英语语法知识体系.ppt

《英语语法知识体系.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语语法知识体系.ppt（94页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、ENGLISH GRAMMARSchool of Foreign Languages Jiangsu Teachers University of TechnologyIntroductionWhatislanguage?Whatessentialelementsdoesalanguageconsistof?Whatisgrammar?Whydowehavetolearngrammar?Howdowelearngrammar?英语语法知识体系英语语法知识体系语法词法句法名词代词动词形容词副词数量词冠词介词连词感叹词句子成分独立成分省略倒装转换合并标点句子类型目录目录名词名词代词代词动词动词形容

2、词形容词副词副词数量词数量词冠词冠词介词介词连词连词感叹词感叹词句子成分句子成分主谓一致主谓一致句子类型句子类型独立成分独立成分倒装倒装省略省略转换与合并转换与合并标点标点名名词词可数可数/不可数不可数单数单数/复数复数规则变化规则变化/不规则变化不规则变化阴性阴性/阳性阳性所有格所有格功用功用1.抽象名词的具体化ItisalmostaprofessiontobeacelebrityHehasagoodpracticalknowledgeofcomputerscienceHemadeanearnestinvestigationwithreferencetoagricultureinthatar

3、ea名词名词2具体名词的抽象化HewasprincipalofouruniversityManisthemasterofhisownfateWomanplaysanequallyimportantpartasmanMorningisthebesttimeforstudy3.外来语名词的复数形式die：-dies 货币等的印模 -dice 骰子formula：-formulas 俗套话 -formulae 公式genius：-geniuses 天才人物 -genii 神仙，恶魔index：-indexes 索引 -indeces 指数medium：-fmediums 巫师-media手段，媒介物

4、4.双重所有格的使用HefoundaboneofthedogsHefoundaboneofthedogHefoundthedogsboneIsawaportraitofShakespearesIsawaportraitofShakespeareIsawShakespearesportrait5.名词状语的语法意义Thegroundissnowwhite(=Thegroundisaswhiteassnow)Chinaisworldfamousforthebeautyofnaturalscenery(=Chinaisfamousforthebeautyofnaturalsceneryinthewo

5、rld)6.名词向动词的转化BustraystodishroomShemotheredherbrotherandsisterHehurriedlypencilledthetimeonitPleasewheeltherubbishouttothedump7.名词与形容词做定语的意义区别aChinanewsman一位在中国的新闻记者(未必是中国人)aChinesenewsman一位中国籍的新闻记者(未必在中国)Chinaedition专门销售到中国的版本(未必是中文本)Chineseedition中文版本(此版本未必专门销售到中国)Chinapolicy对华政策Chinesepolicy中国政策代

6、代词词类型类型主格主格/宾格宾格特指特指/泛指泛指不定代词不定代词1.1.指上文指上文/下文提到的人或物下文提到的人或物Therearetwoclassesofpeople:theselfishandtheselfless:thesearefoundinworkingclass,whilethoseinthecapitalists.2.2.宾格还是主格宾格还是主格-Yououghttodoit.-What,me!3.3.人称代词名词化人称代词名词化Inoticedthat,asusual,thereweremoreshesthanhesinthisroom.4.we4.we的特殊用法的特殊用法

7、Wellnowexplainthetext.(代替代替I)5.You5.You的特殊用法的特殊用法Itwasnotabadlife.Yougotupatseven,hadbreakfast,wentforawalk,andatnineoclockyousatdowntowork.(暗指某人暗指某人)6.6.第三人称的特殊用法第三人称的特殊用法He,whoknowsnothingbutpretendstoknoweverything,isindeedagood-for-noting.(用于谚语中用于谚语中)7.7.人称代词的排列顺序人称代词的排列顺序You,heandIhavebeenchose

8、n.Iandhe/Heandyouaretoblame.8.8.反身代词与介词的连用反身代词与介词的连用Tenenemywillnotperishofthemselves.Onecannotdosuchathingforoneself.Theymadethemodelplanesallbythemselves.Thisproblemgetsachaptertoitself.Diamondishardinitself.Hewasbesidehimselfwithjoy.课堂练习课堂练习请判断这四种说法哪一个不正确？请判断这四种说法哪一个不正确？theothers/others/theothers

