英语阅读学习策略.ppt

《英语阅读学习策略.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语阅读学习策略.ppt（73页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、前前 言言n中学生学英语经常遇到阅读方面的一些问题。例如：n来不及在规定时间内读完规定的文章。n先读文章再答题时往往找不到问题的出处。n有的同学因此感到为难，甚至厌倦；有的同学为了解决这些问题下了不少苦功。他们拼命多读文章，或多做阅读练习，有的甚至把一些文章或段落背下来。然而，下的苦功并没有收到相应的回报。这些同学之所以吃力不讨好，是因为他们“只埋头拉车，不抬头看路”只靠硬拼，不讲究策略。n只能理解单词、句子的表层意思，常常搞不清楚深层次的意思或者“言外之意”。英语阅读的目的n为什么中学生都要上英语阅读课？n换句话说，阅读课的教学目的是什么？n有的同学认为，阅读课的目的和中学英语课一样，仍然是

2、词汇和语法。持有这种观点的同学把阅读课与精读课/综合英语课混为一谈。由于他们对阅读过于精雕细琢，反而降低了阅读速度。过于注重单词与句子，甚至时常中断阅读去追究单词的意思，又使他们“见木不见林”，降低了对全文的理解。n那么，阅读课的教学目的是什么呢？根据教学大纲，阅读课的教学目的包括：n1、阅读理解能力和阅读速度n2、逻辑思维能力n3、细读、略读、查阅等阅读技能n4、词汇量、语言和文化背景知识n我们现在先解决阅读理解能力和阅读速度问题。其余三个内容将在“阅读的方法”中解决。n阅读理解能力和阅读速度n阅读的首要任务是提高理解能力和阅读速度。因此，不能为了个别单词中断阅读。n理解能力和阅读速度是矛盾

3、中对立统一的两个侧面。n说它们对立，是因为在学习进程中理解与速度如鱼与熊掌不可兼得。要想在原有的基础上提高速度，往往会导致理解能力下降；而想要更深刻地理解往往又得放慢速度。n说它们统一，是因为从学习效果看，理解与速度相辅相成。阅读速度快的人比阅读速度慢的人有更高的理解能力。反之，理解能力高的人比理解能力低的人读得更快。阅读的原理n人是怎样进行阅读的呢？有的同学认为：“这还不简单？先看一个词，把这个词读出来，再看下一个词再读出来。一个词一个词地看，一个词一个词地读呗。”其实除了初学者之外，很少有人是看一个词读一个词的。我们可以做一个阅读实验。请一位同学坐在你对面，让他把准备阅读的书拿起来(注意，

4、要竖着拿不能平放)，半遮着脸。从你的平视角度看过去他的眼睛的位置刚好在书页之上。这时请他阅读。当他阅读时请注意他眼睛的移动。你会发现，他的眼睛不是匀速平滑地移动，而是停顿一下，跳跃一下，再停顿一下，再跳跃一下。也就是说，阅读的过程不是看一个词读一个词的，而是看几个词读几个词的。用术语说，就是看一个“组块(chunk)”,读一个“组块”。n组块的大小因能力而异。英语初学者阅读的组块很可能就是一个组块=一个单词。随着阅读能力的提高，组块会扩大为/一个词组/一个短语/一个意群/一个句子乃至“一目十行”。如果我们请阅读水平不同的几位同学来做同样的实验，或者请不同年段的同学来做这个实验，我们可以发现，阅

5、读能力较强的同学与阅读能力较弱的同学相比，能力越强的同学跳跃的幅度越大，跳跃的次数越少。这就证明了阅读能力越强的同学阅读时的组块越大。n除了“看一个词读一个词”之外，中学生英语阅读的另一个较严重的误区是：“每词必读”，甚至“每词必深究”。由于他们对阅读过于精雕细琢，反而降低了阅读速度。过于注重单词与句子，甚至时常中断阅读去追究单词的意思，又使他们“见木不见林”，降低了对全文的理解。n其实，英语是一种语言冗余比重相当大的语言。也就是说，英语阅读中每词必读是不必要的。我们可以用多媒体教学手段做一个实验。nIsraeli-Palestinian agreement reachedJERUSALEM-

