实用英语语法教程-第八章非限定动词教学提纲.ppt
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1、第八章第八章 非限定非限定(xindng)动词动词 1不定式 2.动名词 3.分词(fn c)第一页,共53页。1.不定式 1.1不定式的基本用法 不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语以及宾语补足(b z)语等。(1)不定式作主语。例如:To hesitate means failure.当主语较长而谓语较短时,常用it 作形式主语,不定式短语则放在谓语的后面。例如:It took me three days to bring this work to an end.It is better to be envied than to be pitied.(2)不定式作表语。例如:
2、To know everything is to know nothing.第二页,共53页。当句子的主语为aim(目的),ambition(志愿),duty(责任),function(功能),goal(目标),idea(想法(xing f)),intention(意图),objective(目的),plan(计划),purpose(目的),reason(理由),suggestion(建议),wish(愿望)等抽象名词时,常常用不定式作句子的表语。例如:The goal of the exchange program is to promote the understanding betwee
3、n the two countries.Her suggestion is to look into the matter immediately.第三页,共53页。(3)不定式作宾语。例如:Mr.Smith promised to buy his son a birthday gift.常跟不定式作宾语的动词有:afford(负担得起),agree(同意),aim(目标是),apply(申请),ask(要求),attempt(试图(sht)),beg(恳求),consent(同意),decide(决定),demand(要求),determine(决心),expect(期待),fail(未能)
4、,hope(希望),intend(打算)等。不定式充当宾语时,如果后面再接一个宾语补足语,则需要用it作形式宾语,而将不定式移到补语后面。例如:Tom found it hard to achieve the goal his parents set for him.This has made it necessary for us to apply for a new licence.第四页,共53页。(4)不定式作宾语补足语。例如:I encouraged the students to ask more questions in class.常用不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:advise(
5、劝告),allow(允许),ask(要求),beg(乞求),cause(引起),command(命令),compel(迫使),encourage(鼓励(gl)),expect(期望),force(迫使),get(使得),instruct(指示),intend(打算),invite(邀请),order(命令),permit(允许),persuade(说服),prefer(宁愿),press(迫使),remind(提醒),request(要求),tell(告诉)等。第五页,共53页。(5)不定式作定语,例如:They had their families to support.This is th
6、e only way to break open the box.下面的一些名词后常跟不定式作定语:ability(能力),agreement(同意),ambition(志向),anxiety(渴望),attempt(试图)campaign(运动),claim(宣称),chance(机会),decision(决定(judng)),determination(决心),eagerness(急切),effort(努力),inclination(倾向,爱好),intention(意图),impatience(不耐烦)一些词组如the first,the second,the last,the best
7、,the only thing,the most suitable等后面也常跟不定式作定语。例如:He is always the first to answer questions.Is a solicitor the best person to advise me about buying a house?第六页,共53页。(6)不定式作状语表示目的(为了加强语势,还可用in order to/so as to来引导不定式),例如:The whole family went to the beach to spend their weekend.表示结果(有时在不定式前加上only,表示
8、出乎意料或令人不愉快的结果),例如:A few days later he came back only to find that the troops had left.表示原因(yunyn),例如:We shall be very happy to cooperate with you in the project.表示条件,例如:How can you catch the train to start so late?第七页,共53页。【注】不定式作状语时,要注意so as to 和soas to 的区别。so as to 引导的是目的状语,相当于in order to,表示“以便”;而
9、soas to引导是结果状语,so后面跟形容词或副词,表示“到这种程度以致”。例如:You have to do twelve courses so as to obtain the degree.He spoke so eloquently as to move us to tears.(7)不定式作独立成分(相当于句子(j zi)状语),例如:To make a long story short,this film is rather fantastic.To tell the truth,I dont like his dinning etiquette at all.此类不定式短语常见
10、的有:to begin with(首先),to make matters worse(更糟糕的是),to put it straight(直截了当地说),to put it in another way(换句话说),to be honest(老实说),to sum up(总而言之)等。第八页,共53页。1.2 不定式的时式(sh sh)和语态 不定式有一般、进行(jnxng)、完成和完成进行(jnxng)四种时式,一般式和完成式有被动语态变化形式(见下表):第九页,共53页。1.2.1 不定式的时式(sh sh)不定式的时式包括不定式的一般式、完成(wn chng)式、进行式和完成(wn ch
11、ng)进行式四种。(1)如果不定式的动作发生在句子的谓语动词的动作之后,或与句子的谓语动词的动作同时发生,通常使用不定式的一般式。例如:Mike decided to work hard this semester.He is pleased to be my friend.(2)如果不定式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作发生在同一时间,而不定式由动态动词充当,通常要用不定式的进行式。例如:They seemed to be watching TV.The boys seem to be getting along quite well.第十页,共53页。(3)如果不定式表示的动作发生在句子的谓
12、语(wiy)动词表示的动作之前,通常使用不定式的完成式。例如:They are said to have finished the project two months before.They claimed to have shot down 22 planes.(4)如果不定式表示的动作发生在句子的谓语(wiy)动词表示的动作之前,并且该动作一直在进行着,通常使用不定式的完成进行式。例如:Tom was happy to have been staying with his uncle.He was too young to have been working for ten years.
