八年级英语下Unit8-Grammar-focus课件(人教版)全面版知识分享.ppt

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1、八年级英语下八年级英语下Unit8-Unit8-Grammar-focusGrammar-focus课件课件(人人教版教版)全面版全面版现在完成时态现在完成时态PresentPerfectTenseGrammarFocus现在完成时：现在完成时：结构：结构：主语主语+have/has+动词的过去分词动词的过去分词一般疑问句一般疑问句：have/has?Yes,Ihave.No,Ihavent.Yes,shehas.No,shehasnt.现在完成时1.过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。和和already，never,ever,just,before,y

2、et等状语连等状语连用。用。2.过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，常与常与for或或since引起的一段时间状语连用。引起的一段时间状语连用。动词构成：动词构成：have/has+v过去分词过去分词havebreakfastIhavejusthadmybreakfast.(现在我不饿现在我不饿)Imnothungrynowmovedherein2004IstilllivehereIhavelivedhereforthreeyears.Ihavelivedheresince2004/threeyearsago.nowpast现在完成时的用法现在完成时的用

3、法:(1)表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。或结果。IhavealreadyreadTreasureIsland.Ihavereturnedthebooktothelibrary.Ihaveboughtanewhouse.现在完成时的时间状语现在完成时的时间状语:(1)用副词用副词already和和yet。already一般用于一般用于肯定句中肯定句中,yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中。一般用于否定句和疑问句中。Wehavealreadyfinishedourhomework.Wehaventfinishedourhomewo

4、rkyet.Haveyoufinisheddoingyourhomeworkyet?(2)用用ever和和never。多用于否定或疑问句中。多用于否定或疑问句中,表示表示“曾经曾经”或或“从未从未”等。等。HaveyoueverbeentotheGreatWall?你曾经去过长城吗？你曾经去过长城吗？No,IhaveneverbeentotheGreatWall.不不,我从未去过长城。我从未去过长城。No,never.不，不，从来没有。从来没有。现在完成时的时间状语现在完成时的时间状语:(3)用副词用副词just和和before。Ihavejustfinishedmyhomework.They

5、havenevervisitedtheGreatWallbefore.HaveyoueverbeentoHongKongbefore?(4)用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语,如如sofar/uptonow,inthepast/lastfewyears等等。SofarwehavelearnedsevenunitsDeqinghaschangedalotinthepast/lastfewyears.everjustalreadyyete.g.Haveyou_beentoJapan?Ihave_finishedmyhomework.Ihavefinishedmyhomew

6、ork_.Ihaventfinishedmyhomework_.（5）.just,already,yet,before/ever,never有此有此类副词时类副词时,常强调动作完成常强调动作完成,不强调动作的持续不强调动作的持续.2.现在完成时动词可以表示开始于过去持续现在完成时动词可以表示开始于过去持续到现在到现在(也许还会继续进行下去也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态。的动作或状态。1)IhavestudiedEnglishsincelastyear.我从去年开始学习英语。我从去年开始学习英语。2)ShehaslivedinBeijingforfiveyears.她住在北京已经五年了。她住

7、在北京已经五年了。(1).for+表示表示一段一段时间的短语时间的短语(2).since+表示表示过去时间点过去时间点的词语的词语(3).since+表示过去时间的时间状语表示过去时间的时间状语从句从句eg.Ihavebeenateacher_ayear.Hehasbeenatthisschool_1992.Wehavelearned1,000Englishwords_wecametothisschool.forsincesince现在完成时句中常见的时间状语现在完成时句中常见的时间状语A.表示从过去一直持续到现在表示从过去一直持续到现在,不能是具体不能是具体的过去时间。的过去时间。注意注意:

8、瞬间动词的肯定式不能和时间段状语连用。瞬间动词的肯定式不能和时间段状语连用。如：如：come,go,leave,arrive,buy,lose,receive,join,die,open,close,become,begin,start,borrow,stop,marry因为它们所表示的动作是因为它们所表示的动作是一时的一时的,不能延续的不能延续的,故不能与故不能与for,since等表示一段时间的状语连用。不过等表示一段时间的状语连用。不过,瞬间动词的否定式瞬间动词的否定式是是可以与表示持续的时间状语连用，可以与表示持续的时间状语连用，即动作的不发生是可以持续的。即动作的不发生是可以持续的。

