英语常用修辞手法学习资料.ppt

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1、英语常用修辞手法n n Rhetoric and GrammarRhetoric and Grammarn n Rhetoric bases itself on grammar,but it is not Rhetoric bases itself on grammar,but it is not grammar.Grammar deals with the mutual relations of grammar.Grammar deals with the mutual relations of words in a sentence,while rhetoric deals with th

2、e choice words in a sentence,while rhetoric deals with the choice of words and the sentence structures in composition.of words and the sentence structures in composition.The former teaches us correct speech;the latter teaches The former teaches us correct speech;the latter teaches us better speech.G

3、rammar is pre-requisite(us better speech.Grammar is pre-requisite(必要条件，必要条件，前提前提)of rhetoric.)of rhetoric.n n 2 2n n How to study RhetoricHow to study Rhetoric n n The first step should be to learn to The first step should be to learn to recognizerecognize the the most commonly-used devices of expre

4、ssion and most commonly-used devices of expression and analyze analyze the different effects they produce.To be able to do this,the different effects they produce.To be able to do this,it will not be enough merely to listen to a few lectures it will not be enough merely to listen to a few lectures o

5、r read some books on rhetoric.or read some books on rhetoric.ReadingReading good authors good authors with great care is necessary.The study of rhetoric in with great care is necessary.The study of rhetoric in theory should pave the way for its application in theory should pave the way for its appli

6、cation in practice.practice.n n 3 3 Chapter One.Figure of speech(修辞格；修辞修辞格；修辞手手段段)n n The value of figurative word(The value of figurative word(修饰性词汇的价值修饰性词汇的价值)n n Words used for what they suggest,in a sense not exactly Words used for what they suggest,in a sense not exactly literal,are called figu

7、rative expressions.When we call a literal,are called figurative expressions.When we call a distinguished person a distinguished person a star,star,the world a the world a stagestage,or the moon the,or the moon the lamp of nightlamp of night.We use the words star,stage and lamp of night.We use the wo

8、rds star,stage and lamp of night not in their literal sense,but with a fanciful(not in their literal sense,but with a fanciful(想象出来的想象出来的)application.Such language makes the thought more vivid and application.Such language makes the thought more vivid and more striking,and therefore attracts more of

9、 the readers more striking,and therefore attracts more of the readers attention.attention.n n 4 4n n Almost every notional(Almost every notional(表意的表意的)word has both a literal and a)word has both a literal and a figurative sense.The verbfigurative sense.The verb invent invent in“paper was invented i

10、n in“paper was invented in China”and“Watt invented the steam engine”is used literally;in China”and“Watt invented the steam engine”is used literally;in“When the teacher ask the boy why he had not come to the class“When the teacher ask the boy why he had not come to the class the day before,hethe day

11、before,he invented invented an excuse”,and“Jim often an excuse”,and“Jim often inventsinvents a a story to amuse the children”.It is used in a figurative or unusual story to amuse the children”.It is used in a figurative or unusual sense.sense.n n When a student speaks of When a student speaks of ham

12、mering away(hammering away(连续敲打连续敲打;刻苦刻苦钻研钻研)at his algebra,or says that he has just at his algebra,or says that he has just squeezed(squeezed(挤；压挤；压)throughthrough an examination in French,or that a date has an examination in French,or that a date has slipped slipped his his n n 5 5n nmind,he is us

13、ing a figure of speech.The expressions noted are mind,he is using a figure of speech.The expressions noted are clearly more vivid than if he were to say that he is studying hard clearly more vivid than if he were to say that he is studying hard at his algebra,or that he was barely passed the examina

14、tion,or at his algebra,or that he was barely passed the examination,or forgotten the date.The general sense is the same in either case,forgotten the date.The general sense is the same in either case,but the language in the former instance suggests a livelier and but the language in the former instan

15、ce suggests a livelier and more picturesque conception of the facts,and therefore attracts more picturesque conception of the facts,and therefore attracts and holds the bearers attention more certainly.and holds the bearers attention more certainly.n n Again,if we say “Imperialism is on its last leg

16、s”(Again,if we say “Imperialism is on its last legs”(奄奄一息；奄奄一息；快要结束快要结束).We intend the expression).We intend the expression on its(ones)last legs on its(ones)last legs to to mean mean near itsnear its death or enddeath or end.Such a figurative expression will not.Such a figurative expression will no

17、t n n 6 6n n only express the literal truth of what we said,but will,by only express the literal truth of what we said,but will,by effective language,create a vivid image in the readers mind.effective language,create a vivid image in the readers mind.n n Figures of speech are of great use if they ar

