英国概况总复习复习课程.ppt

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1、英国概况总复习The Union JackThe National Emblem天佑女王天佑女王The National flower the capitalLanguages used in BritainThe commonwealth:Commonwealth of NationsCommonwealth of NationsBritish Empire:The geographic and political units formerly under British control,including dominions,colonies,dependencies,trust terr

2、itories,and protectorates.At the height of its power in the late 19th and early 20th centuries,it encompassed territories on all continents,comprising about one quarter of the worlds land area and population.英联邦成员共英联邦成员共54个个-53个 安提瓜和巴布达、澳大利亚、安提瓜和巴布达、澳大利亚、巴哈马巴哈马、孟加拉国、孟加拉国、巴巴巴多斯巴多斯、伯利兹、博茨瓦纳、文莱、喀麦隆、加拿大

3、、伯利兹、博茨瓦纳、文莱、喀麦隆、加拿大、塞浦路斯塞浦路斯、多米尼加联邦、冈比亚、加纳、格林纳达、多米尼加联邦、冈比亚、加纳、格林纳达、圭亚那、印度、牙买加、肯尼亚、基里巴斯、圭亚那、印度、牙买加、肯尼亚、基里巴斯、南非南非、莱索托、马拉维、马来西亚、马尔代夫、马耳他、毛莱索托、马拉维、马来西亚、马尔代夫、马耳他、毛里求斯、莫桑比克、纳米比亚、瑙鲁、新西兰、尼日里求斯、莫桑比克、纳米比亚、瑙鲁、新西兰、尼日利亚、巴布亚新几内亚、圣基茨与尼维斯、圣卢西亚、利亚、巴布亚新几内亚、圣基茨与尼维斯、圣卢西亚、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯、萨摩亚、塞舌尔、塞拉利昂、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯、萨摩亚、塞舌尔、塞拉利昂

4、、新加坡、所罗门群岛、斯里兰卡、斯威士兰、坦桑尼新加坡、所罗门群岛、斯里兰卡、斯威士兰、坦桑尼亚、汤加、特立尼达和多巴哥、图瓦卢、乌干达、英亚、汤加、特立尼达和多巴哥、图瓦卢、乌干达、英国、瓦努阿图、赞比亚、巴基斯坦、卢旺达。国、瓦努阿图、赞比亚、巴基斯坦、卢旺达。Ben Nevis the Pennine ChainThe Pennine Chain-Backbone of England Important riversclimateMid-latitude oceanic climatePlentiful precipitation throughout the yearTemperat

5、ure variations throughout the year are relatively small.LondonFamous sight spots in London:英国历史英国历史1、封建时代以前1)Early settlers:Iberians-6000 B.C.Bellicose Celtic tribes-2000 B.C.Three waves of invasion from the CeltsGaels 700 B.C.Britons 500B.C.Belgae 100 B.C.2)The Roman period(55B.C.-410A.D.)Real conq

6、uest began in 43 A.D.Major influence:Its system of roads,ChurchLanguage and culture-not successfulInfluence-urban areas+aristocracyVast majority-untouched3)Anglo-Saxon periodIn the middle of the 5th century,Anglo-Saxons settled here.English people owe much of their tradition,language,physical herita

7、ge to them(tall,fair-haired).Viking invasion:by the 8th,the Danish began to invade England in a successful way until Alfred the Great defeated them.4)The Norman ConquestAfter Edward died,Duke of Normandy-William I,was crowned in London,on Christmas Day 1066.Significance:A.A new dynasty,a new aristoc

8、racyB.A strong Norman government,feudal systemC.The upper ranks of the clergy were Normanized and feudalized.2 2、封建时代、封建时代1)Williams rule(1066-1087)A.strong monarchy was established B.French language was used in the court and upper classes C.Domesday Book:great survey of the realm in 1089 2)Henry s

9、reform(1154-1189)A.Established the Plantagenet Dynasty(1154-1485)B.replaced the feudal law with royal or common law,the jury of 12 sworn men3)Magna Carta(the Great Charter)in 1215 A.signed by king John B.the basis of modern English constitution C.the upholding of individual rights against arbitrary

