英语学术论文写作引言ppt.ppt

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1、How to Write the How to Write the IntroductionIntroductionGroup Members:Group Members:目录1、引言及其作用2、如何写引言3、引言部分的语言特征4、总结1.引言及其作用1.1 什么是引言1.2 为什么要写引言1.3 引言的作用1.4 何时写引言 What is Introduction?Introduction is the first section of a scientific paper,including the background information of the research,the n

2、ature and scope of the problem investigated.Why do we have to write an introduction?Without an introduction it is sometimes very difficult for your readers to figure out what you are trying to say.There needs to be a thread of an idea that they will follow through your paper.What is the subject abou

3、t?Why I(we)carried out the experiment,that is to say,what is the problem?How do we solve the problem?WhatHowWhyThe function of IntroductionTo answer the basic questions When do we write theintroduction?Many books recommend writing your introduction last,after you finish your project.This is to make

4、sure that you introduce what you are actually going to say.2.如何写引言2.1 引言的组成2.2 引言的特点2.3 引言的结构与布局2.4 引言实例The content of an IntroductionAttractionAttractionBrevityBrevityClarityClarityIntroductionBasic requirementStructural Layout of Introduction 1.1 Introducing the general research area including its

5、 background,importance,and present level of development1.2 Reviewing previous research in this areaIndicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research,raising a relevant question Specifying the purpose of your research4.1 Announcing your major findings 4.2 Outlining the contents of

6、your paperThe first layerThe second layerThe third layerThe fourth layerOne Templatea)题题X是重要的。是重要的。b)前人的工作前人的工作A、B曾经研究过这个问题。曾经研究过这个问题。c)A、B有一些缺陷。有一些缺陷。d)我们提出了方法我们提出了方法D。e)D的基本特征，和的基本特征，和A、B进行比较。进行比较。f)实验证明实验证明D比比A、B优越。优越。g)研究前景。研究前景。The background informationResearch methodThe authors researcharticl

7、e structure3.引言部分的语言特征3.1 引言部分的时态与语态3.2 引言部分常用的句型3.3 引言部分常用的词语3.4 引言部分的注意事项Tense and Voice in Introduction Present Tense The present tense(is,are)is used when stating generalizations or conclusions.：This paper is organized as follows.：In this paper,we adopt an IA scheme for SISO transmission When de

8、scribing recent advances in a certain research field,or aiming to emphasize the impact of something happening recently on the present,you are suggested to use present perfect tense.e.g.1:This approach has been exploited by Cadambe and Jafar in.e.g.2:The authors have shown that the maximum achievable

9、 DoF（degrees of freedom自由度）in the K-user time-varying single-input single-output(SISO,单输入单输出)Present Perfect TensePresent Perfect Tense Future TenseFuture Tense Sometimes,inthesentenceincludingtheobjectiveoftheresearch,SimpleFutureTenseisrecommended.e.g.1:In Section III,however,we will argue that ge

10、neric matrices,namely,samples from the Gaussian unitary ensemble obey(1.10)for relatively large values of S.e.g.2:We are confident that finer arguments and perhaps new ideas will allow to derive versions of Theorem 1.5 with better bounds.Voice在学术论文中,我们可能经常会被是否可以使用we（我们）或I（我）的问题困扰。关于这点，一点要区分we在这里指代什么

11、。一般来说，作者使用we提及作者的研究团队而不是泛指人类群体。：In this paper,we adopt an IA scheme for SISO transmission,and we try to modify the design in order to achieve higher sumrate（和速率）performance in the practical SNR region.（主动语态，we不泛指人群，而是作者所属研究团队）如果需要提及人类群体的认知状态，最好使用被动结构的句子，如：“It is know/though that“，而不是用“We know/think

12、that”。引言部分中，多使用被动语态，而不是主动语态we，尤其是中心的“报告”部分（was conducted，was designed等）。e.g.1 This scheme has been designed to achieve the asymptotic capacity in the IC（被动语态）e.g.2 This new approach of interference management has been named IA.（被动语态）exercise1、Brown(1998)_ the importance of time management both when

