如何撰写与研究知识讲解.ppt

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1、演講者:黃肇瑞教授(jioshu)兼研發長第一页，共96页。綱綱 要要一.如何做好研究(ynji)工作二.如何撰寫科技論文三.如何發表科技論文第二页，共96页。如何(rh)做好研究工作第三页，共96页。一.好奇心第四页，共96页。二.創造力（1）給你的研究題目僅是作為大方向(fngxing)的指示，你有很大的空間發揮想像力，然後與指導教授討論如何實現夢想。（2）你甚至可以改變研究方向(fngxing)，但在做此之前，你必須以有相當的瞭解和實驗證據，否則你的夢想只是空想。（3）記住！你不是個不用大腦的勞工，在探討真理的使命下，研究之前人人平等，但因你在第一線，所以必須由你來告訴指導教授要做什麼，

2、千萬不要等指導教授告訴你要做什麼。第五页，共96页。三.動手（1）你唸的是工學院，因此必須多動手，也不要怕動手，若只看論文不動手，恐怕只是眼高手低而不會有實驗進度的。（2）勿只看論文不做實驗：必須與實驗相印證的學問才是活的，也只有動手去做，並由實驗結果去進一步找方向收尋資料及思考，你才會覺得研究很有趣，且會有成就感。（3）動手要膽大心細，用儀器前需熟讀使用說明，並多請教學長，必須操作(cozu)熟練後才可獨立操作(cozu)，以免損壞儀器。若儀器損壞，你第一個要想到的是哪裡故障？、自己如何修理？，而不是棄之不顧，或找人修或再買一個。第六页，共96页。四.全心投入（1）WHERE DOES TH

3、E IDEA COME FROM?平日(pngr)多看論文，多參加研討會，多與人談，多修相關課程，多注意可使用的儀器，必須全心投入，你的論文及研究才會有突破及創新。（2）THINK THINK AND THINK:“Think,If you still dont get it,think deeper”第七页，共96页。五.工欲善其事，必先利其器 平日多留意你可以用到的貴重儀器，並盡量去使用(shyng)含本系、外系、校外之設備，平日多利用儀器，不要到畢業前數個月才搶儀器用，那時候儀器很忙，也比較容易壞。多利用南部貴儀中心第八页，共96页。六.主動 主動找新方向，主動查資料，主動找指導教授討論

4、，主動找人談，不要(byo)被動的等待，時間過的飛快不會等你的。第九页，共96页。七.能力(nngl)培養多加強（1）中英文寫作能力（2）使用(shyng)電腦的能力（3）多運動保持快樂的心第十页，共96页。八.節儉使用(shyng)經費 經費得來不易(b y)，花很多研究經費並不表示研究成果好，申購程序（x元以上）務必依【自己審核大學長老師助理】之程序，省下的錢也是供實驗室同學大家使用。第十一页，共96页。九.吾道一以貫之（1）多想一想論文中各子題目實驗結果之層次性及相關性，論文之子題目不能各自(gz)獨立，各作討論，互不相關。（2）先觸類旁通、而後一以貫之。（3）三階段:1.見山是山，見水

5、是水 2.見山不是山，見水不是水 3.見山仍是山，見水仍是水 勿以為第二階段為第三階段第十二页，共96页。如何(rh)撰寫科技論文第十三页，共96页。論文書寫要點沒有東西就不要寫：勿為寫而寫先行閱讀標準之中英文論文格式內容，必要時須加以熟記。所有與你論文題目相關的知識，你都必須有相當程度 的瞭解，不可用我非該科系或非我領域為理由而不作(b zu)敘述及瞭解。在文中及結論中，必須強調你研究的創新之處及貢獻如何。論文是貴在創新。多用專有名詞，少用外行語。第十四页，共96页。“論”文不能只列出數據，對於數據結果要多找資料多說明多討論，多用大腦作”綜合”思考，才能對于結果作出好的說明。任何結論均須有資