18、e not used to Figures of speech are of great use if they are not used to excess(excess(过度过度)and if they are not far-fetched()and if they are not far-fetched(强词夺理的；牵强强词夺理的；牵强附会的附会的).It would be bad taste to make every sentence).It would be bad taste to make every sentence figurative.Every figure we u

19、se must be natural and harmonious figurative.Every figure we use must be natural and harmonious with the idea it is intended to suggest.It should not be included with the idea it is intended to suggest.It should not be included in the sentence just to show ones ability to use it.A poor figure in the

20、 sentence just to show ones ability to use it.A poor figure is much worse than a good literal expression.is much worse than a good literal expression.n n 7 7n n Figures of speech are different kinds of figurative Figures of speech are different kinds of figurative expressions.They are classified und

21、er three main headings,expressions.They are classified under three main headings,excluding minor figures.In this chapter the most important excluding minor figures.In this chapter the most important kinds of figures are given under each heading for reference.At kinds of figures are given under each

22、heading for reference.At the present stage of our study we need not try to acquire the skill the present stage of our study we need not try to acquire the skill to use every one of them.It is enough that acquaintance with to use every one of them.It is enough that acquaintance with them should help

23、us to appreciate good literature at present and them should help us to appreciate good literature at present and to write better compositions in the future.to write better compositions in the future.n n 8 8.Figure of Likeness(相似修辞格相似修辞格)n n 1.Similen n Simile is an expression of comparison between t

24、wo Simile is an expression of comparison between two different things.It is usually introduced by“as”or“like”different things.It is usually introduced by“as”or“like”and sometimes also by“asso”and sometimes also by“asso”，“than”and “than”and“resemble”as the signs(“resemble”as the signs(标志标志标志标志)of com

25、parison.)of comparison.n nThe best similes are those in which persons or things The best similes are those in which persons or things unlike in most respects are compared because they have unlike in most respects are compared because they have one point of likeness in appearance,qualities,or actions

26、,or one point of likeness in appearance,qualities,or actions,or in the effects which they produce.An all-round likeness in the effects which they produce.An all-round likeness between two things will not offer a good simile,for the between two things will not offer a good simile,for the comparison i

27、s literal,not figurative.To say comparison is literal,not figurative.To say a weak old mule a weak old mule is like a dying horse is like a dying horse does not give one any new idea about does not give one any new idea about the mule.But when one says that the mule.But when one says that n n 9 9n n

28、the capitalist system is like a dying horsethe capitalist system is like a dying horse,one is using simile to,one is using simile to good effect.More Examples:The party is like the sun.The good effect.More Examples:The party is like the sun.The boy looks like his father.boy looks like his father.n n

29、Below are some examples of simile:Below are some examples of simile:n n1.On National Day boys and girls are as happy1.On National Day boys and girls are as happy as crickets(as crickets(蟋蟀蟋蟀).).n n2.It is four degrees below zero this morning.The wind tears the 2.It is four degrees below zero this mo

30、rning.The wind tears the flesh flesh like a sawlike a saw,cuts it like the blade of knife,stabs it,cuts it like the blade of knife,stabs it like a like a poisonous needlepoisonous needle,twists it,twists it like pliers(like pliers(钳子钳子)and burns it and burns it like firelike fire.n n3.As a man 3.As

31、a man whispers,so the breeze makes a low,hissing(whispers,so the breeze makes a low,hissing(发嘶声发嘶声)sound.)sound.n n 10 10n n4.Learning4.Learning resembles scaling(resembles scaling(攀登攀登)the heights.)the heights.n nHere are some sentences from Jane Eyre:Here are some sentences from Jane Eyre:n n1.“Ho

32、ld her arms,Miss Abbot:Shes1.“Hold her arms,Miss Abbot:Shes like a mad cat like a mad cat.”.”n n2.They had thrust(2.They had thrust(猛推猛推)me upon a stoolMy impulse)me upon a stoolMy impulse(冲动冲动)was to rise from it)was to rise from it like a spring.like a spring.n n3 3I heard the rain still beating c

33、ontinuously on the staircaseI heard the rain still beating continuously on the staircase(楼梯楼梯)window,and the window howling in the grove()window,and the window howling in the grove(小树小树林林)behind the hall;I grew by degrees cold)behind the hall;I grew by degrees cold as a stoneas a stone,and,and then

34、my courage sank.then my courage sank.n n 11 11n nHere the appearance of a girl is likened(Here the appearance of a girl is likened(把把比做比做)to a very mad cat;the action of rising at ones)to a very mad cat;the action of rising at ones impulse,to a spring;and the effect of cold,to a stone.impulse,to a s

35、pring;and the effect of cold,to a stone.Such figurative similes produced vivid,strong images in Such figurative similes produced vivid,strong images in the readers mind.the readers mind.n nNote:The following expressions introduced Note:The following expressions introduced by“like”and“as”are not figu