13、preparing for and actually sitting examinations.A.conclude B.concludes C.stress D.stresses2、For some years there has been an awarenrss of the dangers of Salmon farming in Scottish Lochs,and several studies(see e.g.,Brown 2000,Maclnnes2002)_ potential risks.A.indicate B.have indicate C.claim D.have c

14、laimed3、In the Canadian study Primary School French,researchers_ a clear association between language proficiency and parental income(Lefebvre et al.1999).A.stated B.have stated C.demonstrated D.have demonstratedanswer:1.D 2.B 3.Csentence pattern in IntroductionSentence pattern in IntroductionThe pr

15、imary rule is to keep in scientific styleClarityPrecisenessConcisenessLogical and ThinkingSentence patternVocabulary&Abbreviation:Make sure that your expression is clear,precise and concise.Use some common sentence patterns in the introduction.1、建立议题中心及概括议题内容的常用句型有：.is a central issue in his develop

16、ment of is a typical/common problem in For a long time,it has been the case that.Most accounts/reports/publications claim/maintain that e.g.1:However,According to studies,all mobile communication standards still include a SISO transmission mode.（建立议题中心）e.g.2:In our contributions,we firstly introduce

17、 a way to optimize the precoding subspaces at all transmitters,exploiting the fact that channel matrices in the IA model are diagonal.Two solutions are derived;the first is achieved iteratively using projected gradient descent method,the second is a closed-form solution that avoids the numerical com

18、putation,thus,resulting in a very low computational complexity.Secondly,we propose to optimize the precoding vectors at each transmitter within its precoding subspace.To this end,we combine each IA precoder with a new combination precoder.（概括议题内容）Example2、回顾先前研究结果的常用句型：:Ample(丰富的)researches have bee

19、n conducted regarding/on.this approach has been exploited in.In most existing.,.is avoided either by.or by.have proposed a new approach in order to show that.e.g.1:In most existing wireless multi-user communication systems,interference is avoided either by coordinating the users to orthogonalize the

20、 channel access or by treating interference from other transmitters as noise.e.g.2:In 3,Maddah-ali et al.have proposed a new approach in order to show that the N-antennas MIMO X channels can offer as much as 4N/3 degrees of freedom(DoF).Example3、概述研究的欠缺时常用句型 However,until recently,.remained unknown.

21、there are still no observations at present about.Little research results have been reported at this point concerning.Research about.needs to be further conducted from the relevant researchesExamplee.g.1:However,until recently,the capacity region of the interference channel(IC)remained unknown.e.g.2:

22、In 3,Maddah-ali et al.have proposed a new approach in order to show that the N-antennas MIMO X channels can offer as much as 4N/3 degrees of freedom(DoF).4、陈述研究的结果的常用句型 Our experiment/project shows/indicates.The results of the present research confirm/support.Examplee.g.1:The result of the present r

23、esearch confirm that IA is to jointly design all transmitted signals such that interfering signals at each receiver overlap and remain distinct from the desired signal.5、阐述研究目的可用下列句型 In this paper,we propose a.for.The main purpose/aim/objective of this project/research is to analyze the effect of.on

24、.The present experiment is undertaken aiming to achieve.Examplee.g.1:In this paper,we adopt an IA scheme for SISO transmission,and we try to modify the design in order to achieve higher sumrate performance in the practical SNR region.Most references,among which 7-9,deal with IA schemes for MIMO inte

25、rference channels.6、下列句型可用于介绍学术论文结构 This paper proceeds as follows.The structure of the paper is as follows.Details on.and.are discussed in later sections.Examplee.g.1:This paper is organized as follows.Section 2 describes the system model.Then,Section 3 presents the IA design in SISO IC.In Section

26、4,we propose to optimize the network sum rate through a diagonal matrix.exercise1、The paper shows an approach to model ontology（存在论）and epistemology（认知论）for an agentbased wayfinding system.本文展示了模拟存在论和认知论在代理装置寻路系统的路径。2、It is our goal to try to reveal some of the basic elements of effective team teach

27、ing partnership and to discuss whether this model of team teching influence teacher development.我们的目的是要揭示有效团队教学合作的某些基本元素，讨论团队教学是否影响教师的发展模式。3、Very little is known,however,about the chance of benefit from chemotherapy(化疗)in this disease.然而，对这种疾病化疗的有效几率情况不详Common expression in Introduction1、研究重要性的常用表达使