6、料佐證或有實驗證據，不可憑空對於自己(zj)的數據亂下結論，同樣的佐料，會因廚師手藝之不同而做出差異很大的美食。多多引用參考資料，並可簡短加入別人之文句，以加強說服力。注意中文文法，句子要完整，也不要有沒頭沒腦、不知所云的單獨句子出現，每句每段必有其含意。且只有一含意。第十五页，共96页。表比字好，圖又比表好。年份8989898989899090909090月份789101112123453.123.233.193.253.263.323.433.793.873.974.2489年7月到90年5月止的失業率依序分別為；3.12、3.23、3.19、3.25、3.26、3.32、3.79、3.8

7、7、3.97、4.24第十六页，共96页。第一次碰到之名詞，若有必要第一次碰到之名詞，若有必要(byo)(byo)，可用中，可用中英文對照，但第二次以後則用中文即可。英文對照，但第二次以後則用中文即可。後續的熱處理（post heat-treatment）達到非晶質晶界相的去玻化（devitrification）第十七页，共96页。彼此有關係，且須作比較討論，才作在同一(tngy)圖中，沒有關係也無須比較；只是列舉，則不用作圖。小豬成長的論文無意義的比較無意義的比較兔子兔子烏龜烏龜小豬小豬體體重重(Kg)體體重重(Kg)小豬成長小豬成長一年一年 二年二年 三年三年有有 意意(yuy)義義 的的

8、比較比較第十八页，共96页。不要用複雜的子句(z j)，多用簡單句（亦即多用句點，且在一個句子中勿用二個以上逗點)。SnO2isaprototypicalopticallytransparentn-typesemiconductorthatiswidelyusedasabasematerialforthesensingofreducinggases,andthinfilmsofSnO2havebeensynthesizedbyvariousmeansincludingevaporation,sputtering，chemicalvapordeposition,sol-gelprocesses，

9、andpulsedlaserdeposition.SnO2 is a prototypicaloptically transparent n-type semiconductorthatiswidelyusedasabasematerialforthesensingofreducinggases.SPACEThinfilmsofSnO2havebeensynthesizedbyvariousmeans includingevaporation,sputtering，chemical vapor deposition,sol-gelprocesses,andpulsedlaserdepositi

10、on.第十九页，共96页。若是中文碩博士論文，故必須將英文名詞儘量翻譯成中文。簡單句主動動詞受詞“I”did this experiment.科技論文講求證據、客觀故少用I、We等主詞；如 I think.。用第三人稱，被動式；如“It”was proved that。熟讀中學英文文法(wnf)你知道The如何用嗎？熟讀數篇同領域之經典國際期刊論文。勿用重複之英文字或句。watched The surface was observed by SEM.examined第二十页，共96页。圖表圖和表的說明及指示一律用英文，以便未來出論文時可直接引用。圖表緊接在相關本文頁後，勿集中全部圖文於章節後，

11、以便閱讀。請參考期刊(qkn)論文或學長論文。所有圖、表、及參考數據都需”依序”說明。第二十一页，共96页。一定要先詳盡說明圖的X-Y 軸意義及每一個特徵，而且(r qi)一定要先如此作之後才可用此圖來說明別的結果。第二十二页，共96页。圖的數據點要”大”，所劃之線也要能彼此(bc)清楚分別出來。且盡量加上Error Bar以求真實性。Fig.6.Theload-displacementcurveofsiliconnitridefilmwithamaximumloadof1000N.字，圖過小Fig.6.The load-displacement curve ofsiliconnitridef

12、ilmwithamaximumloadof1000N.字大圖大字大圖大第二十三页，共96页。圖表不可(bk)超出邊界margin，必要時要縮小。Fig.7.Thehardnessandreducedelasticmodulusofsiliconnitridefilmsdepositedatvariousnitrogenflowrates,spacingbetweenemitterstripesandfluorescentscreenwas60cm.theinsetshowsaFN-likeplotindicatingFEdownto190v,theSEMimagesaretakenwithlo

