严重创伤病人的麻醉教学内容.ppt
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1、严重创伤病人的麻醉严重创伤病人的麻醉几个概念几个概念创伤创伤多发伤多发伤多部位伤多部位伤复合伤复合伤轻伤轻伤中等伤中等伤重伤重伤严重创伤严重创伤2Why should we learn trauma anesthesia?Anesthesiologists are being faced with anesthetizing an increasing number of trauma patientAll anesthesiologists will likely have significant and unpredictable exposure to trauma patients3I
2、n 1993,approximately 90,000 individuals in the U.S died of accidental injuries,for a rate of 34.9 deaths per 100,000 population,the second lowest accidental death rate on record4In the same year there were an estimated 18,200,000 disabling accidental injuries,or about 2,080 injuries every hour,and t
3、he 90,000 accidental deaths amounted to 1 every 6 minutes-and these numbers excluded the rising level of intentional injuries caused by attempted or successful suicides and homicides5 Injury ranks as the fourth leading cause of death in the U.S.Currently,for American younger than 40 years,trauma is
4、the most common cause of death,following heart disease,cancer,and cerebrovascular disease6Potential roles of the anesthesiologist in this areaTrauma team memberTrauma team leaderAnesthesiologistCritical care physician7Pain relief physicianProhospital care physicianCritical care transport physician o
5、r directorDisaster planning consultant8病情评估病情评估9病情评估病情评估评分系统(评分系统(scoring system)创伤机制创伤机制(mechanisms of injury)10Scoring systemASAPSGCS:a useful prognostic tool for patient with acute head injuriesTS,RTS(revised trauma score)and PTS(pediatric trauma score):used to predict outcome and direct patients
6、 to appropriate facilities.CRAMS Score11ASA分级分级 I 级级重要器官、系统功能正常重要器官、系统功能正常 II级级轻微的系统性疾病,但代偿完全轻微的系统性疾病,但代偿完全III级级有严重的系统性疾病,功能受损但未丧失有严重的系统性疾病,功能受损但未丧失工作能力工作能力IV级级有严重系统性疾病,丧失工作能力,持续有严重系统性疾病,丧失工作能力,持续威胁生命威胁生命V级级濒死(濒死(moribund)患者,不做手术预计患者,不做手术预计2424小时内死亡者小时内死亡者在分级前加在分级前加“E E”表示急诊手术患者分级,如表示急诊手术患者分级,如E EII
7、I级级GCS(Glasgow coma score)Eye opening (41)Verbal responses(51)Motor responses (61)轻型:轻型:1315分,意识分,意识障碍障碍20min以内以内中型:中型:912分,意识障分,意识障碍碍20min 6h重型:重型:38分,伤后昏分,伤后昏迷至少迷至少6h以上或伤后以上或伤后24h内情况再次恶化者内情况再次恶化者13Eye openingSpontaneous-4To voice-3To pain-2To none-114Verbal reponsesOriented-5Confused-4Inappropriat
8、e-3Incomprehensive words-2None-115Motor responseObeys command-6Localizes pain-5Withdraws(pain)-4Flexion(pain)-3Extension(pain)-2None-116创伤机制创伤机制虽然创伤的原因多种多样,但各种创伤虽然创伤的原因多种多样,但各种创伤导致的损伤机制是相同的,因此可以用导致的损伤机制是相同的,因此可以用创伤性疾病(创伤性疾病(traumatic disease)来概括各来概括各种创伤导致的机体损害种创伤导致的机体损害了解创伤的损伤机制是创伤治疗的前提了解创伤的损伤机制是创伤治
9、疗的前提w钝性损伤与穿透性损伤钝性损伤与穿透性损伤w颈部与气道创伤颈部与气道创伤w胸部创伤胸部创伤w闭合性头部损伤与开放性股骨骨折闭合性头部损伤与开放性股骨骨折17严重创伤病人的病情特点严重创伤病人的病情特点病情紧急,伤情复杂病情紧急,伤情复杂生理紊乱重,并发症多,死亡率高生理紊乱重,并发症多,死亡率高疼痛剧烈疼痛剧烈饱胃饱胃19严重创伤病人的麻醉处理特点严重创伤病人的麻醉处理特点不能耐受深麻醉不能耐受深麻醉难以配合局部麻醉难以配合局部麻醉麻醉药物作用时间明显延长麻醉药物作用时间明显延长容易误吸容易误吸常需支持循环功能常需支持循环功能20术前准备术前准备Preoperative Prepara
10、tion21原则原则按步骤获取病史、体检、诊断和治疗的按步骤获取病史、体检、诊断和治疗的程序不适用于创伤病人程序不适用于创伤病人在经过在经过3045s的病情判断后应立即开的病情判断后应立即开始创伤救治始创伤救治经过初期复苏治疗后,应除外一切可能经过初期复苏治疗后,应除外一切可能的隐匿损伤的隐匿损伤22程序(程序(sequence of management of trauma patients)I.OverviewA.Perform visual scan of patient for obvious injuriesB.Obtain history from prehospital pers
11、onnel and patient(if able)II.Primary survey(ascertain“ABCDEs”)A.Airway maintenance(with cervical spine control)1.Look for chest wall movements,retraction,and nasal flaring2.Listen for breath sounds,stridor,and obstucted ventilation3.Feel for air movement23II.Primary survey(ascertain“ABCDEs”)B.Breath
12、ing(give supplemental oxygen)1.Determine whether ventilation is adequate2.Inspect chest to exclude open pneumothorax3.Auscultate for bilateral breath sounds4.Provide assisted ventilation for ventilatory failureC.Circulation(establish venous access)1.Check peripheral pulses,capillary refill,and blood
13、 pressure2.Obtain electrocardiogram3.Grade shock according to vital signs4.Correct hypovolemia and obtain blood samples24II.Primary survey(ascertain“ABCDEs”)D.Disability(determine neurologic status)1.Evaluate central functionA:alertV:responds to vocal stimulusP:responds to painful stimulusU:unrespon
14、sive2.Evaluate pupil response to lightE.Expose patient for complete examinationIII.Resuscitation phase IV.Secondary surveyV.Definitive care phase25气管插管术气管插管术需要立即行气管插管的适应症需要立即行气管插管的适应症nGCS 30%30%或出血继续,应输胶体和血,另外再加或出血继续,应输胶体和血,另外再加1 13 3倍的晶体液(根据临床表现和监测判断),这倍的晶体液(根据临床表现和监测判断),这部分病人同时需要纯氧通气以增加氧向组织中的释部分病人
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