现代大学英语精读3第二版Unit4-Book.ppt

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1、Gilbert Highet Diogenes and AlexanderR einforcementT ext AnalysisDiogenes and AlexanderB ackgroundW arming upUnit 4Questions/ActivitiesCheck-on PreviewObjectivesWarming upDiogenes and AlexanderUnit 4Warming upQuestions/Activities1.What does the author tell us about Diogenes?Who was he?What was his p

2、hilosophy?What did he think was the problem with people?How did he intend to help them?What were the key values he promoted?How,in his opinion,could we find true happiness?2.What does the author tell us about Alexander?What did this king have in common with Diogenes,the beggar?Why was Alexander cons

3、idered a man of destiny?3.How would you contrast the two characters?Why did Alexander decide to visit Diogenes?What did Diogenes really mean when he said that Alexander was blocking the sunlight?Define the following words and phrases:1.a mischievous pebble (para.1)2.elaborate(para.4)3.by design(para

4、.6)4.restrained(para.12)5.chivalrous(para.12)Warming upCheck-on PreviewParaphrase:1.Live without conventions,which are artificial and false;escape complexities and extravagances:only so can you live a free life.(para.4)2.His lifes aim was clear to him:it was“to restamp the currency”:to take the clea

5、n metal of human life,to erase the old false conventional markings,and to imprint it with its true values.(para.5)Warming upCheck-on PreviewObjectives1.Content:differences and similarities between Diogenes and AlexanderCynicism and its present significance philosophy vs.power2.Writing:comparison and

6、 contrast DiogenesAlexanderDiogenesother beggars/hermits/philosophersAlexanderother Macedonians(officers&officials)Here,the alternating comparison/contrast(subject by subject)is used.Warming upBackgroundAlexanderDiogenesDiogenes and AlexanderUnit 4BackgroundDiogenes1.Who was Diogenes?A beggarA philo

7、sopherA missionary2.Doctrine:Cynicism the doctrine that scorned worldly needs and pleasures and held that virtue was the key to the only good Background1.Cynicism in modern sense:the belief of a cynic,who maintains that people are all motivated by selfishness,that no one will help others for good an

8、d sincere reasons2.What are the major tenets(principles)of Cynicism?Do you find any expressions of these principles in the text?self-sufficiencyshamelessnessoutspokennessperfection of virtueDiogenesBackground AlexanderMacedonian King:son of PhilipThe Thinker:student of AristotleThe Conqueror:Greece,

9、Asia,EgyptWhy do you think he wanted to bring so many regions under his rule?BackgroundAlexander the Greats Empire AlexanderBackgroundAlexander the Greats Empire AlexanderDetailedAnalysisStructure Text AnalysisCharacterAnalysisDiogenes and AlexanderUnit 4Diogenes:the beggar(paras.1-3)Text AnalysisCh

10、aracter AnalysisDiogenes:a free manOther people:half-menShelterFurnitureDressFoodPossessionsNature of the lifecask,a storage jar made of earthenwarea house(big,with many rooms)nonebeds,chairs,etc.(elaborate)blanket(half-naked)clothes(expensive)bits of food begged from others,drinking from his hollow

11、ed handselaborate nonehorses,servants,bank accounts(anxious)a life by choice,out of principle natural,healthy,independent a life as slaves of their possessions artificial,anxious,loss of virtueDiogenes:the beggar(paras.1-3)There are contrasts within the broad contrast.How did Diogenes contrast with

12、ordinary homeless people?Text AnalysisCharacter AnalysisDiogenes:the philosopher(para.4)1.“A Socrates gone mad”:repositioning of convention below nature and reason2.Three key principles:living in accord with naturetotal disregard of conventionindependence(freedom)being the only true,lasting goodText

13、 AnalysisCharacter AnalysisDiogenes:the missionary(para.5)1.Comparison with ordinary hermitsSimilarities:Both grew tired of human society with its complications and wanted to live simply.Differences:Text Analysishermitswent away to live simplyon a small farm,in a quiet village or a caveDiogeneshad a

14、 sense of mission,deliberately chose to live in the busy streets in Athens or Corinth,in order to convert people Character AnalysisDiogenes:the missionary(para.5)2.What was his mission?“to restamp the currency”call people back to the natural way of lifetrue lifeText AnalysisCharacter AnalysisDiogene

15、s:ways of teaching(para.6)1.How did Diogenes differ from other philosophers of his time?Plato:taught his private pupils in his Academy,which he founded as one of the earliest centers of advanced learning in the world.Aristotle:taught his own private pupils by the use of laboratory,instruments,and sp

16、ecimens.Diogenes:taught all those who would care to listen by his own example or by taking people around him for examples.Text AnalysisCharacter AnalysisDiogenes:ways of teaching(para.6)2.He carried a lighted lamp in broad daylight and inspected the face of everyone he met.Text Analysis“When you are