13、welectronenergy(3kv)becauseathigherenergiesthethin(50nm)delaminateda-c:nfilms,whichbeartheFEcurrent,arenearlyinvisibleduetoirradiation.第二十四页，共96页。相似(xin s)之結果圖勿重複放，放一個典型的結果圖即可，其餘可用文字說明其結果相同。第二十五页，共96页。簡單、明瞭全文要提綱挈領，條理分明，組織嚴密，具一貫性，切忌雜亂無章；文章分段要清楚，每一段均要有重點，且只有(zhyu)一個重點，謹記伏筆及畫龍點睛之妙用，及起承轉合之技巧。好好用標點符號，不要亂

14、用標點混淆文意。論文以”完整”、”清楚”為原則。這是你的論文，若你對 自己的論文不滿意，就不要送出。第二十六页，共96页。主目錄層次簡單，用字簡短，子目錄必須整合(zhn h)且勿有太多層次，必須提綱挈領，不可有太多瑣碎之獨立標題。恰當的目錄恰當的目錄第三章、實驗方法與步驟3.1實驗流程3.2實驗前準備3.2.1基材前處理3.2.2實驗設備3.2.3濺鍍步驟與條件3.2.4退火(tuhu)處理3.2.5鍍層分析、濺鍍速率、電性光學性質性質測試3.2.5.1測量濺鍍速率3.2.5.2電性量測3.2.5.3光學性質量測3.2.5.4微結構觀察3.2.5.5X-ray繞射分析3.2.5.6AES成份

15、分析不恰當的目錄不恰當的目錄第二十七页，共96页。實驗步驟需詳細，至學弟妹(dmi)可照作，而且需列出使用儀器，粉料之廠商，規格，型號.等。本實驗使用(shyng)UV-VIS可見光光譜（UV-visiblerecordingSpectrophotometer,UV-160A,SHIMADZU,JAPAN）進行薄膜的可見光穿透率之量測第二十八页，共96页。所有(suyu)樣品代號必須簡單且易由其代號瞭解其特徵。在經過均質化、300度滾軋、退火(tu hu)等前處理製程的鎂合金試片(H.300.R.A.Mg.A).過於複雜的樣品代號第二十九页，共96页。參考資料要完全，而且每一篇參考資料均要有全

16、部(qunb)的作者名字、題目、雜誌、年份、頁數等資料，主要的參考資料需全部(qunb)列出且清楚表示。第三十页，共96页。MATERIALSCHEMISTRYANDPHYSICSINCLUDINGMATERIALS SCIENCECOMMUNICATIONS1.Is the subject matter suitable for publication in MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS?2.Overall Evaluation of the Manuscript(In numerical score from 0 to 5)(Please do summa

17、rize reasons in question“5”if the overall evaluation is 2 or less)3.Does the paper contain materials that might well be omitted?If so,what?4.Please list further comments or specific suggestions in the following.Reject(0)Resubmission(After rewrite)(1)Major Revision(2nd Review)(2)Revision(Mandatory)(3

18、)Minor Revision(Optional)(4)Accept As it is(5)第三十一页，共96页。Itemized Evaluation(Any item being graded Marginal or Poor may subject this manuscript to Rejection)PoorMarginalAcceptableGoodIs the paper a new and original contribution?Is the abstract adequate and informative?Is the paper clearly presented

19、and well organized?Are the conclusions sound and justified?Does the paper give adequate references to related work?Are the illustrations and tables all necessary and adequate?MATERIALSCHEMISTRYANDPHYSICSINCLUDINGMATERIALS SCIENCECOMMUNICATIONS第三十二页，共96页。How to write a good paper第三十三页，共96页。The Proble

20、mWe spend 20%of our time preparing“research reports”without trainingIn contrast,we are trained to program computers,use oscilloscopes,SEMs etc.第三十四页，共96页。Not a Murder Mystery!No virtue in keeping reader in suspenseReader wants info.,not your personal history in arriving at resultslTime sequence rele

21、vant,only to the extent that it affects resultOrganization,sequence of presentation optimized to convey information(not to make a good story!)第三十五页，共96页。Before you begin to write Define the“Research Question”Good research papers revolve around a“research question”lExample:“How does bias voltage affe