9、现在完成时中延续性动词和终止性动词现在完成时中延续性动词和终止性动词英语动词根据词义可分为两种，一种是延续性的，一种是终英语动词根据词义可分为两种，一种是延续性的，一种是终止性的。止性的。终止性动词也可称为非延续性动词、瞬间动词，如终止性动词也可称为非延续性动词、瞬间动词，如:open,close,become,begin,buy,borrow,arrive,die,leave,go,come,join,marry,start,stop等。等。Ihavealreadyborrowedabook.Ihaveborrowedabookfortwoweeks.不能说不能说:*HehascometoB

10、eijingfortwoyears.*Hehasboughtthatbookforthreeweeks.*HehasjoinedtheArmyforoneandahalfyears.*Hisgrandmahasdiedforninemonths.可以说可以说:HehasbeeninBeijingfortwoyears.Hehashadthatbookforthreeweeks.Hehasbeeninthearmyforoneandahalfyears.Hisgrandmahasbeendeadforninemonths.或者说：或者说：It istwoyearssincehecametoBei

11、jing.It isthreeweekssinceheboughtthatbook.It isoneandahalfyearssincehejoinedtheArmy.It isninemonthssincehisgrandmadied.终止性动词表示动作的发生与结束于一瞬间完成终止性动词表示动作的发生与结束于一瞬间完成,不能再延续不能再延续,所以它的现在所以它的现在完成时不能和表示延续的时间状语连用完成时不能和表示延续的时间状语连用,即不能与表示一段时间的状语即不能与表示一段时间的状语,如如for+时间段、时间段、since+时间点时间点/从句连用从句连用,也不能用在也不能用在howlong

12、引导的特殊疑问句。引导的特殊疑问句。以下是常用的瞬间性动词以下是常用的瞬间性动词和延续性动词转换对应表和延续性动词转换对应表:comebe(in)buyhaveborrowkeepleavebeawaydiebedeadstopbeoverbegin/startbeonopen-beopenclose-beclosedIhaveboughtthiscarfortwoyears.since2012.Ihavehadthiscarfortwoyears.since2012.若保留若保留for+时间段时间段,since+时间点时间点/从句从句,或用在或用在howlong句型中句型中,则需将终则需将终

13、止性动词改为相应的状态动词或延续性动词。止性动词改为相应的状态动词或延续性动词。不能说不能说:*HehascometoBeijingfortwoyears.*Hehasboughtthatbookforthreeweeks.*HehasjoinedtheArmyforoneandahalfyears.*Hisgrandmahasdiedforninemonths.Hehasgotupfor5minutes.可以说可以说:HehasbeeninBeijingfortwoyears.Hehashadthatbookforthreeweeks.Hehasbeeninthearmyforoneanda

14、halfyears.Hisgrandmahasbeendeadforninemonths.Hehasbeenupfor5minutes.现在完成时：现在完成时：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去开始一直延续到对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去开始一直延续到现在的动作或保存的状态，强调的是现在的情况，现在的动作或保存的状态，强调的是现在的情况，不不能和表示过去的时间状语连用（如：能和表示过去的时间状语连用（如：in 1990in 1990，last last Sunday Sunday 等）。等）。一般过去时：一般过去时：一般过去时只表

15、示过去的动作或状态，一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生关系（即动作或状态在现在已经结束），和现在不发生关系（即动作或状态在现在已经结束），它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。现在完成时现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：与一般过去时的区别：have/has+V过去分词过去分词现在完成时把过去的动作和现在的结果联系起来，现在完成时把过去的动作和现在的结果联系起来，一般过去时只限于表示过去的动作本身一般过去时只限于表示过去的动作本身,与现在与现在的结果无关。的结果无关。现在完成时与一般过去时在意义上现在完成时与一般过去时在意义上的区别举例如下：的区别举例如下：Ih