9、/otherscopytheothers/others/theothershomeworkcopyothershomeworkDickisnothonestatall.Heoftencheatsbycopyingothershomework.动动词词时态时态语态语态语气语气功用：谓语功用：谓语/非谓语非谓语不表示一般现在时的一般现在时结构不表示一般现在时的一般现在时结构HeleavesforAmerica,andgetsbacksoon.Ihandyouthisletter.Johnarriveshomenow.heseeshiswife.Shecriesbitterly,buthedoesn

10、otseemtorecognizeher.Explanationofkeyanddifficultpoints动词的时态动词的时态不表示正在进行时的正在进行时结构不表示正在进行时的正在进行时结构Theflowerisopening.Imustbegoingnow.Wearesimplydefendingourownbenefit.Heislacking（=deficient）incourage.Wearewonderingifyoucanjoinus.动词的时态动词的时态不表示现在完成时意义的现在完成时结构不表示现在完成时意义的现在完成时结构Well start at twelve if it

11、 has stopped raining by that time.They often play basketball after they have had supper.动词的时态动词的时态过去完成时的特殊用法过去完成时的特殊用法IhadexpectedtoseethefilmbutIcouldntgetaticket.（wanted/hoped/thought/supposed/meant）动词的时态动词的时态将来进行时的某些用法将来进行时的某些用法表示事情正有进展，其动作是由客观情况决定表示事情正有进展，其动作是由客观情况决定的。的。-Iveforgottentopostthisle

12、tter.-Dontworry.Illbepassingthepostoffice.生动、形象地表现将来动作的情景。生动、形象地表现将来动作的情景。Ifyoudontwrite,theywillbewonderingwhathashappenedtoyou.表示未来某动作迟于所安排的第一个动作。表示未来某动作迟于所安排的第一个动作。TheyarestudyingBook2nextterm,andlatertheyllbestudyingBook3.强调未来动作的持续。强调未来动作的持续。I hope it wont rain tomorrow.表示推测或语气较委婉的命令。表示推测或语气较委婉的

13、命令。Mother will be expecting me,and getting uneasy.表示一种无意图的动作。表示一种无意图的动作。Hell do his best.用于特殊疑问句，表示礼貌。用于特殊疑问句，表示礼貌。What are you going to have for breakfast?用于一般疑问句，用来提出一个有礼貌的问题。用于一般疑问句，用来提出一个有礼貌的问题。Will you（please）come to see me soon?非将来时形式表示将来时间非将来时形式表示将来时间表示将来时形式的多种形式表示将来时形式的多种形式will/shall动词原形动词原形

14、begoingto动词原形动词原形beto动词原形动词原形beV-ingbeabout不定式不定式will/shallbeV-ing一般现在时一般现在时一般现在时表示将来时一般现在时表示将来时Wait and see what follows.一般过去时表示将来时一般过去时表示将来时Dont forget to call to let us know you arrived safely.I wondered if you were free tonight.“动词动词+a/an+a/an+名词名词”的结构特点的结构特点havea+n.takea+n.givea+n.makea+n.doa+n

15、.动词短语动词短语不能变为被动句的主动句不能变为被动句的主动句Themanpossessedgreatwealth.Thejarholdsoil.WordsfailustoexpressourloveandrespectforPremierZhou.动词的语态动词的语态被动形式表示主动意义被动形式表示主动意义be+excited(attached,occupied,charged,stationed,dressed,seated,)动词的语态动词的语态主动形式表示被动意义主动形式表示被动意义Goodmedicinetastesbitter.Ripeorangespeeleasily.Thest

16、oneshavewornsmooth.Theworkdoesnotpay.动词的语态动词的语态被动结构与系表结构的区别被动结构与系表结构的区别Thewaywaslostbetweenthetrees.（系表结构）（系表结构）Thebridgewascompletedin1999.（被动结构）（被动结构）动词的语态动词的语态“情态动词情态动词+不定式完成式不定式完成式”1.must+havev-ed2.can/could+havev-ed3.may/might+havev-ed4.should/oughtto+havev-ed5.will/would+havev-ed6.neednt+havev