28、用recently、focus on、This new approach of等表达，常用于引言首句表达当前研究的重要性。e.g.1 However,until recently,the capacity region of the interference channel(IC)remained unknown,except for some special cases such as strong and very strong interference 1,2.（recently表达近期研究状况）e.g.2 This new approach of interference manage

29、ment has been named IA.（一种新方法）e.g.3 The key idea of IA is to jointly design all transmitted signals such that interfering signals at each receiver overlap and remain distinct from the desired signal.（IA的主要想法是）e.g.4 Early compressed sensing works mainly focus on non-adaptive and one-shot measurement

30、schemes.（主要关注于）2、概述文献综述中的常用表达通常使用动词的过去时，用以陈述已完成的研究。e.g.1 In 3,Maddah-ali et al.have proposed a new approach in order to show that（proposed表示过去提出的新方法）e.g.2 They have extended the idea of IA from space/time/frequency dimensions to the signal level dimensions（extended表示过去对IA理论的扩展）e.g.3 In contrast,Choi

31、 et al.have introduced another IA design that aims to achieve a higher multiplexing gain at any given signal dimension 6.（introduced表示Choi et al.过去引入的这种设计方法）3、用于表达已有研究的空白以及对已有研究的质疑和批评的常用方式用于表达早期研究中的缺陷或未能解决的问题，通常还会使用however，but，although，nevertheless等具有转折意义的词汇。However,until recently,the capacity regio

32、n of the interference channel(IC)remained unknown,except for some special cases such as strong and very strong interference 1,2.（提出以前的研究缺陷和问题的表达，常用表转折词汇）e.g.2 However,a closed-form solution does not seem trivial。（提出质疑）4、用于表达当前研究课题的目的、意义的常用方式包括论文的研究目的、策略以及论文的设计。e.g.1 In this paper,we adopt an IA sche

33、me for SISO transmission,and we try to modify the design in order to achieve higher sumrate（和速率）performance in the practical SNR region.（论文采用方案、手段以及目的的表达）e.g.2 This is the reason why in this paper,we try to define efficient IA schemes for SISO interference channels.（原因或本文研究意义的表达）e.g.3:In our contrib

34、utions,we firstly introduce a way to optimize the precoding subspaces at all transmitters,exploiting the fact that channel matrices in the IA model are diagonal.（引入方法）e.g.4:Secondly,we propose to optimize the precoding vectors at each transmitter within its precoding subspace.(提出方法)e.g.5:This paper

35、is organized as follows.（表达论文行文安排）Some Points for Attention in introductionConcisenessConcisenessThe introduction should be concise and clear.Never write an extensive review of the field.Never make this section into a history lesson.Begin your introduction by clearly identifying the subject area of

36、interest.You may use key words from your“Title”in the first few sentences.Get to the primary subject quickly without losing focus.Citing Relevant LiteratureCiting Relevant LiteratureFor the purpose of leading the reader to some point,it is necessary to review the relevant literature,but you should p

37、rovide the most salient background rather than an exhaustive review.Ensure that the literature cited is balanced,up to date and relevant.Avoid general reference works such as textbooks.If you have been writing the introduction before the work is started,you must pay attention to the pertinent litera

38、ture published while the study is in progress.Aftergivingabroadercontext,youmayneedtogiveother background information such as previous researchthat has been done and explain how the presentexperimentwillhelptoclarifyorexpandtheknowledgeinthisgeneralarea.Emphasizeyourspecificcontributiontothetopic.Ho

39、wever,never minimize or dismiss contributionsmade by others.And expressions such as“novel”,“firsttime”,“firstever”,arenotpreferred.Usethemsparingly.ModestyModestySummaryFollow the basic rules:The Introduction should present first,with all possible clarity,the nature and scope of the problem investig

40、ated.It should briefly review the pertinent literature to orient the reader.It should state the method of the investigation.It should state the principal results of the investigation.It should state the principal conclusions suggested by the results.Tense:Use simple present tense,simple present perfect tense and simple uture tense.Thank You!Thank You!