16、avecleanedmyroom.(Myroomiscleannow.)我已经打扫过我的房间了。我已经打扫过我的房间了。Icleanedmyroomlastweek.(Ididitinthepast.)我上周打扫了我的房间。我上周打扫了我的房间。FatherhasgonetoAmoy.(HewenttoAmoyandheisnotherenow.)爸爸已经去厦门了。爸爸已经去厦门了。Theyhaveboughtadictionary.(Theyboughtadictionaryandtheyhaveitnow.)他们买了一本字典。他们买了一本字典。注意注意:现在完成时不能和明确指出时间的状语现

17、在完成时不能和明确指出时间的状语(如如:yesterday,last,year,in1976,twodaysago,justnow,whenshecamein等等)连用连用，但可以和不明确指出时间的状语但可以和不明确指出时间的状语(如如:already,yet,ever,never,sometimes,always,often,before,once,twice,recently,lately等等)连用连用；也可以和表示包括现在在内的时间状语也可以和表示包括现在在内的时间状语(如：如：today,thismorning,thisweek,thisyear等等)连用连用。Shehasalread

18、yfinishedherwork.她已经把工作做完了。她已经把工作做完了。Ihaventreadthestoryyet.我还没读过这个故事。我还没读过这个故事。Haveyoumethimbefore?你从前曾见过他吗？你从前曾见过他吗？Lilyhasalwaysbeenagoodstudent.Lily一直是个好学生。一直是个好学生。比较：比较：Ihaveseenhimthismorning.我上午看见他了。我上午看见他了。(说话时在上午说话时在上午)Isawhimthismorning.今天上午我遇见了他。今天上午我遇见了他。(说话时可能是下午或者晚上说话时可能是下午或者晚上)Ithasbe

19、encoldthiswinter.今天冬天一直很冷。今天冬天一直很冷。(说话时仍是冬天说话时仍是冬天)havebeento与与havegonetoe.g.(1)IhavebeentoBeijing.(2)Whereishe?HehasgonetoBeijing._曾经去过某地，现在不在曾经去过某地，现在不在那里，已经回来了。那里，已经回来了。_去了某地，还没回来或在去了某地，还没回来或在路上，可能还在那里。路上，可能还在那里。havebeentohavegoneto1.WhereisJohn?He_thesciencelab.A.hasgonetoB.hasbeentoC.wentto2.Wh

20、ereismysister,mum?She_tothelibrary.Shewillbebacksoon.A.hasbeenB.isgoingC.hasgoneD.willgoAC活学活用3.MayIspeaktoLinTao?Sorry,heisnotin.He_toChangsha.A.hasbeenB.hasgone C.wentB改写句子改写句子1.Myfathercamebackfromthebookshopjustnow.Myfather_just_thebookshop.2.HebegantolearnChinesein2001.He_Chinesesince2001.3.The

21、filmbegantwominutesago.Thefilm_sincetwominutesago.4.Hehashadthemotorbikefortwoyears.Itstwoyears_he_themotorbike.He_themotorbiketwoyears_.Twoyears_sincehe_themotorbike.hasreturned fromhaslearnedhas been on sinceboughtboughtagohas passedbought1.Iborrowedthelibrarybooktwodaysago.1.Iborrowedthelibrarybo

22、oktwodaysago.I_thelibrarybook_twodays.I_thelibrarybook_twodays.2.Themeetingstartedtenminutesago.2.Themeetingstartedtenminutesago.A.Themeeting_A.Themeeting_tenminutesago._tenminutesago.B.Themeeting_B.Themeeting_tenminutes._tenminutes.havekepthavekeptforforhasbeenonhasbeenonhasbeenonhasbeenonsincefor同

23、义句同义句3.MybrotherjoinedthePartylastyear.3.MybrotherjoinedthePartylastyear.A.Mybrother_A.Mybrother_thePartysincelastyear._thePartysincelastyear.B.Mybrother_B.Mybrother_partymembersincelastyear.partymembersincelastyear.4.HeleftNanjingtwoyearsago.4.HeleftNanjingtwoyearsago.He_He_Nanjingfortwoyears.Nanji

24、ngfortwoyears.hasbeenhasbeenininhasbeenahasbeenahasbeenawayfromhasbeenawayfrom5.Thatdogdiedlastmonth.5.Thatdogdiedlastmonth.Thatdog_sincelastmonth.Thatdog_sincelastmonth.6.Hehashadthebikefortwoyears.6.Hehashadthebikefortwoyears.A.Twoyears_sincehe_thebike.A.Twoyears_sincehe_thebike.B.Its_sincehe_theb