17、-ed情态动词情态动词由情态动词引起的问句的肯定和否定回答由情态动词引起的问句的肯定和否定回答CanI?MayI?MustI?NeedI?情态动词情态动词shall shall 和和will will 不一定都表示将来时不一定都表示将来时1.IshalldiewhenIamold.2.（表示自然规律，不是任何人的愿望）（表示自然规律，不是任何人的愿望）2.Iwilldie,Ihatetolive.（表示说话人自己的愿望）（表示说话人自己的愿望）3.IpromiseIwillpayyou.（表示意愿）（表示意愿）4.Youshallnotsmoke.（表示禁止）（表示禁止）情态动词情态动词形容词

18、和副词形容词和副词功用和位置功用和位置比较级和最高级比较级和最高级规则变化规则变化/不规则变化不规则变化名词化形容词的用法名词化形容词的用法一类人一类人 theyoung(old,sick,wounded,poor,rich,weak,strong)一类事一类事/物物 thegood(beautiful,true)在固定搭配中在固定搭配中 frombadtoworse,frombigtoinfinite,atonesbusiest单个形容词做后置定语单个形容词做后置定语在由在由any,some,no,every所构成的复合代词之后所构成的复合代词之后 There is something wr

19、ong with my radio.但形容词前有定冠词的则不必后置但形容词前有定冠词的则不必后置 And there,glowing with faint blue light in the glass test-tubes on the tables,was the mysterious something which they had worked so hard to find:Radium.大多数以大多数以-able和和-ible结尾的形容词结尾的形容词 This is the only fuel available.以a开头的某些形容词They are the most happy

20、menalive.某些外来词某些外来词 all the students and teacherspresent表示时间的某些形容词表示时间的某些形容词 in timepast形容词化的过去分词，视情况而定形容词化的过去分词，视情况而定 Ill never get married-I dont want to spend my lifesurrounded by screaming children.前置或后置，意义有别前置或后置，意义有别After due consideration,he took up the study of Japanese.The bill due today is

21、 too high.后置的形容词可与不定式、介词短语或从句等连后置的形容词可与不定式、介词短语或从句等连用用 He is a man difficult to work with.动态形容词和静态形容词动态形容词和静态形容词动态形容词可用于以动态形容词可用于以be开头的祈使句。开头的祈使句。Dontbesorudewiththechildren.动态形容词可用于动词动态形容词可用于动词be的进行时态之后作表语。的进行时态之后作表语。Theyounggirlisbeingsweet.动态形容词常用于动态形容词常用于“it+is+adj.+of”的机构中，的机构中，静态形容词一般用于静态形容词一般

22、用于“it+is+adj.+for”的结构中。的结构中。Itiskindofyoutohelpme.Itiseasyforyoutodothework.静态形容词可以构成静态形容词可以构成“the+adj.”的短语，表示一类人的短语，表示一类人或物。或物。副词的非状语功能副词的非状语功能作表语作表语Theriveris500metersacross.作定语作定语Theonlywayoutistofight.作介词宾语作介词宾语Hedidnotknowtheansweruntilquiterecently.作补语作补语Iamgladtoseeyouupandabout.副词副词up与与down的

23、用法的用法Itgetshotwhenthesuncomesup.Itgetscoldwhenthesungoesdown.Hehasgoneupnorth.Hehasgonedownsouth.Herspiritswentup.Shesdowninspirits.形容词和副词的异类比较形容词和副词的异类比较同类比较同类比较Irunfasterthanyourbrother.异类等量比较异类等量比较Thereisasmuchmilkaswaterinthiscup.异类不等量比较异类不等量比较HeknowsmoreaboutmusicthanIknowaboutliterature.异质同等程度

24、比较异质同等程度比较Theroomisaslongaswide.异质不同等程度比较异质不同等程度比较Theyaremorebravethanwise.比较级的各种表达方式比较级的各种表达方式1.as.as2.morethan3.the more of the two4.senior(junior,superior,inferior,anterior,posterior)to5.通过上下文暗中比较6.用over,above,next to,compare with等词汇手段表示 7.在句中插入not to speak of,not to mention,to say nothing of,let