13、第十一页,共53页。1.2.2 不定式的语态(y ti)(1)不定式有主动语态和被动语态两种。如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者,则要用不定式的被动态。例如:Its an honor for me to be invited to speak here.He is said to have been elected monitor of class two.The football star refused to be photographed.(2)在某些结构及习惯用法中,常用(chn yn)不定式的主动态表示被动含义。例如:The old man is hard to convinc
14、e.This fruit is not fit to eat in this season.There is so much work to do.第十二页,共53页。1.3 不定式的其他(qt)要点1.3.1“It is+形容词+for(或 of)+sb.+不定式”句型这一句型中,for(或of)引导的是不定式的逻辑主语。一般情况下用for引导,但下列(xili)表示人物特征的形容词常用of 搭配:bold(胆大的),brave(勇敢的),careful(小心的),clever(聪明的),considerate(体贴的),foolish(愚蠢的),generous(慷慨的),nice(好的)
15、,rash(鲁莽的)等。例如:It is hard for him to get rid of his bad habit.It will be important for us to attend the meeting.Its careless of you to make such a mistake.第十三页,共53页。1.3.2 分裂不定式在to和动词原形之间插入修饰不定式的副词叫分裂不定式,这种结构可清楚(qng chu)地表明副词是修饰不定式而不是其他。例如:He failed to entirely/fully/completely understand it.1.3.3 不带
16、to的不定式(1)当不定式充当一些感知动词以及使役动词的宾语时一般不带to。这类词有:feel,observe,hear,watch,perceive,listen to,see,look at,make,let,have等。例如:The old couple like to watch the children play.The general manager let his secretary type a business correspondence.【注】这些动词用于被动式时,后面要跟带to的不定式。第十四页,共53页。(2)在do nothing/anything/everythi
17、ng/but,can/could not but,do nothing(else)than,would/had soonerthan,would/had ratherthan等习惯用法中。例如(lr):She did nothing but weep last night.Ill do anything but apologize to him.The enemy could do nothing else than surrender.第十五页,共53页。(3)当句子的主语含有(hn yu)实意动词do时,充当表语的不定式常可省 略to。例如:The first thing he did o
18、n his return to his hometown was(to)visit his school teachers.All she can do is scare us to death.(4)充当help的宾语或宾语补足语的不定式可带to,也可不带to 例如:Salt even help relieve itching.Computers can help us(to)deal with the knowledge explosion in many ways.第十六页,共53页。1.3.4 不定式的否定(fudng)式不定式的否定(fudng)式是not+to do。例如:It w
19、ould be unwise not to strive for a good education.不努力争取接受良好的教育是不明智的。She went in quietly so as not to wake the baby.她静悄悄地进去,以防把婴儿弄醒。Paul appears never to say“no”to anyone.保罗似乎从没对谁说过“不”。第十七页,共53页。1.3.5“疑问词不定式”结构(jigu)不定式前面可加上where,how,what,whichwhether,when,whom等疑问词,这个(zh ge)结构可作主语、宾语、表语和同位语等。例如:How t
20、o improve oral English is often discussed among the students.I dont know what/which/who(m)to choose.We pain little attention to where to hold the meeting.第十八页,共53页。1.3.6“介词(jic)关系代词不定式”结构这种结构一般充当名词的定语,作用类似(li s)于定语从句。例如:Yet now he had no pretext on which to prolong his stay.现在他没有借口来延长他的逗留时间。It was a
21、 good season in which to have outings.这是一个短途游玩的好季节。第十九页,共53页。2.动名词 2.1 动名词的基本用法动名词主要起名词的作用,可在句子中充当主语、表语(bioy)、宾语、同位语和定语等。(1)动名词作主语。例如:Seeing is believing.眼见为实。Not being tall is not a serious disadvantage in life.The lighting of fires is forbidden.(2)动名词作表语(bioy)。例如:My hobby is playing the piano.第二十页
22、,共53页。2.3.2既可跟动名词又可跟不定式作宾语(bny)的动词这些动词又可分为两类:(1)其后跟动名词还是不定式意义有本质区别。例如:chance to do(碰巧做某事)chance doing(冒险做某事)forget to do(忘记要做某事)forget doing(忘记做过某事)go on to do(做完一件事,继续做另外一件事)go on doing(继续做同一件事)remember to do (记得要做某事)remember doing (记得做过某事)regret to do(因要做某事而感到(gndo)不安)regret doing(后悔做过某事)try to do
23、(设法做某事)try doing(试着做某事)mean to do(打算做某事)mean doing(意味着做某事)第二十一页,共53页。(3)动名词作宾语。例如(lr):We appreciate his devoting himself to the cause of sports.He was deeply in trouble and considered going away.(4)动名词作介词宾语。例如(lr):He left without saying good-bye to us.The boy apologized for breaking the vase.第二十二页,共
24、53页。(5)动名词作同位语。例如:He enjoys his present job,working as an assistant to the manager.My interest,collecting coins,takes up much of my spare time.(6)动名词作前置定语。例如:driving licence(驾驶执照),waiting-room(等候室),sleeping car(卧车),working language(工作语言)【注】现在分词也可以充当前置定语,这时被修饰(xish)的名词常常是它逻辑上的主语。例如:running water(=wat
25、er that runs),growing crops(=crops that are growing),a smiling girl(=a girl that smiles),a sleeping baby(=a baby who is sleeping)。第二十三页,共53页。2.2 动名词的完成(wn chng)式和被动式(1)动名词的完成式如果句子中动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前,就要用动名词的完成式,即:having+done。例如(lr):I did not deny having told him a lie.My father was praised for having
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