语音学Phonetics外语系张Andy.ppt

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1、Chapter Phonetics外语系 张Andy12/18/20221Linguistics:A CoursebookChapter Phonetics 1.Definition 2.Branches 3.Phonetic Description 4.Phonetic Transcription5.Phonetic Classification 12/18/20222Linguistics:A Coursebook1.Definition Phonetics is the study of speech sounds as they are and methods for their de

2、scription,transcription and classification.12/18/20223Linguistics:A Coursebook2.BranchesThe study falls into three main areas:articulatory phonetics,acoustic phonetics and auditory phonetics.Speech productionSpeech perceptionSpeech transmissionFigure 1 The process of speech transmission 12/18/20224L

3、inguistics:A Coursebook3.Phonetic Description Lips,teeth,tongue(tip,blade,front,back,root)teeth ridge(alveolus),hard palate,soft palate,uvula,pharynx,larynx,vocal fold(cords),trachea(windpipe),lung.Figure 2 Speech organs12/18/20225Linguistics:A Coursebook4.Phonetic TranscriptionSegment and divergenc

4、eInternational Phonetic Alphabet(IPA)Coarticulation12/18/20226Linguistics:A Coursebook4.1 Segment and divergenceSegment:any linguistic unit in a sequence which may be isolated from the rest of the sequence,e.g.a sound in an utterance or a letter in a written text.(Feasibility)Divergence:between soun

5、ds and symbols(necessity)12/18/20227Linguistics:A Coursebook4.2 International Phonetic Alphabet(IPA)History and development:1886,1888,1897,1920s,1993,1996.Main principle:there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound,and the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in

6、which it appears.Table of IPA(on Page 38 of the textbook)12/18/20228Linguistics:A Coursebook4.3 CoarticulationCoarticulation:the influence on a sound by its neighbors e.g.cap kap can kan The vowel in the second word is nasalized,thus marked with“”above.Broad and narrow transcriptions:without or with

7、 diacritics e.g.can kan(broad)can kan(narrow)_ _ _ 12/18/20229Linguistics:A Coursebook5.Phonetic ClassificationVowels and consonants Classification of consonants Classification of vowels12/18/202210Linguistics:A CoursebookPlacemanner Bilabial Labiodental DentalAlveolarPostalveolarPalatalVelarGlottal

8、Stop p b t d k g Nasal m n Fricative f v s z 3 h Approximant w r j Lateral l Affricate t d3 5.2 Classification of consonants Table 1 A chart of English consonants12/18/202211Linguistics:A Coursebook5.3 Classification of vowelsMonophthongs(pure vowels)and diphthongs(vowel glides)Tongue rising:open(lo

9、w),half-open(mid-low),half-close(mid-high),closeRaised part:front,central,backTenseness(length):tense(long),lax(short)Lip rounding:rounded,unrounded12/18/202212Linguistics:A Coursebook5.3 Classification of vowels12/18/202213Linguistics:A CoursebookReferencesRoach,P.English Phonetics and Phonology.2n

10、d ed.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1991.Robins,R.H.General Linguistics.4th ed.London:Longman,1989.Saussure.F.de.Course in General Linguistics.(tr.W.Baskin)Glasgow:Collins,1989.何善芬.实用英语语音.北京:北京师范大学出版,1992.胡壮麟.语言学教程.(修订版).北京:北京大学出版社,2001.胡壮麟.语言学教程.(第三版).北京:北京大学出版社,2006.12/18/202214Linguistics:A CoursebookThe End外语系 张Andy12/18/202215Linguistics:A Coursebook