10、government 4)the parliament in 1265 A.during Henry,Simon de Montfort called the first parliament B.commoners sat for the first time 5)the Hundred Years War (1337-1453)A.between France and England,French won B.introduced the first standing armies in Western Europe C.bourgeoisie was pushed on a higher

11、 rang of social ladder D.fall of French language in England E.England and France was separate from each other entirely forever 6)The back death in 1348 A.spread by rat fleas B.killed 1.5 million out of the total 4 million people C.grain farming turned to sheep farming 7)Wat Tylers Uprising in 1381 A

12、.in fighting against the Poll Tax in 1380 B.marked the beginning of the end of serfdom in medieval England8)The war of the Roses A.between House of York(white rose)and House of Lancaster(red rose)B.Marked the end of middle ages and beginning of modern world3.走向现代英国 1）Henry （1509-1547）A.the Church of

13、 England separated from Roman Catholicism B.king of England became both the secular and religious world C.king became the real head of England as a nation state 2)Elizabeth (1558-1603)A.the last Tudor monarch,never got married for the good of the nation B.secure the church of England,compromise betw

14、een RC and P C.destruction of Spanish Armada showed Englands superiority as a naval power3)The English Renaissance A.from the beginning of 16th century to the 17th century B.the greatest English humanist:The greatest English humanistThomas More(Utopia)finest dramatistsChristopher Marlowe,Ben Johnson

15、,William Shakespearenon-dramatic poetsEdmund Spenser,Philip Sidney,Shakespeare and John Donne,John Milton(Paradise Lost)progenitor of English materialismFrancis Bacon4)The civil wars(1642-1651)A.parliamentary victory 1651B.execution of Charles I 1649C.Protectorate(1653-1659)Oliver Cromwell and his s

16、on5)Restoration(1660)Charles returns with a big welcome and was crowned in April 1660,as the restoration of Stewart Dynasty 6)Glorious Revolution(1688)A.James was overthrown by parliamentarians with an invading army led by the Dutch stadtholder William of OrangeB.Bill of Rights,autocratic monarchy-c

17、onstitutional monarchyC.marked the end of feudalism and the beginning of capitalismBritain came into being in 1707 with the Act of Union which united England and Scotland.7)Whigs and ToriesWhigs favored reform and Tories are monarchists.8)Enclosure A.a significant rise during the Tudor period B.duri

18、ng 18-19th century,the Enclosure Acts by the parliament C.harms:Peasant Dispossessed of their land D.significance:better farming methods accumulation of capital abundant food cheap and mobile labor9)Industrilization:Factors favorable to EnglandGeographical situationFavorable for trade and its own ec

19、onomic developmentPolitical stability，laissez-faire policyA parliament composed largely of capitalistic landowners and some merchantsEconomic factorsPurchasing power growing;considerable marketsAgricultureGrowing agricultural production and a larger workforceNatural resourcesLocal supplies of coal i

20、ron,lead,copper,tin,limestone and water power;damp,mild weather condition in the North WestRaw MaterialsAbundant and cheap fuel and raw materials,mainly at home but also in her coloniesSound monetary system and cheap capitalThe successes in trading operations,large scale agriculture and extensive ne

21、twork of banksSocial factorsLess rigid structure;early British industrialists with enterprise and managerial skillTechnological factorsA long accumulation of scientific knowledge;the rising demand necessitated new techniques and inventionValue systemProtestant work ethicSome big innovationJohn KayFl

22、ying shuttle(1733)飞梭James WattSteam engine(1765)高效蒸汽机James HargreavesSpinning Jenny(1766)珍妮纺纱机Samuel CromptonSpinning Mule(1769)走锭纺纱机Significance:A.The new industrialists appeared and industrial production prospered;B.Towns grew up,big cities sprang up in central and northern England,became the sour

23、ce of the nations wealth;C.The class structure was simplified,middle class became the ruling element in society;D.A class of proletariat appeared and relations between capital and labor were aggravated,trade union came into being.19th century:1)The Chartist Movement(18361848)Chartism:a movement forp

24、olitical and socialreform during themid-19th century.The six main aims in the Peoples Charter of 1838 were largely realized later.Giving birth to the first massworking class political party,theNational Charter Association andpaving the way for the successin a universal right to vote.2)Parliamentary