17、 all so busy,I feel I ought to do something!”Character Analysis Alexander:citizen of the world(paras.11-13)1.King:different from other Macedonians drinking?women?fighting?2.Thinker:Aristotles pupil,he learned culturephilosophyprinciples of scientific research3.Conquerortook command of the League of

18、Greek Statescommander-in-chief of a new expedition against old,rich,corrupt AsiaText AnalysisCharacter AnalysisCharacter AnalysisText Analysis“Stand to one side.Youre blocking the sunlight.”The Dramatic Encounter(paras.14-17)The differences and similarities between the two historical characters.1.Di

19、fferences2.Similarities Text AnalysisCharacter AnalysisDiogenes Alexander Physical appearanceIdentificationStatusPossessions&PowerMissionDifferencesText AnalysisCharacter Analysishigh,treated with respect,greeted with a bow and acclamationlying on the bare earth,shoeless,bearded,half-naked,like a be

20、ggar,a doghandsome face,fiery glance,strong body,purple and gold cloak,air of destiny philosopher,missionary great monarch,conquerorlow,treated with contempt and disapproval none,rejecting possession or powerland and absolute power“restamp the currency”:to call people back to the simple and natural

21、lifetrue valuebring people of the whole world to the light of civilization1.Both were great thinkers.2.Both had a sense of mission.3.Both were“citizens of the world,”admiring the heroic figure of Hercules,who labored for mankind.4.Both were free.SimilaritiesText AnalysisCharacter AnalysisText Analys

22、isStructure1Paras.1-10Diogenes(life,philosophy,mission,ways of teaching)2Paras.11-13Alexander(a philosopher king with an inquiring,noble mind)3Paras.14-17their dramatic encounter1.Sometimes they threw bits of food,and got scant thanks;sometimes a mischievous pebble,and got a shower of stones and abu

23、se.(para.1)Sometimes people would throw bits of food to him,but he hardly thanked them at all.Sometimes they would throw a pebble at him for fun,but get a shower of stones and a stream of abuse in return.Part I:Paraphrase Text AnalysisDetailed Analysis2.His lifes aim was clear to him:it was“to resta

24、mp the currency”:to take the clean metal of human life,to erase the old false conventional markings,and to imprint it with its true values.(para.5)His purpose in life was clear to him:it was“to reprint the coins.”Human life can be taken as the clean coins which are imprinted with false markings.He w

25、as to remove the false markings and print the true values on it.In other words,his aim in life was to call on people to reject the false,conventional way of life and return to the simple and natural life.Part I:Paraphrase Text AnalysisDetailed Analysis1.Having no work to go to and no family to provi

26、de _,he was free.(para.1)provide for:give sb the things that they need to live,such as food,clothingTranslation他要供养他年迈的父母以及两个正在上学的妹妹。He has to provide for his aged parents and two sister who are still at school.道路被切断，无法给部队提供给养。The road was cut off and supplies could not be provided for the troops.fo

27、rPart I:Words&ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed Analysis2.As the market place _ up with shoppers and merchants and slaves and foreigners,he had _ through it for an hour or two.(para.1)Cf.wander,roam,ramble,strollTranslation中间还有两个小时，因此她逛了一趟商业中心。There were still two hours to go,so she strolled through

28、the shopping mall.漫步海边，感觉太好了。Its wonderful to take a stroll along the seaside.strolledfilledPart I:Words&ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed Analysis3.He thought everybody lived far too _,expensively,anxiously.What good is a house?(para.2)Translation彼得制定了一个非常详尽的计划来筹措资金。Peter worked out an elaborate sch

29、eme for raising the fund.他们为局长准备了一桌精美的饭菜，结果被狠狠批评了一顿。They prepared a very elaborate meal for the bureau head only to be severely criticized.elaboratelyPart I:Words&ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed Analysis4.No one needs beds and chairs and such furniture:the animals _ and sleep on the ground.All we r

30、equire,since nature did not dress us properly,is one garment to keep us warm,and some shelter from rain and wind.(para.2)Translation这名警察死时很年轻，但他的一生过得很有意义。The policeman died young,but he lived a meaningful life.作为一个探险者，他的一生充满了冒险。As an explorer,he lived an adventurous life.live healthy livesPart I:Wor

31、ds&ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed Analysis5.he spent much of his life inCorinth,mocking and satirizing its people,and occasionally _ one of them.(para.2)convert:to make sb change from one religion or belief to another Ann has converted to Islam recently.Marxist literature converted him into a stau

32、nch revolutionary.Cf.to make sth change from one form,system to a different one This is part of the process of converting iron into steel.to change from one object into another I cant see how this plastic sheet converts into a tent.Part I:Words&ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed Analysisconverting6.He

33、 was not the first to _ such a thing.But he was the first who ever did so _ choice,_ principle.(para.3)inhabit Some of the rare species inhabit the area.by choice She took the job in the West by choice.out of Just out of curiosity,why did you take that job?Part I:Words&ExpressionsinhabitbyText Analy