25、ike.B.Its_sincehe_thebike.C.He_thebiketwoyears_.C.He_thebiketwoyears_.hasbeendeadhasbeendeadhaspassedhaspassedboughtboughttwoyearsboughttwoyearsboughtboughtagoboughtago1、Theyhavebeenheresince2000.(对划线部对划线部分提问分提问)_havetheybeenhere?2、Theoldman_lastyear.(die/dead)He_forayear.(die/dead)（选词填空）（选词填空）3、Thi

26、sfactoryopenedtwentyyearsago.(同义同义句转换句转换)Thisfactory_fortwentyyears.Howlongdiedhasbeenopenhasbeendead4、MissGaoleftanhourago.(同义句同义句转换转换)MissGao_anhour.5、HermotherhasbeenaPartymemberforthreeyears.（同义句）（同义句）Hermother_thePartythreeyears_.hasbeenawayforjoinedago1 1、你来晚了，电影已放了、你来晚了，电影已放了、你来晚了，电影已放了、你来晚了，

27、电影已放了1010分钟了。分钟了。分钟了。分钟了。A:Youarelate.ThefilmA:Youarelate.Thefilm forfor10minutes.10minutes.B:Youarelate.ItB:Youarelate.Ittenminutessincethetenminutessincethefilmfilm.C:Youarelate.ThefilmC:Youarelate.Thefilm 1010minutesminutes.hasbeenonisbegan/startedbegan/startedago瞬间瞬间动词和动词和延续性延续性动词、状态句型转化练习动词、状态句

28、型转化练习:Exercise2 2、我叔叔当兵已经有、我叔叔当兵已经有、我叔叔当兵已经有、我叔叔当兵已经有2 2年了。年了。年了。年了。A:Myuncle_A:Myuncle_thearmyfor2years.thearmyfor2years.B:It_B:It_ 2years_2years_myunclejoinedthearmy.myunclejoinedthearmy.C:Myuncle_thearmy2yearsago.C:Myuncle_thearmy2yearsago.3 3、LindaLinda已经感冒已经感冒已经感冒已经感冒4 4、5 5天了。天了。天了。天了。A:Linda_

29、A:Linda_acold_acold_4to5days.4to5days.B:It_4to5dayssinceLinda_acoldB:It_4to5dayssinceLinda_acoldC:Linda_acold4or5days_.C:Linda_acold4or5days_.hasbeeninissincejoinedhashadforiscaughtcaughtago4 4、他爷爷去世已经有、他爷爷去世已经有、他爷爷去世已经有、他爷爷去世已经有5 5年了。年了。年了。年了。A:Hisgrandpa_A:Hisgrandpa_for5years.for5years.B:It_5year

30、ssincehisgrandpa_.B:It_5yearssincehisgrandpa_.C:Hisgrandpa_5years_.C:Hisgrandpa_5years_.5 5、你来晚了，火车已经开走了、你来晚了，火车已经开走了、你来晚了，火车已经开走了、你来晚了，火车已经开走了2020分种了。分种了。分种了。分种了。A:Yourelate.Thetrain_A:Yourelate.Thetrain_for20minutes.for20minutes.B:It_20minutessincethetrain_.B:It_20minutessincethetrain_.C:Thetrain_

31、20minutes_.C:Thetrain_20minutes_.hasbeendeadisdieddiedagohasbeenawayisleftleftago改错改错:How long have you become a league memberHow long have you become a league memberHow long have you become a league memberHow long have you become a league member？For more than one year.For more than one year.For mor

32、e than one year.For more than one year.Have you arrived here since last night.Have you arrived here since last night.Have you arrived here since last night.Have you arrived here since last night.Yes Yes Yes Yes，youyouyouyou re right.re right.re right.re right.The dog has died for a month.The dog has

33、 died for a month.The dog has died for a month.The dog has died for a month.He has gone to Shanghai twice.He has gone to Shanghai twice.He has gone to Shanghai twice.He has gone to Shanghai twice.How long have been at this school?How long have been at this school?How long have been at this school?Ho