25、 alone等否定结构，可表示比较意义。8.动词preferto,choosebefore可表示比较意义。单音节形容词比较等级的构成单音节形容词比较等级的构成1.由过去分词、现在分词演变而来的形容词 You are more learned than he.2.表示国籍的形容词转义表示该国人的行为举止时 He is more English than the English.3.只作表语的双音节形容词 I am more afraid of you than he.4.形容词之后接定语或宾补 They found it more easy to remember the text than t

26、he individual words.5.比较在同一人或物内进行的 The boy is more shy than unsocial.6.形容词在句中只表示强调不表示比较的 They prefer a more sweet type of beer during the winter.7.复合形容词只在第一个形容词此尾加-er,-est构成 The change here is even deeper-rooted.8.在“the+比较级，the+比较级”结构中可用more The more old he is,the more wise he becomes.没有比较等级的形容词没有比较

27、等级的形容词表示方位的形容词表示终极意义或绝对概念的形容词某些表示绝对状态的形容词某些表示时间概念的形容词表示事物性质、物质材料或结构成分的形容词表示顺序或含有明确数学概念的形容词表示独一无二的形容词表示几何形状的形容词表示国籍的形容词以a开头的形容词比较等级的分量比较等级的分量/程度程度加强语+asas What you did is just as fit as what you had said.加强语+more than She arrived earlier than I by five minutes.加强语+the most The Yellow River is the sec

28、ond longest one in China.数量词数量词基数词基数词/序数词序数词实际应用实际应用序数词的某些表达法序数词的某些表达法thefirst(street)floorthegroundfloorthesecond(next)beststudent数词的某些特殊作用和意义数词的某些特殊作用和意义用于文学作品中，表示夸张、渲染用于文学作品中，表示夸张、渲染 yet for you,I would be trebled twenty times myself 构成固定词组或成语构成固定词组或成语 It is six of one and half a dozen of the oth

29、er.构成谚语构成谚语Two of a trade never agree.表示某些特定意义表示某些特定意义ten-twenty-thirty 某些数词的特殊用法某些数词的特殊用法All,both,one,half,aquarter,treble,quadruple,athird,double,sixtimes的用法的用法.one third his pricedozen,score,hundred,thousand,million,billion的用法的用法ascoreofthesepeople数词的复数形式数词的复数形式做简单乘法时做简单乘法时表示表示“几十年代几十年代”时时表示表示“几十

30、几岁几十几岁”时时表示复数概念时表示复数概念时表示表示“成百上千成百上千”，“成千上万成千上万”，“几亿几亿”，“无数无数”等时等时many(afew,several,some)+hundred(s)of表示表示“多少人一组或一排多少人一组或一排”时时表示分数时表示分数时序数词表示序数词表示“第几名第几名”时时在固定用语中在固定用语中倍数的表达法倍数的表达法“倍数倍数+as+形容词（副词）形容词（副词）+as”“倍数倍数+as+形容词（副词）形容词（副词）+as+数字数字”“倍数倍数+thesize(length,height)of”“倍数倍数+比较级比较级+than”“increase(de

31、crease,reduce)+by+数字数字(倍数倍数)”“increase(decrease,reduce)+to+数字数字(倍数倍数)”“倍数倍数+upon(over)”“exceed(increase,decrease,reduce)+bythefactorof+倍数倍数”“倍数倍数+what从句从句”比例、乘方、方根、分数、小数的表示法比例、乘方、方根、分数、小数的表示法比例的表示法比例的表示法Heearned$700permonthtoMary$600.乘方、方根的表示法乘方、方根的表示法105：thefifthpoweroften,tentothefifth分数、小数的表示法分数、

32、小数的表示法3/7：threeseventhslong/wide/high/thick/deep/roundinlength/width/height/diameter/circumferencebyinchessquaremilesquarts/gallons/pints/litersofsth.weighsounces/pounds/stone长、宽、高、深、重、面积、体积等的表示法长、宽、高、深、重、面积、体积等的表示法年龄的表示法年龄的表示法Heistwenty(years/months/daysold).Heistwentyyearsofage.Heisagedtwenty.Heis

