Text 2“我所能奉献的唯有热血、辛劳、眼泪和汗水。你问我们的政策是什么？我会说我们的政策就是在海、陆、空全面开战，竭尽全力，尽上帝赋予我们的全部力量去战斗；与黑暗的、可悲的人类罪恶史上最穷凶极恶的暴政作战。你问我们的目标是什么？我可以用一个词来回答，那就是胜利。不惜一切代价，去夺取胜利。战胜一切恐怖，去夺取胜利。不论前方的道路多么漫长、多么艰辛，一定要夺取胜利。”Text 3 在这样一个时刻，英国必须显示出她最伟大的一面。而在丘吉尔身上，我们看到了一个最伟大的英国人。4 1874年，温斯顿丘吉尔出生于英国一个极为显赫的家庭。丘吉尔家族世代为国王和国家出生入死，征战沙场。温斯顿年轻的时候

24、一直相信他会继承父业。但是他一直能够保持自信却与他的家庭无关，他的家人并没有给他多少支持。Text 他的父亲伦道夫丘吉尔勋爵（18491895）和母亲珍妮（18541921）都是冷漠、拒人于千里之外的人。他们把温斯顿送到了哈罗公学。他既不英俊又不聪明；他体弱多病，说话口齿不清，还结巴。他是那种在学校里注定要被人欺负的学生实际情况也是如此。温斯顿的父亲不仅没有给他支持和帮助，还预测他的儿子将来会“沦落到穷困潦倒、一事无成、抑郁而终的地步”。Text 5 离开学校之后，经过三次努力，温斯顿进入了位于桑赫斯特的英国皇家陆军军官学校。从桑赫斯特毕业之后，他就找地方去打仗不管是什么地方。他自费兼任战地记

25、者，并因报道出色而成为布尔战争的英雄。因此当1900年回到 英国的时候，他已经名满天下，为当选国会议员铺平了道路。Text 6 同年，他代表奥德姆市当选为保守党国会议员。此后，他一度转投自由党，后来又重回保守党。他从来不是一个热衷于党派斗争的人。他只关心英国的前途和命运。他理想中的英国是普通百姓安居乐业的地方，但同时他又非常看重法律和社会秩序。尽管丘吉尔不是一个邪恶的人，但他对妇女参政论者、工会主义者以及任何想要挑战现行体制的人都残酷无情，他首先想到的手段就是动用军队进行镇压。Text 7 但是他一直想当一名将军。这个理想可以追溯到他的学生时代。学校放假的时候，他就在布伦海姆宫的走廊里、在他那

26、些战功卓著的祖先的织锦画像下玩玩具士兵，那时候他就萌生了这种理想。1911年，被任命为海军大臣的时候，他一定非常高兴；1915年，当第一次世界大战让他有机会制定加利波利重大攻势计划的时候，他更是欣喜万分。Text 8 但是加利波利战役以惨败收场，让温斯顿丢掉了饭碗，也使他几乎精神崩溃。丘吉尔第一次犯严重的抑郁症就是从那个时候开始的，他把这个让他痛苦不堪的疾病称为“黑狗”（沮丧）。值得庆幸的是，此时他已经娶妻成家。他的妻子克莱门泰因帮他度过了难关。她比他小11岁，美丽、聪明、忠贞不渝。Text 她让他振作起来，但最终丘吉尔以自己特有的方式走出了抑郁。为弥补他的过失，他奔赴法国战场，在战壕中浴血奋

27、战。在第一次世界大战中，大概没有几个士兵会像他那样从战场上写信回家，说他“感觉到了几个月来从没有过的幸福和满足”。他就是为战争而生的。Text 9 当丘吉尔回到英国的时候，他已经成就了丰功伟业。他曾是一名成功的记者，他曾为国家浴血奋战，他曾经身居高位。在20世纪20年代他再次官居要职，担任财务大臣。但是到了1930年，工党开始执政，而他只是一名后座议员，一个无足轻重的小人物，一名过气的政客。30年代的大部分时间，他都在他的乡间别墅查特威尔庄园里闲坐度日。Text 10 1938年9月，时任首相的内维尔张伯伦（18691940）公开挥舞着他和阿道夫希特勒（18891945）签订的和平协议，宣告他

28、已经确保了我们这个时代的和平。你甚至都可以听到人们如释重负地松了一口气。但是丘吉尔并不这么认为。他预测到比任何人都要早德国的民族主义会走向何方。Text 事态的发展证明他是对的，战争爆发了，英国国王乔治六世（18951952）知道“要组建一个能赢得全国信任的政府，我只能去请一个人，那就是温斯顿。”任命下来的时候，丘吉尔已经65岁了。为这一天他等了很久，但上天最终还是把大任交给了他。Text 11人们经常会说起1066年的诺曼征服，说起击败西班牙无敌舰队的壮举，提到特拉法尔加战役这些重要的历史事件。但其实1940年才是英国历史上最重要的一年。敦刻尔克大撤退、不列颠之战、德国空袭英国都发生在这一年