22、ct the adhesion and interface structure of Ti-Al-N coatings?lAnswered in the conclusion第三十六页，共96页。English Composition SuggestionsHierarchal Structure(“top-down organization”):lChapter,SectionSub-section,etcParagraphSentenceBefore writing text.Write a detailed outline-down to the level of defining th

23、e topic of each paragraph第三十七页，共96页。English Composition-The sentence.contdSimplify sentences by using natural verb form.Rather than derived noun plus generalized verb:write:The coating hardness was measured using a nano-identer.第三十八页，共96页。English Composition The sentence,contdAvoid beginning the sen

24、tence with long prepositional phrases:Using a CSEM model 3400 nano-indenter equipped with a flashlight and a microcomputer,The hardness of the coating was measured.第三十九页，共96页。English Composition,contdThe ParagraphlDevelopes a topiclAt least 2 sentences,more preferredl1st sentence defines the topic o

25、f the paragraphlSubsequent sentences develop idea in logical orderlFinal sentence presents conclusion,or main point第四十页，共96页。Organization of the PaperAbstractSummarizes workIntroductionWhat are we talking about?Experimental DetailsWhat did we do?ResultsWhat did we get?DiscussionSo What?Conclusions3

26、key point you want reader to remember第四十一页，共96页。Introdution Objective of the introdution:give reader sufficient background information so that he can understand and appreciate your work!第四十二页，共96页。Introdution4 required parts:lI.General background lII.Literature ReviewlIII.GaplIV.Statement of Purpose

27、2 optional partslV.Value statementslVI.Preview第四十三页，共96页。Intro:I.General BackgroundPurpose:lPlace paper in broad contextlBring reader up to speedStylelShould be understandable by every readerlDefines topiclShort(1 par.3-5 sentences)lUsually very general.Non-controversial sentences第四十四页，共96页。Intro:II

28、.Literature ReviewPurposelBy showing what was done.Set the stage for stating what was not done previously(in III)Organization order citation by:lApproach(end with that closest to yours).lRelevance(end with most relevant)lChronologically(end with latest)第四十五页，共96页。Lit.Review,contdDo not use reference

29、 numbers as words!lNo:Examples of crack propagation in composite materials are given in 14lInstead:Crack propagation has been previously investigated 14.lBetter to cite work by authors name(followed by ref number).第四十六页，共96页。Lit.Review,contdYour own previous work?lTreat your own previous work fairly

30、lReferees and readers very suspicious if work of author or authors group cited out of proportion,or work of others ignored.第四十七页，共96页。Intro.III.Gap SentenceSummarizes state of knowledge by indicating:lWhat was not done orlError in previous work(be careful and tactful!)orlDisagreements.Controversy be

31、tween various sources.第四十八页，共96页。Gap SentenceMost important sentence for getting paper accepted!l(most?)common cause for paper rejecton nothting newlGap sentence,by indicating what wasnt done previously shows that your work is new!lA good“gap”sentence forces reviewer to work hard to reject paper for

32、 lack of novelty第四十九页，共96页。Intro.III.Gap Sentence(contd)Usually 1 sentence longAlways negative Must relate to previous by you and your group in same manner as other papersSentence should be explicit,precise,and focused:Example:“The dependence of the interface structure between Ti substrates and Al f

33、ilms on the substrate bias voltage has not yet been determined.”第五十页，共96页。Intro.III.Gap Sentence(contd)Dont be wishy-washyl“Few research have investigated.”Begs the question “what about the few?”The“few”should be the focus of the literature reference,and the gap should be relative to theml“To the be

34、st of our knowledge,no one has”Its the authors job to know the literature!第五十一页，共96页。Into.IV-Statement of PurposeStyle notes:lThe objective of research is not to do research(or study,investigate,etc.)Instead,use more decisive terms-measure,determine,construct,calculate,etc.第五十二页，共96页。Intro.Optional

35、PartsV.Statement of ValuelIndicate importance or significance of work lShort(1-2 sentences)lModest toneVI.PreviewlUseful for long paperslGive principal resultslIndicate organization第五十三页，共96页。Experimental DetailslSometimes called:Experimental Apparatus and Procedure Methods and MaterialsAnswers the