6、Israeli Foreign Minister David Levy announced Friday that officials reached an agreement on a new land-for-security agreement with Israel.The agreement will be signed Saturday,Palestinian Planning Minister Nabil Shaath told reporters as Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat and U.S.Secretary of State Mad

7、eleine Albright wrapped up their talks.“President Arafat and Mrs.Albright will be meeting with you soon to inform you of the good news of reaching an agreement that would be signed tomorrow in Sharm-el-Sheikh,Egypt,”Shaath saidnIsraeli-Palestinian agreement reachedJERUSALEM-Israeli Foreign Minister

8、David Levy announced Friday that officials reached an agreement on a new land-for-security agreement with Israel.The agreement will be signed Saturday,Palestinian Plannin g Minister Nabil Shaath told reporters as Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat and U.S.Secretary of State Madeleine Albright wrapped

9、up their talks.“President Arafat and Mrs.Albright will be meeting with you soon to inform you of the good news of reaching an agreement that would be signed tomorrow in Sharm-el-Sheikh,Egypt,”Shaath saidn一、阅读能力测试的主要要求一、阅读能力测试的主要要求二、阅读理解常见题型及解题方法二、阅读理解常见题型及解题方法n1、直接信息题（细节题）、直接信息题（细节题）n2、猜测词义题、猜测词义题n3

10、、主旨归纳题、主旨归纳题n4、推理判断题、推理判断题n三、阅读要素及阅读能力的培养三、阅读要素及阅读能力的培养阅读理解题型及解题阅读理解题型及解题阅读能力测试的主要要求阅读能力测试的主要要求n1、掌握所读材料的主旨大意，以及用以说明主旨和大、掌握所读材料的主旨大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的细节和事实。意的细节和事实。n2、既理解具体事实，也理解抽象概念。、既理解具体事实，也理解抽象概念。n3、既理解字面意思，也理解深层含义，包括作者的态、既理解字面意思，也理解深层含义，包括作者的态度、意图等。度、意图等。n4、既理解某句、某段的意思，也理解全篇逻辑关系，、既理解某句、某段的意思，也理解全篇逻辑

11、关系，并据此进行推理和判断。并据此进行推理和判断。n5、既能根据材料所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学、既能根据材料所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。生应有的常识去理解。n启示：阅读理解考查的不仅仅是学生的理解能力，还侧启示：阅读理解考查的不仅仅是学生的理解能力，还侧重考查学生的逻辑思维能力。学生既要抓住文章的整体，重考查学生的逻辑思维能力。学生既要抓住文章的整体，又得吃透其细节；既需理解文章的表层意思，又需领会又得吃透其细节；既需理解文章的表层意思，又需领会其深层含义。其深层含义。阅读理解常见题型及解题方法阅读理解常见题型及解题方法一、直接信息题（细节题）一、直接信息题（细节

12、题）直接信息题多从文章的某个具体事实或细节出发直接信息题多从文章的某个具体事实或细节出发来设计题材目。其题目设计的方式一般有：来设计题材目。其题目设计的方式一般有：1、以、以who,what,when,where等疑问词开头提等疑问词开头提问短文的具体内容。问短文的具体内容。2、以、以trueorfalse形式，让考生判断文章某一事形式，让考生判断文章某一事实或细节。实或细节。3、句意转换理解。句意转换理解。4、就文中具体内容进行简单计算，排序，识图等。、就文中具体内容进行简单计算，排序，识图等。5、以、以Accordingtothetext/Fromthetext开头，开头，考查某一细节。考

13、查某一细节。这类题目的信息一般在文章中可以直接找到，大这类题目的信息一般在文章中可以直接找到，大家只要抓准文中与题目有关的信息词、句、稍加家只要抓准文中与题目有关的信息词、句、稍加分析，便可得出正确答案。分析，便可得出正确答案。如：如：WheredidJackhidehimselfandhisbike?原文：原文：Whenhegottohisuncleswatchfactory,Jackgotoffhisbikeandhidhimselfandthebikebehindthebigtreenearthefactory.细节题训练细节题训练快速寻找各题的正确答案：快速寻找各题的正确答案：1.Wh