29、。在这一年，每一个英国人，不管是平民还是士兵，都发现自己处于战争之中。英国似乎不可能赢得这场战争，但是温斯顿用500年前阿金库尔战役中那个表示胜利的V字手势告诉我们，我们能够取得胜利。Text 12丘吉尔是一个直觉敏锐、大胆、常常令人恼火的战争领袖。他对部下粗鲁，令人不快。他工作起来不要命，喝起酒来也不要命，这让他的部下疲于应付。但同时他也鼓舞了无数人。1945年5月8日，欧洲最终宣布战争胜利，英国随即举行了大选。Text 英国许多告示牌上都写着“为丘吉尔喝彩，给工党投票”，而人们也确实是这么做的。这真是充满了讽刺意味。丘吉尔随时准备誓死保卫的民主国家知道和平时代的需求和战时的需求是不一样的。

30、Text 131965年，丘吉尔去世，刚刚进入摇滚乐时代的英国举国皆哀。如果要用一个人来代表英国的怪僻、坚强的个性和宽广的胸怀，那就是丘吉尔。丘吉尔已经离我们而去，但正是因为有了他，英国才得以存活下来。还有什么比这更伟大的业绩呢？Text Words&PhrasestolerantdemocracymightmonstroustyrannysurpasslamentablesuffragetteswaprenowneddispatchshabbydegeneratebullyloyalunswervinglyboutonsetsanityoffensiveAdmiraltysicklylisp

31、stammertapestrycorridorunionistchancellortrenchamendsWords&Phrasesbackbenchhas-beenretreatbrandishnationalismdestinyinfuriatingbig-heartednesseccentricitylimitlessliquorbillboardWords&Phraseson the brink of(doing)sth.pack offdouble(up)aslaw and orderdate back toget sb.out oftake offsit outsum upWord

32、s&PhrasesWinston Churchill 温斯顿丘吉尔Randolph Churchill 伦道夫丘吉尔Harrow 哈罗公学Sandhurst 桑赫斯特（英国陆军军官学校所在地）the Boer War 布尔战争MP(Member of Parliament)议员；下院议员Tory（英国的）保守党党员；保守党支持者Oldham 奥德姆市（英国西北部城市）Blenheim Palace 布伦海姆宫Gallipoli 加利波利（位于土耳其北部）Words&PhrasesClementine 克莱门泰因丘吉尔Chancellor of the Exchequer（英国）财政大臣Char

33、twell 查特威尔（丘吉尔静养居所）Neville Chamberlain 内维尔张伯伦Adolf Hitler 阿道夫希特勒King George VI 乔治六世Armada（16世纪西班牙的）无敌舰队Trafalgar 特拉法尔加（西班牙西南部港口城市）Dunkirk 敦刻尔克the Battle of Britain 不列颠之战 Words&Phrasesthe Blitz 德国对英国的空袭 Agincourt 阿金库尔战役 tolerant a.willing to accept someone elses beliefs,way of life etc.without critic

34、izing them,even if you disagree with them 容忍的；宽容的e.g.Closely related with this is the capacity to be tolerantnot,indeed,of what is wrong,but of the weaknesses and immaturity of human nature which induce people,and again especially children,to make mistakes.(CET4-2003-06)与此密切相关的是容忍的能力当然，不是容忍错误，而是容忍人性

35、中的弱点和不成熟，正是这些弱点和不成熟使得人们，尤其是孩子们，会犯错误。Word family:tolerance n.tolerantly ad.Words&Phrasesdemocracy n.U a system of government in which people vote in elections to choose the people who will govern them 民主；民主政体e.g.1.Ancient Athens is said to be the cradle of democracy.据说古代雅典是民主的摇篮。2.The principals demo

36、cracy made him popular among teachers and students.校长的民主作风使他受到师生的欢迎。Antonym:autocracyWords&Phrasesmight n.U great power or strength,especially a countrys military or economic power 力量；威力e.g.1.Their foreign policy is based on the principle that“might is right”.他们的外交政策建立在“强权即公理”的原则之上。2.To be frank,thi

37、s mission is beyond my might.坦白说，这一使命非我能力所及。3.He fought back with all his might.他倾全力反击。Word family:mighty a.Words&Phrasesmonstrous a.cruel,unfair,or morally wrong 残忍的；不公正的e.g.1.Any suggestion that I accepted bribes would be a monstrous slur.谁说我受贿就是对我恶意中伤。2.Its perfectly monstrous that men should be

38、paid more than women for the same job.做相同的工作，而男人所得报酬比女人多，这完全是不公正的。Word family:monster n.Words&Phrasestyranny n.C,U 1)a government that treats people in a cruel and unfair way,using force to control them 施行暴政的政府；专制政府e.g.The people will rise up to free themselves from tyranny.2)cruel and unfair treatm