36、question“what did I do?”第五十四页，共96页。Experimental DetailsAmount of detail:absolutely must include sufficient detail so that every result presented can be duplicated elsewherelIf you have secrets necessary to get the reported results,dont publish!Nice to report details which would help your readersElim

37、inate extraneous detail第五十五页，共96页。Experimental DetailsStart with apparatusStandard or well-known apparatus mention,define,give ref,as appropriateNon-standard,not well-known.describe1.Define purpose2.Give brief overall description(use a diagram)3.Describe parts Some logical order(signal or material f

38、low,left-right,top-bottom,etc.)4.Describe inter-relation of parts,operation.第五十六页，共96页。Apparatus DiagramsSchematic-show only parts necessary to understand operation lAll parts mentioned in text should be labeled in diagramlAll unusual parts in diagram should be described in text.No workshop drawings

39、lToo detailedlLines too thinNo photographslEasier to understand schematic drawing第五十七页，共96页。Theoretical Papers Model Assumptions,Derivation of EquationsAlso answers“what did I do?“State all assumptions first,then develop equationsGive sufficient detail for duplicatin elsewhereDefine each symbollEith

40、er 1st time used,or lIn Nomenclature table第五十八页，共96页。ResultsThree information elements types of sentencesLocation(L)sentences indicates which figures or tables contain a particular result.Presentation(P)sentences presents the most important findingsComments(C)are sentences which comment on the resul

41、ts Sometimes L&P are combined in a single sentence第五十九页，共96页。Results.contdtypeexampleLThe correlation as a function of distance from the jet outlet is shown in Fig 3PIt may be seen that the correlation decrease steeply with distance and become negligible after 5 cmCThis results differs significantly

42、 from those observed with conventional jetsL&PThe wavelet intensity had a Gausian temporal profile,Whose width decreases with the distance between the sources,as may be seen in Fig 4CThis is similar to the results from ring sourcesL&PThe wavelet intensity had a Gausian temporal profile,whose width d

43、ecreases with the distance between the sources(Fig4)LTable 5 summarizes the composition and wear properties of coating deposited under various conditions第六十页，共96页。Results-Style and GrammerLocation sentences -In present tense -both active&passive OKPresentation sentences -Summarize most important res

44、ults of tables and figures-“Blind mans rule”-Usually use past tense -Be precise.And as quantitative as necessary possible第六十一页，共96页。“Increasing”information in presentation sentences1 It may be seen that Y depended on X2 It may be seen that Y increased on X3 It may be seen that Y increased linearly w

45、ith X4 It may be seen that Y=22.3X+32第六十二页，共96页。Results-Style and GrammarComment sentences:-Only comments intimately related to specific finding put more general comments in Discussion-Dont mix“facts”(ie.results)with interpretations,speculations,etc.Put these in the Discussion第六十三页，共96页。Results-all

46、the conditions Be sure that all the conditions,parameters,etc required to obtain a particular result(e.g.in a specific figure)are given!If the conditions are not completely specified in“Experimental Details”(if there were variable parameters).Then they must be given either in Location sentence capti

47、on or figureAlways give conditions first,then the result.(1.what you did 2.what you got)第六十四页，共96页。Results-figures and tablesChoose most appropriate format to make your point -Tables where absolute value is most important -Graph where trend is most important -Choose axis so it(and not a parameter)re

48、presents the most important variable第六十五页，共96页。Results-figures and tablesHeads-up display-all required info on the graph(if possible),rather than in caption or textBut dont crowdIlliterate mans rule -Figures should be understandable to an illiterate Dont be lazy-author should work,not readerAlways s

49、pecify units -Do not use V,1000第六十六页，共96页。Discussion勿缺臨門一腳：Answer the question“So what?”Typical Elements in the Discussion -Specific reference to the present study:1 Reference to the main purpose or hypothesis 2 Review of the most important findings 3 Limitations and justifications:demonstration of

50、self-consistency(e.g.with mode assumptions)demonstration of statistical validity technique limitations and their implications 第六十七页，共96页。Discussion,cont Comparisons between different elements of the present studies with previous works(between various theories,between various experiments between expe