25、reforms:(1832-1885)A.The Reform Bill of 1832B.The Great Reform Bill in 1867C.The Third Reform Act in 1884 and Redistribution Act in 1885:voting was becoming a right rather than privileged.3)Colonial expansionMotivation:A.economical motivation;B.industrial revolution and search for new markets;C.Stru

26、ggle for mastery;D.Maintaining order in profitable areas;E.The moral guardian.“The sun never sets”20th century:1.The Labor party 2.First world war 3.between the wars 4.Second world war 5.postwar Britain 6.joining the EEC(1973)7.Thatcher and her eraThatcher and her era“The Iron Lady”(tight control of

27、 Britains monetary policy)-the first female Prime Minister in the nations history in 1979.The return to private ownership of state-owned industriesThe use of monetarist policies to control inflationThe weakening of trade unionsThe strengthening of the role of market forces in the economyA emphasis o

28、n law and order21th century:1.Iraq war and a war against Terrorism 2.Blair and Brown 3.Britain and EUPolitics and law:1)the monarchyThe head of the stateThe commander-inchief of the armed forcesThe head of the judiciaryThe temporal head of the established church of EnglandThe queen personifies the c

29、ountryThe formal exercise of political functions provides significant sense of continuity:governments may come and governments may go,but the Queen continues to reign.The Queen reigns but she does not rule;the vital power lies in the Prime Minister and his Cabinet.2)Parliament 3)the Prime Minister a

30、nd the Cabinet 4)the Privy Council 5)Cantral and local government 6)the Judiciary Four categories of cabinet membersSecretaries of state Cabinet ministers who head a particular government department(e.g.Ministry of Defense)The Prime Minister serves as the first lord of the treasury and minister for

31、the civil service.The ministers who hold traditional officesFor example:the Lord President of the Council,the Paymaster General and the Lord Privy SealThe ministers without portfolio Those who do not have specific responsibilities but are assigned to specific tasks as needed.The Lord Chancellor He h

32、olds a unique position.His duties include being responsible for legal affairs in the U.K.;he is also head of the judiciary.Since 2007 it was replaced with Minister of Justice(司法大臣）司法大臣）.The judiciaryTwo levelsCentral and localIn terms of the nature of casesThe Civil CourtsThe Criminal CourtsThe syst

33、em takes cases of debts,contracts,divorce,questions arising out of wills,individual properties and others.Punishments mainly take the form of fines.The system deals with cases involving various crimes.The punishments are chiefly imprisonments,but fines are imposed as well.Festivals in Britain 1.Chri

34、stmas 2.New Years Day 3.Guy Fawkes Day(Nov.5th)4.Edinburgh International Festival(August)5.Queens Birthday(April 21th,but celebrated on the second Thursday of June)Religion:1.The state Church of England,or the Anglican church,or the church of England2.Its spiritual leader is the Archbishop of Canter

35、bury,or also called the primate of all England.the Archbishop of York is the Primate of England.The Free(or nonconformist)Churches are:卫理公会教卫理公会教The Methodist清教清教Puritanism公里会教公里会教the Congregational浸礼会浸礼会the Baptist教友会教友会Quakers长老会长老会The Presbyterian Churches救世军救世军The Salvation ArmyOther major churc

36、hes are:犹太教犹太教The Jewish Faith罗马天主教罗马天主教The Roman Catholic Church苏格兰教苏格兰教（苏格兰国教）（苏格兰国教）The Church of Scotland加尔文教会加尔文教会The Calvinist church日报：星期日周报 期刊杂志广播与电视 BBC(founded in 1922),the independent Televison Commission(ITC founded in 1972),the Radio Authority.通讯社Reuters,the Press Association Ltd.,Extel Financial SportsCricket,soccer,Rugby football,tennis,golfTransitional PageYour Topic Goes HereYour subtopic goes hereE此此课课件下件下载载可自行可自行编辑编辑修改，修改，仅仅供参考！供参考！感感谢谢您的支持，我您的支持，我们们努力做得更好！努力做得更好！谢谢谢谢