34、sisDetailed Analysisout of7.They _ him.He is their slave.In order to procure a quantity of false,perishable goods he has sold the only true,lasting good,his own independence.(para.4)Cf.What possessed him to say a stupid thing like that?She seemed possessed.Nobody could talk her out of it.Part I:Word

35、s&ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed Analysispossess8.Therefore,he chose to live in Athens or Corinth,where travelers from all over the Mediterranean world constantly came and went.And,design,he publicly behaved in such ways as to show people what real life was.(para.6)Translation世界是有意缔造的呢，还是偶然形成的呢？Wa

36、s the world made by design or did it come into existence by chance?Part I:Words&ExpressionsbyText AnalysisDetailed Analysis1.The little square began to fill with peoplepage boys,soldiersthey all gradually formed a circle around Diogenes.He looked them _,as a sober man looks at a crowd of tottering d

37、runks,and shook his head.(para.11)look over:(here)examine,scrutinizeMore examples with“over”:think over,talk over,read over,go over Part II:Words&ExpressionsoverText AnalysisDetailed Analysis1.With his handsome face,his f_ glance,his strong body,his purple and gold cloak,and his air of d_,he moved t

38、hrough the parting crowd toward the Dogs k_.(para.14)2.Looking at the poor broken cask,the single r_ garment,and the rough figure lying on the ground,he said:“Is there anything I can do for you,Diogenes?”(para.15)more examples:beloved wife,blessed morning,a wicked man,my aged parents,a rugged coastl

39、inePart III:Words&ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed Analysis ieryestinyennelagged3.The Macedonian officers,after deciding that Diogenes was not _ the trouble of kicking,were starting to _ and nudge one another.(para.17)Cf.worth,worthwhile,worthya worthwhile cause/discussion/jobHigh prices in the UK m

40、ake it worthwhile for buyers to look abroad.be worthy of attention/consideration/mentionA number of the findings are worthy of note.a worthy champion/winner/sonPart III:Words&ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed Analysisworth guffaw Cf.grin,guffaw,titter,chuckle,gigglegrin:to make a wide smileguffaw:to

41、laugh loudlytitter:to laugh in a suppressed waychuckle:to laugh softly in a low tonegiggle:to laugh quietly in a silly,childish,uncontrolled wayPart III:Words&ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed AnalysisReinforcementWriting Writing TechniquesTechniquesDiscussionDiogenes and AlexanderUnit 4TranslationTr

42、anslationReinforcementWriting Techniques1.Comparison&Contrast examplesuse transitional words or expressions to make comparison and achieve unity:not so(para.5),the otherbut for(para.6)use transitional paragraph to achieve coherence2.Parallelism achieve increased strength,sounding more powerful,more

43、effective,e.g.para.143.Euphemism e.g.done his business,natural actsHe was one,but not the other.(para.1)Not so Diogenes.(para.5)But for Diogenes,(para.6)Alexander was far older and wiser than his years.(para.12)Like all Macedonians he loved(para.12)he was a magnificent commander,but he was not merel

44、y a military automaton.(para.12)Only Diogenes,although he lived in Corinth,did not visit the new monarch.(para.13)Diogenes merely sat upDiogenes said nothing.(para.14)He understood Cynicism as the others could not.(para.17)Like Diogenes,he admired(para.17)who labored to help mankind while all others

45、 toiled(para.17)ReinforcementWriting TechniquesReinforcement4.Transferred Epitheta figure of speech that carries the modifier across and puts it on to another word which is not normally modified by it,so as to stress the emotions or feelingse.g.a mischievous pebble(para.1)(It is Diogenes,not the peb

46、ble,that is mischievous.);amazed silence(para.17)(It is the crowd,not the silence,that is amazed.)5.Analogy e.g.drawing a parallel between“change the values”and“restamp the currency”(para.5)Writing Techniques1.If you think of yourself as a person with a mission,a mission to serve the people,would yo

47、u rather be Diogenes with his philosophy or Alexander with his power?2.Does Cynicism have any relevance to todays realities?ReinforcementDiscussion1.possess他被逮捕并被指控拥有攻击性武器。我不知道他着了什么魔，在那条繁忙的街道上把车子开得那么快。他挥着刀子又喊又叫，像是着了魔。2.form不同的国家有不同的政体，对此我们应当予以更多的理解。这些人排成一行，把货物从大车上传递到船上。援助可以以多种形式进行，如个人服务或现金等。ReinforcementTranslation 3.roll司机摇下车窗和警察说话。展览结束后，这些油画被人从画框中取下来，卷起来以收藏。船摇动得厉害，我们感到头晕。4.appoint他被任命为销售部经理。指派一个律师到这个岗位还是有道理的。已任命一个委员会来调查这些投诉。ReinforcementTranslation 5.account他在会上向我们简单地描述了那天发生的情况。我们在任何情况下都不能忘记我们的“根”。现在乡镇企业总产值已快占全市总产值一半以上了。他得向主席说明他是如何支配公司的资金的。坏天气不足以用来解释今年庄稼为何欠收。ReinforcementTranslation