34、w long have been at this school?Since two years.Since two years.Since two years.Since two years.beenbeenbeendeadbeenago.For1.1.1.1.她成为一名护士已经三年了。她成为一名护士已经三年了。她成为一名护士已经三年了。她成为一名护士已经三年了。2.2.2.2.我五年前就认识李雷了。我五年前就认识李雷了。我五年前就认识李雷了。我五年前就认识李雷了。3.3.3.3.那些相片我已经寄给他了。（那些相片我已经寄给他了。（那些相片我已经寄给他了。（那些相片我已经寄给他了。（postp

35、ostpostpost）4.4.4.4.我来到这个学校后，他就一直教我。我来到这个学校后，他就一直教我。我来到这个学校后，他就一直教我。我来到这个学校后，他就一直教我。5.5.5.5.我刚丢了我的历史书。我刚丢了我的历史书。我刚丢了我的历史书。我刚丢了我的历史书。Shehasbeenanurseforthreeyears.IhaveknownLileisincefiveyearsago.Ihavealreadypostedthephotostohim.HehastaughtmesinceIcametotheschool.Ihavejustlostmyhistorybook.二二翻译翻译改写句子

36、改写句子1.Myfathercamebackfromthebookshopjustnow.Myfather_just_thebookshop.2.HebegantolearnChinesein2001.He_Chinesesince2001.3.Thefilmbegantwominutesago.Thefilm_sincetwominutesago.4.Hehashadthemotorbikefortwoyears.Itstwoyears_he_themotorbike.He_themotorbiketwoyears_.Twoyears_sincehe_themotorbike.hasretu

37、rned fromhaslearnedhas been on sinceboughtboughtagohas passedbought1.Iborrowedthelibrarybooktwodaysago.1.Iborrowedthelibrarybooktwodaysago.I_thelibrarybook_twodays.I_thelibrarybook_twodays.2.Themeetingstartedtenminutesago.2.Themeetingstartedtenminutesago.A.Themeeting_A.Themeeting_tenminutesago._tenm

38、inutesago.B.Themeeting_B.Themeeting_tenminutes._tenminutes.havekepthavekeptforforhasbeenonhasbeenonhasbeenonhasbeenonsincefor三三同义句同义句3.MybrotherjoinedthePartylastyear.3.MybrotherjoinedthePartylastyear.A.Mybrother_A.Mybrother_thePartysincelastyear._thePartysincelastyear.B.Mybrother_B.Mybrother_partym

39、embersincelastyear.partymembersincelastyear.4.HeleftNanjingtwoyearsago.4.HeleftNanjingtwoyearsago.He_He_Nanjingfortwoyears.Nanjingfortwoyears.hasbeenhasbeenininhasbeenahasbeenahasbeenawayfromhasbeenawayfrom5.Thatdogdiedlastmonth.5.Thatdogdiedlastmonth.Thatdog_Thatdog_ sincelastmonth.sincelastmonth.6

40、.Hehashadthebikefortwoyears.6.Hehashadthebikefortwoyears.A.Twoyears_sincehe_thebike.A.Twoyears_sincehe_thebike.B.Its_sincehe_thebike.B.Its_sincehe_thebike.C.He_thebiketwoyears_.C.He_thebiketwoyears_.hasbeendeadhasbeendeadhaspassedhaspassedboughtboughttwoyearsboughttwoyearsboughtboughtagoboughtago1.I

41、_heardofthatstorybefore.1.I_heardofthatstorybefore.A.donthaveB.nothaveC.havenotD.nottohaveA.donthaveB.nothaveC.havenotD.nottohave2.Shesneverbeentothatfactory,_?2.Shesneverbeentothatfactory,_?A.issheB.wassheC.doessheD.hassheA.issheB.wassheC.doessheD.hasshe3.Haveyoumadedumplings_?No,Ihavent.3.Haveyoum

42、adedumplings_?No,Ihavent.A.justnowB.yesterdayC.agoD.beforeA.justnowB.yesterdayC.agoD.before4.Tom_illsincelastnight.4.Tom_illsincelastnight.A.wasB.isC.hasbeenD.beA.wasB.isC.hasbeenD.be5.Howlonghaveyou_Nanjing?5.Howlonghaveyou_Nanjing?A.gonetoB.beentoC.beeninD.wenttoA.gonetoB.beentoC.beeninD.wenttoCDD