14、at?A.in1835B.anewcarC.thedayaftertomorrowD.withgreatspeed2.Why?A.lastweekB.forsomeiceC.verycarefullyD.mymothertongue3.Which?A.atsevenoclockB.theforthC.allovertheworldD.onthefloor4.Where?A.NewYorkB.GreekC.FrenchD.Canadian5.How?A.1000B.withthehelpofothersC.asharpknifeD.careless6.Howmuch?A.infifteenmin

15、utesB.3,500C.fivemetreslongD.thepopulationofthecountry7.When?A.all over the world B.in the southern area C.ten days before the test D.once a month8.How hot?A.slight hot B.terribly hot C.a few hot D.much hot9.How soon?A.in several weeks B.on Monday morning C.after that D.once a month 选择正确答案：选择正确答案：1.

16、Theteachertoldhisstudentstodothesecondandthethirdexercises,buttheyshouldleavethefirstexerciseout.Howmanyexercisesshouldthestudentsdo?A.One.B.Two.C.Three.D.Zero.2.JeanandMaryaskedDellatogooutforawalk,butshedidntwantto.Whoprobablydidnotgoout?A.Jean.B.Mary.C.Della.D.JeanandMary.3.Theanswerstothequestio

17、nswhichwereinpart3oftheEnglishtestthatwehadwereratherdifficultformostofus.HowmanypartsdoestheEnglishtesthave?A.Onlythree.B.Atleastthree.C.Obviouslymorethanthree.D.Onlyfour.二、猜测词义题二、猜测词义题根据上下文的说明。根据上下文的说明。1、Hewasoneof80middleschoolstudentsfromChinaattendingamonth-long“YouthSummit”.Thesummitwastomarkt

18、he25thanniversary(周年周年)ofPresidentNixonsjourneytoChina,whichwastheturningpointinChina-U.S.relation.TheYouthSummitwasaimedatincreasingunderstandingandfriendshipbetweenyoungstudentsofthetwocountriesthroughvisitsanddiscussions.The words“Youth Summit”refer to _.A.visit to the Nixon Library B.the Chinese

19、 students visit to the U.S.C.a meeting discussing relations between China and the U.S.D.activities to strengthen the tie between the Chinese and American students.n2、AmannamedWalterScotthadthefirst“diner”in1872.Itwasntreallyadiner.Itwasonlyafoodcart.n根据文中说明，根据文中说明，“diner”不是小餐馆，而是不是小餐馆，而是流动小餐车。流动小餐车。

20、、根据文中的解释、根据文中的解释在在or,thatis,suchas,thatistosay,inanotherword,inotherwords这些词或词组后面的部分往往用来解这些词或词组后面的部分往往用来解释前面某一个难以理解的词、词组或句释前面某一个难以理解的词、词组或句子，括号、破折号在句中常引出注释性子，括号、破折号在句中常引出注释性词语，通过这些解释和注释，我们可以词语，通过这些解释和注释，我们可以推断出词的含义。例如：推断出词的含义。例如：根据定义或解释猜测词义根据定义或解释猜测词义例例1Acalendarisalistofthedays,weeks,monthsofaparti

21、cularyear.Calendar:日历日历例 2 He was a prestidigitator who entertained the children by pulling rabbits out of his hat,swallowing fire,and other similar tricks.Prestidigitator:变戏法的人，或魔术师变戏法的人，或魔术师三、根据上下文提供的情景。三、根据上下文提供的情景。有时候语境中既没有明确的定义，又没有明确的解有时候语境中既没有明确的定义，又没有明确的解释，而是作者制造一种情景，暗示某词所指的性能和特释，而是作者制造一种情景，暗

22、示某词所指的性能和特征。比较下面两个句子：征。比较下面两个句子：1、In spite of the fact the fishermen were wearing souwesters,the storm was so heavy that they were wet through.2.An east or north-east wind brings cold dry weather to England,but a souwester usually bring rain.四四.根据同等关系猜测词义根据同等关系猜测词义例例1Thereisnoreasontoinsultanddefame