33、atwenty.Heisatwenty-year-oldboy.at20/attheageof20/aged20/age20冠冠 词词分类用法1.1.不定冠词的选用不定冠词的选用A以以u开头的单词前的不定冠词开头的单词前的不定冠词He is a/anundergraduateB以以h开头的单词前的不定冠词开头的单词前的不定冠词 Ill wait here for a/an half hourC以以ew和和eu开头的单词开头的单词“Pass away”is a/an euphemism for“die”Done和和once之前的不定冠词之前的不定冠词That was a/an once prov

34、ince of the NortheastE缩略语前的冠词缩略语前的冠词a/an IATA membera/anFIATmanagerF带引号的字母前的冠词带引号的字母前的冠词There is a/an“h in the word“hour”G发音以发音以h开头的两个音节以上的单词前的不定冠词开头的两个音节以上的单词前的不定冠词a（an）historicalessay冠词冠词Asuch(many,what)+a/an+n.The tent was now a bit crowded,as the camel had such a long neckBas(so,too,how,however)

35、+adj.+a/an+n.It is as big a park as we have never seen beforeChalf+a/an+n.Ill be back half an hour laterDquite（rather，no less）+a/an+adj.+n.Swimming became rather a popular exercise(a rather popular exercise)nowadaysE当当eveneven，onlyonly等副词修饰或限定单数名词时，不定冠词要置于等副词修饰或限定单数名词时，不定冠词要置于这些词之后。这些词之后。Even a chil

36、d cart understand the book F当名词由当名词由allall或或bothboth修饰时，定冠词须置于其后。修饰时，定冠词须置于其后。Both the windows are not open2.2.冠词倒置的几种情况冠词倒置的几种情况3.3.人名前的冠词人名前的冠词AHe is now a different James from what he was five years agoBLu Xun was likened to the Gorky of ChinaCThe child is sitting in the FordD“She is a distant re

37、lative of Henry Ford.”“Is she,indeed?The Henry Ford?”“Yes,the Henry Ford.”EThat the Miss Lucases and the Miss Bennets should meet to talk over a ball was absolutely necessaryFHe was a StuartG G“A Hubert!A Hubert!”shouted the populace 4.4.作表语的名词前用与不用冠词的区别作表语的名词前用与不用冠词的区别AHe was a/principal of our col

38、legeBHe used to be a teacher till he turned writerC CShe is more mother than wife.DHe was nephew of the kingEHe is a Newton of today FThe carrier was in high spirits，good fellow he wasGThough she is ayounggirl,she knows a lot.5.5.形容词最高级前不用定冠词的情况形容词最高级前不用定冠词的情况AWhere did you get thisbiggest dictionar

39、y of yours?BWe are busiest on SundaysCHe shouted his loudest shoutDShe told us amosttouching story.EShortest though he is,he can jump highestFKindest regards to your familyGShe is theyoungest but(the)tallest girl in our class.H.I can pay ten yuan at(the)most6.6.序数词前不用定冠词的情况序数词前不用定冠词的情况AThe first tim

40、ber being thus laid,asecond and athird were fixedB He was only a child when I first saw himCSusansfirst thing to do was to have a mealDHe bought athird-class ticket and travels third-class EOne third of students in our school are girlsFHe tookafirstin the exam GIt is cloth of second qualityHTwenty-f

41、ourth StreetIIn Philadelphia，the United States of America was born and George Washington served as first PresidentJHe comes to see me everysecond monthKTheseventeenth of March,1938 is the very day that I will not forget.7.7.方位词与定冠词方位词与定冠词AOn thenorthandeast of China are Korea，the Russia and the Repu

42、blic of MongoliaBHe fought north and south when he was youngCTheSouth is warmer thantheNorthDSouth America is joined to North America，and only a narrow strait separates North America from AsiaTranslationExercise(C-E)1.年轻人大都喜欢流行音乐；我的一些年轻朋友还写关于自己和校园生活的歌。2.“stoping”这个单词漏掉了字母“p”。Analysis of Grammatical