43、CC6.HowmanytimeshasJim_thatpark?Twice.6.HowmanytimeshasJim_thatpark?Twice.A.gonetoB.beentoC.beeninD.wenttoA.gonetoB.beentoC.beeninD.wentto7.Ive_thisdictionaryforhalfayear.7.Ive_thisdictionaryforhalfayear.A.boughtB.hadC.lendedD.borrowedA.boughtB.hadC.lendedD.borrowed8.Shewontgotothecinemathiseveningb

44、ecauseshe8.Shewontgotothecinemathiseveningbecauseshe_thefilmbefore._thefilmbefore.A.hasseenB.sawC.seesD.isseeingA.hasseenB.sawC.seesD.isseeingBBA句型句型转换转换1.Ihavefinishedmyhomework.I_myhomework.(改改为为否否定定句句)_you_yourhomework?(改改为为一般疑一般疑问问句并作肯定回答句并作肯定回答)Yes，_.答案：答案：1.haventfinishedHave；finished；Ihave2.H

45、isdreamhascometrue.(改改为为一一般般疑疑问问句并作否定回答句并作否定回答)-_hisdream_true?-No，_.答案：答案：2.Has；come；ithasnt单项选择。单项选择。()1.Haveyoutakenoutthetrash,Belly?_.Illdoitrightaway.A.Sorry,IhaveB.No,IdidntC.No,IdontD.Notyet()2.Haveyou_visitedShanghai?No,_.A.ever;notB.never;notC.ever;neverD.never;everDC()3.Couldyougotothepar

46、kwithmethisafternoon?Sorry,I_there.Iwentthereyesterday.A.havegoneB.havebeenC.wentD.was()4.Haveyouwashedyourclothes_?No,Ihavent.ButIhavecleanedtheroom_.A.ago;alreadyB.yet;yetC.before;yetD.yet;alreadyBD()5.Iamasoldier.I_thearmy_aboutfiveyears.A.havejoined;sinceB.havejoined;forC.havebeenin;forD.havebee

47、nin;sinceC中考链接中考链接(2010.河北省卷河北省卷,41.1)Mybrotherleftschoolin2005,andsincethenheinBeijing.A.lives B.livedC.willliveD.haslived(2010湖北省黄冈市，湖北省黄冈市，35，1)-IjoinedtheLeague_May,2008.Whataboutyou?-IvebeenaLeaguemember_threeyears.A.in;forB.on;inC.on;forD.in;sinceDASofarmanynewhouses_inWenchuangwiththehelpofth

48、egovernment.A.buildB.arebuiltC.willbuildD.havebeenbuilt答案：答案：D【解解析析】考考查查动动词词的的时时态态。句句中中有有Sofar“到到目前为止目前为止”，使用现在完成时态，故选，使用现在完成时态，故选D。()【2013广西贵港广西贵港】DoyouknowthemovieLost in Thailand?Yes.I_ittwice.Itsfunny.A.sawB.seeC.haveseenD.willseeC中考链接中考链接()【2013黑龙江牡丹江黑龙江牡丹江】Lunch?No,thanks.I_.A.willeatB.ameatin

49、gC.haveeaten()【2013湖北黄冈湖北黄冈】WhereisTom?Wecantfindhimanywhere.Perhapshe_home.A.hascomeB.isgoingC.wentD.wasgoingCA1.I_heardofthatstorybefore.1.I_heardofthatstorybefore.A.donthaveB.nothaveC.havenotD.nottohaveA.donthaveB.nothaveC.havenotD.nottohave2.Shesneverbeentothatfactory,_?2.Shesneverbeentothatfact

50、ory,_?A.issheB.wassheC.doessheD.hassheA.issheB.wassheC.doessheD.hasshe3.Haveyoumadedumplings_?No,Ihavent.3.Haveyoumadedumplings_?No,Ihavent.A.justnowB.yesterdayC.agoD.beforeA.justnowB.yesterdayC.agoD.before4.Tom_illsincelastnight.4.Tom_illsincelastnight.A.wasB.isC.hasbeenD.beA.wasB.isC.hasbeenD.be5.