23、themansimplybecauseyoudonotagreewithhim.defame“诋毁诋毁”，“中伤中伤”或或“诽谤诽谤”l例例2IntheancientcityofRome,wevisitedeverymansion,church,battlesite,theatreandotherpublichalls.mansion建筑物或场所建筑物或场所六、运用同义词关系六、运用同义词关系例如：例如：1.ThegameAmericanscallsoccerisknownaroundtheworldasfootball.2.Thehousestoodattheendofaquietneats

24、treet.Thelittledwelling,however,lookedneglectedandcheerless.六、运用反义关系。六、运用反义关系。例如：例如：Most women in China-educated and iliterated,urban and rural,the young and old-work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers.七七.根据生活常识根据生活常识 In old days,when girls from rich f

25、amilies were married to their husbands,they expected to bring with themselves a large quantity of dowry.嫁妆嫁妆八八.根据构词法猜测词义根据构词法猜测词义例例1Hehasrenamedtherestaurant“Paradise”.re-再，又再，又rename重新起名，改名重新起名，改名n2.Womenhaveequalsayineverything.3.ThecoloursofEnglandinthespringareunforgettable.4.Thedisobedientedstu

26、dentswereforcedtoleaveschool.5.Boththedevelopedandtheunderdevelopedshouldtrytheirbesttopopularizeeducation.Exercise:Choosethecorrectanswers.1.“Are you at leisure now?Id like to have a word with you.”2.“No,I have not a moments leisure now.I have a lot of work to do.Come to me this evening.”3.A.free t

27、ime B.busy time 4.C.time for sleep D.time for work5.2.A tiger is a fierce animal.If you have not a gun in your hand you dare not go near It,or it will eat you.A.wild B.rude C.brave D.huge3.Joe will be put to death because he killed an old man with a lot of money.It is said that the execution will ta

28、ke place in public.A.beating B.killing C.hunting D.running4.Mr Brown is very old.He is now over 80 years old.Two years ago his white hair began to fall out,soon more and more hair fell out and now he is completely bald.5.There are different kinds of minerals in the earth.Workers often dig them out f

29、or mans use.Salt is an example of minerals.A.a vegetable that grows on the groundB.An animal that lives on the earthC.Solid matter that is formed naturally in the earthD.Water that comes out from under the groundA.white B.hairless C.old D.gold Scientists predict that there will be 7.3 billion people

30、 in the world in the year 2008.预测预测Guess the meaning of the word_Mr.Brown is a gentleman who is always punctual for all his classes,but he arrived over 10 minutes late yesterday morning.守时的，准时的守时的，准时的_Shedidnothearwhatyousaidbecauseshewascompletelyengrossedinherreading.全神贯注全神贯注_ The noise was so fai

31、nt that it was impossible to be sure what it was or even where it came from.微弱的微弱的In the strong wind,the beggar shivered with the terrible cold.发抖发抖Although people in many countries consider raw meat delicious,we Chinese people seldom eat any meat that is uncooked.生的，未煮熟的生的，未煮熟的_Dr.Smith is recogniz

32、ed as one of the founders of ethnology,the study of animal behavior.生态学生态学_长句和难句的理解长句和难句的理解n1.Airtravelissuchaneverydayexperiencethesedaysthatwearenotsurprised(whenwereadaboutapoliticianhavingtalkswiththeJapanesePrimeMinisteroneday,attendingaconferenceinAustraliathefollowingmorningandhavingtobeoffat

33、middaytosignatradeagreementinBangkok.)(51词词)三、主旨归纳三、主旨归纳主旨大意题型主要测试读者对短文的全主旨大意题型主要测试读者对短文的全面理解和概括能力。提问的内容可能是全文面理解和概括能力。提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意。针对主的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意。针对主旨问题的提问一般比较笼统，不涉及具体内旨问题的提问一般比较笼统，不涉及具体内容，所以有时不易直接在文中找到答案。容，所以有时不易直接在文中找到答案。为了要准确而又迅速地找到短文的中心为了要准确而又迅速地找到短文的中心句（表达中心思想的主题句），句（表达中心思想的主题句