39、ent by someone in a position of power 暴虐；暴行；专横e.g.Love is a sweet tyranny,because the lover endures its torment willingly.爱情专横而又甜蜜，因为恋爱者心甘情愿忍受其折磨。Words&Phrases人们将揭竿而起，摆脱暴政。surpass vt.be better or greater than sth.else 优于，超过（某事物）e.g.1.We will surpass our predecessors,and future generations will certa

40、inly surpass us.我们会超过前人，后人也必然会超过我们。2.The task surpassed his skill.以他的技术，这项工作他难以胜任。3.Do you alone surpass these in doctrine,in your manner of life,and in every other respect?难道你真的在做人原则、生活习惯和其他方面都比这些人卓越吗？Words&Phraseslamentable a.(fml)so bad that you feel disappointed or angry 令人痛惜的；糟糕的e.g.1.The decis

41、ion they made is a lamentable lack of foresight.他们做的决定实在缺乏远见。2.His death is a lamentable loss of our work.他的死对我们的工作来说是令人悲痛的损失。3.Nothing is more lamentable than a dead heart.哀莫大于心死。Word family:lamentation n.lamentably ad.lament v.&n.Words&Phrasessickly a.someone who is sickly is generally not healthy

42、 and is often ill 多病的，不健康的e.g.1.The trouble is that the boy is sickly.麻烦的是，这个孩子体弱多病。2.Her cheeks have a sickly pallor.她面色苍白带有病容。Word family:sickliness n.Words&Phraseslisp n.sing a speech defect or mannerism characterized by mispronunciation of the sounds(s)and(z)as(th)and(th)咬舌，口齿不清e.g.1.We had trou

43、ble not laughing at his lisp.我们很难不去笑他的口齿不清。2.We should not blame those who cannot speak English well because of a physical defect such as a natural lisp,stutter or dyslexia.因身体缺陷如天生口齿不清、结巴、诵读困难等而不能讲好英语者，我们不应当责怪。Words&Phrasesstammer n.sing a speech problem that makes you repeat a sound several times

44、when you try to say certain words 口吃；结巴e.g.1.The children teased the boy because of his stammer.孩子们取笑这个男孩子，因为他口吃。2.As a youth,Willis had a stammer that only disappeared when he was performing.青年时威利斯有口吃的毛病，但在他出时口吃竟然会消失。Words&Phrasesbully vt.frighten or hurt someone who is smaller or weaker than you 威

45、吓；欺侮e.g.1.He was bullied by the older boys at school.他在学校里受到大孩子的欺负。2.Youve got no right at all to bully the weak.你根本没有权利欺侮弱者。Words&Phrasesdegenerate vi.become worse 恶化e.g.1.Liberty is apt to degenerate into lawlessness.自由容易沦为无法无天。2.We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical v

46、iolence.我们不能容许我们富有创造性的抗议沦为暴力行动。Words&Phrasesshabby a.old and in bad condition 破旧的；寒酸的e.g.1.Grant was of humble origin,shabby in dress,rough in speech and manners.格兰特出身低微，衣着寒酸，说话粗鲁，态度生硬。2.What if my clothes are shabby and worn;they cover a warm heart.我的衣服破破烂烂又怎么样，它们遮掩着的是一颗热情的心。Words&Phrasesdispatch n

47、.&vt.1)n.C a report that a military officer sends from a battlefield(=a place where a battle is being fought)or a government official sends from a foreign country 战报e.g.1.Our unit received a dispatch from headquarters ordering us to tighten security.我们小分队收到了司令部的战报，命令我们加强安全措施。2.In his battle dispatch

48、 he described the gunners bravery.2)vt.(fml)send someone or something somewhere 派遣；发送；派送e.g.Please dispatch the TV sets we ordered by sea.请海运我们订购的电视机。Words&Phrases他的战斗报告记述了炮手的勇敢。renowned a.(as/for)famous and admired for a special skill or achievement 有名望的；著名的e.g.1.Perry was renowned as an aggressive

49、 competitor.佩利是出了名的强有力的竞争者。2.Suzhou is renowned to the world for its arts and crafts.苏州以其工艺品闻名全球。Words&Phrasesswap v.give sth.to someone in exchange for sth.else 交换e.g.1.If you like this one better,Ill swap with you.如果你更喜欢这个，我和你交换。2.Members are encouraged to swap books with each other.鼓励成员们互相交换书籍。3.

50、I liked her coat and she liked mine,so we swapped.我喜欢她的外套，她喜欢我的外套，于是我们就交换了。Words&Phrasessuffragette n.C in the UK and US,a woman who took part in public protests about giving women the right to vote in the early 1900s（20世纪初英美两国）为女性争取选举权的女子e.g.1.In July 1909,imprisoned English suffragette Marion Dunl