43、ErrorsAnalysis of Grammatical Errors错误案例分析错误案例分析案例案例1长城参观券上的英文简介：The building of the Great Wall started in Seventh Century B.C.which covers a total length of more than 6,000 kilometers.介介 词词分类分类与其他词的搭配与其他词的搭配与副词的区别与副词的区别（略）（略）连连 词词分类与用法与介词的区别（略）（略）感叹词感叹词使用场合使用场合（略）（略）句子成分句子成分主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语定语定语状语状语补语补语

44、表语表语四六级写作常见语法错误四六级写作常见语法错误句子成分残缺不全Wealwaysworkingtilllateatnightbeforetakingexams.(误误)Weshouldreadbooksmaybeusefultous.(误误)句子成分Thistestisend,butthereisanothertestiswaitingforyou.(误误)Thedriveroftheredcarwasdiedonthespot.(误误)ExamplesMyguideis/arethestars.EnglishandFrenchgrammarare/isdifferent.Sweetand

45、sourporkare/isdelicious.Allworkandnoplaymakes/makeJackadullboy.Mary,andherparentstoo（oralso,likewise,aswell）,is/arefondofJohn.主谓一致主谓一致Subject:pluralorsingle?Sevenwere/waskilled,fourwounded,andtwomissing.Alittleis/areenough.Thereis/areenoughWhenanumeralisusedasasubjectTheremonthsseems/seemalongtimeto

46、you,butashorttimetome.Thelast3yearshas/havebeenfullofsurprises.Translation(CE):一切顺利。所有人都到齐了。他家不是一个大家庭。他的家人都是音乐爱好者。四六级写作常见语法错误四六级写作常见语法错误主谓不一致主谓不一致 Someone/Somebodythinkthatreadingshouldbeselective.(误)Mysistergotothecinemaatleastonceaweek.(误)动宾搭配不当动宾搭配不当 Wemustpayattentiontoitandmakesolutionstothepro

47、blem.(误)Italsomayhelpyoutomakesuccess.(误)句子的类型句子的类型按结构分按结构分简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句按功能分按功能分陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句五种基本句型五种基本句型1.S十十V“主语谓语主语谓语”结构结构Weallbreathe.2.S十十V十十P“主语系动词表语主语系动词表语”Hewasastrangelittleman.3.S十十V十十O“主语谓语宾语主语谓语宾语”结构结构Ihaveboughtsomechocolateforyou.4.S十十V十十O1十十O2“主语谓

48、语双宾语主语谓语双宾语”结构结构Mr.SmithtaughtusEnglish.5.S十十V十十O十十C“主语谓语宾语宾语补足语主语谓语宾语宾语补足语”结构结构Hecouldmakehislessonslivelyandinteresting.不是疑问句的疑问句不是疑问句的疑问句Howareyou?Howdoyoudo?Whoknows?Whodoesnotknow?独立成分独立成分感叹语感叹语Silence!HerecomesMr.Li.呼语呼语Waiter,fourbottlesofbeer,please.插入语插入语Thatboy,Ithink,isfromGuangxi.独立分词 Co

49、ming to the question of grammar,I have something to say.独立不定式 To get back to our subject,grammar is neither easy nor difficult to learn.独立副词 Seriously,why dont you work harder?倒倒装装倒装的形式倒装的形式倒装的原因倒装的原因（略）（略）省省略略省略的形式省略的形式省略的原因省略的原因为避免重复为避免重复语法上允许语法上允许习惯上需要习惯上需要（略）（略）标标点点标点符号的分类和用法标点符号的分类和用法与汉语标点符号的区别与汉语标点符号的区别标点符号的使用标点符号的使用常见的标点符号错误把英文的句号与中文的句号混淆。句号的使用过于随意。逗号与句号的使用不分规矩。众所周知的组织、机构、电台等的缩写词一般不用句号，例如，CCTV,VOA,UN。如用句号必须全写。常见的错误是，缺少最后一个句号。如（中国国际旅行社）中文的书名号和篇名号被用到英文当中。THANK YOU.THANK YOU.Goodbye!