34、），我们首先要我们首先要明确作者的写作意图和文章的结构。明确作者的写作意图和文章的结构。The position of the topic sentence1.At the beginning2.In the middle3.At the end4.No topic sentence OnthenightofthepartyMerlinrolledintotheroomplayinghisviolin.Everyonewasastonishedtoseehim.Therewasjustoneproblem.Merlinhadnowaytostophisrollerskates.Herolled

35、onandon.Suddenly,heranintoahugemirrorthatwashangingonthewall.Downfellthemirror,breakingtopieces.NobodyforgotMerlinsgrandentranceforalongtime!_topic sentence Whenyouthrowaballupintotheairasfastasyoucan,theballreachesapointwhereitseemstopauseforamoment,andthenitcomesdown.Whenabulletisshotstraightup,it

36、willtravelmuchfasterandhigherthanaball,butit,too,willcomedown.Whatevergoesupmustcomedown.Wehavealwaysthoughtthistobetrue.Anairplanemayclimbtoaheightofseventeenmilesandthentravelfarandlong.Yetitdoesnotstayupforever.Finally,likeeverythingelse,theplanemustcomedown._topic sentence Thestatesinthenortheas

37、tareknownasNewEngland.Theyaresmallinarea.Even so,several of these states havemanypeople.Most of thepeople liveinsouthern New England.Many live alongtheAtlanticCoast.Brief introduction to New England.topic sentence Rats are still almost as big a danger to people as they were long ago.They still sprea

38、d disease and eat crops.Much of the hunger we have today is caused by rats.They eat half of the grain harvested in the world.topic sentence _针对短文中心思想或主旨大意提问的方式主针对短文中心思想或主旨大意提问的方式主要有以下几种：要有以下几种：1.The best title for this article is _.2.The passage is about _.3.Whats the main idea of this passage?4.The

39、 main idea(topic,subject)of the passage is about _.5.With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned?n6.Whichofthefollowingisthemainideaofthepassage?7.Thispassagechieflydealswith_.8.Thispassageismainlyconcernedwith_.9.Whichofthefollowingbestsumupthepassage?10.Whichofthefollowingcanbestexpressthemai

40、nideaofthepassage?Some supermarkets have a specialway of getting people to come to thebakerycounters.Sometimestheyspray a“cake smell”into the air.Atothertimestheyspraythefreshsmellof baking bread.These smells areenough to make peoples mouthswater.Thecustomersthenracemadlytothecountertobuycake,bread,

41、rolls,andotherbakedgoods!主旨概括题主旨概括题Themainideaofthepassageis_.A.whatcakesmellslikeB.whybakeriesmakemoneyC.howpeopleareattractedtobakerycountersD.what bakery counters in supermarketssell_主旨概括题主旨概括题四、推理判断题四、推理判断题推理判断题着重考查学生的逻辑思维能力，推理判断题着重考查学生的逻辑思维能力，即要求学生根据文章的逻辑关系进行推理判断。即要求学生根据文章的逻辑关系进行推理判断。此类题目难度大，设计

42、面广，如人物的性格、此类题目难度大，设计面广，如人物的性格、心理、故事的结局、寓意、文章的出处、体裁，心理、故事的结局、寓意、文章的出处、体裁，作者的倾向、态度等。其题目设计的方式一般作者的倾向、态度等。其题目设计的方式一般有：有：Wecaninfer(推断）推断）fromthepassagethat_.Thestorysuggests(暗示）暗示）that_.Wecanconclude(得出结论）得出结论）fromthepassagethat_.Whichofthefollowingmighthappenedlater?Thepassageisprobablytakenfroma_.Thew

43、riterofthepassageconsidersit_.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribes(描绘）描绘）thecharacterof_.做这类题目时，大家必须透过文章的字面意做这类题目时，大家必须透过文章的字面意思，领悟隐含在字里行间的内涵、哲理，体会作思，领悟隐含在字里行间的内涵、哲理，体会作者的言外之意、弦外之音。在进行推理判断时还者的言外之意、弦外之音。在进行推理判断时还应注意：应注意：1、抓住文中的关键词句等展开逻辑推理，所选答、抓住文中的关键词句等展开逻辑推理，所选答案必须能从文中找到依据，合乎情理，切忌脱离案必须能从文中找到依据，合乎情理，切忌脱离

44、原文，只凭自已的主观臆断、想象。原文，只凭自已的主观臆断、想象。2、可以结合常识判断，但决不能以自已的常识代、可以结合常识判断，但决不能以自已的常识代替逻辑推理替逻辑推理题目中含题目中含“suggest”的推断题示例的推断题示例TheythinktheyreluckythattheyrelivingandthatitsChristmasagain.Theycantseethatweliveonadirtystreetinashabbyhouseamongpeoplewhoarentmuchgood.Johnnyandthechildrencantseehowpitifulitisthatour

45、neighborshavetomakehappinessoutofthisfilth（污物）污物）anddirt.Mychildrenmustgetoutofthis.Buthow?Themoneythatwevesavedisntnearlyenough.TheMcGaretyshavemoney,buttheyareshow-offswithit.TheMcGaritygirljustyesterdaystoodoutthereinthestreeteatingfromabagofcookieswhilearingofhungrychildrenwatchedher.Isawthosech

46、ildernlookingatherandcryingintheirhearts,andwhenshecouldnteatanymore,shethrewtherestdownthesewer（阴沟）阴沟）.Miss Jackson who teaches at the Settlement House isnt rich,but she knows things.She understands people.Her eyes look straight into yours when she talks with you.Everybody else here looks away beca

47、use theyre ashamed of their lives.Id like to see the children be like Miss Jackson when they grow up.The writer suggests that her family_.A.is rich B.is unhappy C.are satisfied with their life D.long for a change in their life阅读技能及策略阅读技能及策略阅读过程可分三步。阅读过程可分三步。第一步应着重培养以下几种技能与策第一步应着重培养以下几种技能与策略：略：猜测词义：猜

48、测词义：辨认要点和重要信息、话语中的标记词辨认要点和重要信息、话语中的标记词（however,also,therefore等）、指代词（等）、指代词（this,those,that,it等）；等）；浏览（浏览（skimming)：以迅速了解读物要旨，了解作者意图以迅速了解读物要旨，了解作者意图或文章的组织结构，这是一种有选择性的、有针对性的或文章的组织结构，这是一种有选择性的、有针对性的阅读技巧；阅读技巧；审读审读(scanning)：以快速找出具体信息，如人名、数字以快速找出具体信息，如人名、数字等等，准确找出或归纳出句中的主旨大意：等等，准确找出或归纳出句中的主旨大意：推理推理(infer

49、ring)：依据特定的语篇语境，依据特定的语篇语境，在理解的基础上，经过逻辑推断，分析体在理解的基础上，经过逻辑推断，分析体会作者的思想，总结归纳作者的意图，了会作者的思想，总结归纳作者的意图，了解文章的内涵和解文章的内涵和“弦外之音弦外之音”；预测（预测（predicting)：根据前文出现的信息对根据前文出现的信息对可能后继的信息作出预测或根据文章开头可能后继的信息作出预测或根据文章开头提出初步设想，猜测故事的内容和可能会提出初步设想，猜测故事的内容和可能会发生的情节。发生的情节。n第二步第二步：运用先前获取的知识和经运用先前获取的知识和经验进行推理，验证开头的假设是否验进行推理，验证开头

50、的假设是否正确。正确。第三步第三步：在深入理解的过程中，不在深入理解的过程中，不断修正自已的假设。断修正自已的假设。培养良好的阅读心理素质培养良好的阅读心理素质1、充满信心，心情平和，积极主动地与作者、充满信心，心情平和，积极主动地与作者沟通，创造性地去理解文章内容。沟通，创造性地去理解文章内容。2、不要紧张，排除任何思想和心理负担。、不要紧张，排除任何思想和心理负担。3、思想高度集中，尽量保持阅读的速度和理、思想高度集中，尽量保持阅读的速度和理解的准确性，充分运用自已现有的英语水平解的准确性，充分运用自已现有的英语水平和相关的知识，发挥主观能动性。和相关的知识，发挥主观能动性。培养良好的阅读