36、rative,but literal.by“like”and“as”are not figurative,but literal.n n(1)A cat is like a tiger.(1)A cat is like a tiger.n n(2)A cat is as fierce as a tiger.(2)A cat is as fierce as a tiger.n n 12 12练习练习n n 人们在说话、写作或文学作品中常使用一些修辞手段人们在说话、写作或文学作品中常使用一些修辞手段(Stylistic Devices or Figures of Speech)(Stylistic

37、 Devices or Figures of Speech)来说明问题，来说明问题，表示强调、渲染气氛、增加色彩等等，使表达形象化、表示强调、渲染气氛、增加色彩等等，使表达形象化、使语言富有美感。修辞手段在语体学中称为修辞格。使语言富有美感。修辞手段在语体学中称为修辞格。修辞手段多种多样，可借助语音、语法或词法几种方修辞手段多种多样，可借助语音、语法或词法几种方式。这里主要介绍一些常用的词法修辞手段。式。这里主要介绍一些常用的词法修辞手段。n n 一一.明喻明喻 Simile Similen n明喻表明本体（描述的对象）和喻体（用作比喻的事明喻表明本体（描述的对象）和喻体（用作比喻的事物）两种

38、不同的事物之间的相似关系。常用（物）两种不同的事物之间的相似关系。常用（as as,like,seem,as if(as though),like,seem,as if(as though)）等喻词与另一种具有相）等喻词与另一种具有相同特点的事物加以相比，从而更生动、更形象地对该同特点的事物加以相比，从而更生动、更形象地对该对象加以刻划，以增强行文的艺术表现力。明喻一般对象加以刻划，以增强行文的艺术表现力。明喻一般都可采用直译。都可采用直译。n n 13 13n n1.His face was as grey as ashes.1.His face was as grey as ashes.他

39、的脸死灰一般白。他的脸死灰一般白。n n2.Hes round and smooth and sharp.Hes more like a spear 2.Hes round and smooth and sharp.Hes more like a spear than anything else.than anything else.他又圆、又光、又尖，比其它任何他又圆、又光、又尖，比其它任何东西都更象一支矛。东西都更象一支矛。n n3.I saw the master looking about him as if he wishes to 3.I saw the master lookin

40、g about him as if he wishes to impress upon his mind everything in the room.impress upon his mind everything in the room.我看到教我看到教师在环顾四周，仿佛要把教室里的每一件东西牢牢记师在环顾四周，仿佛要把教室里的每一件东西牢牢记在心里。在心里。n n4.The hairs fell upon her,rippling and shining like a brown 4.The hairs fell upon her,rippling and shining like a

41、brown waterfall.waterfall.头发披散在她身上，好象褐色的小瀑布，波头发披散在她身上，好象褐色的小瀑布，波汶起伏，光彩照人。汶起伏，光彩照人。n n 14 14n n5.It looks like a terrible tiger.5.It looks like a terrible tiger.它看起来象一只可怕的老虎。它看起来象一只可怕的老虎。n n6.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear 6.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen t

42、o hear him crow.him crow.他象一只自以为太阳升起来是为了听他唱歌他象一只自以为太阳升起来是为了听他唱歌的公鸡。的公鸡。n n7.Despair settled down like a heavy cloud.7.Despair settled down like a heavy cloud.绝望的情绪象绝望的情绪象一片乌云笼罩着人们的心。一片乌云笼罩着人们的心。n n8.It is a figure like a man.8.It is a figure like a man.它象一个人的体型。它象一个人的体型。n n9.Time flies like an arrow

43、.9.Time flies like an arrow.光阴似箭。光阴似箭。n n10.I wandered lonely as a cloud.10.I wandered lonely as a cloud.我象一朵浮云象独自漫我象一朵浮云象独自漫游。游。n n 15 15n n除此，尚有很多可以直译的例子：除此，尚有很多可以直译的例子：n n as white as snow as white as snow雪一样的白雪一样的白n n as merry as a lark as merry as a lark快乐得象云雀快乐得象云雀n n as brave as a lion as bra

44、ve as a lion狮子一般勇敢狮子一般勇敢n n as busy as a bee as busy as a bee 忙得象只蜜蜂忙得象只蜜蜂 n n as timid as a mouse as timid as a mouse胆小如鼠胆小如鼠 n n as sly as a fox as sly as a fox狡诈如狐狸狡诈如狐狸 n n as black as a crow as black as a crow黑如乌鸦黑如乌鸦n n 但是，有些明喻在直译成汉语时要做些调整，才符合汉语但是，有些明喻在直译成汉语时要做些调整，才符合汉语的表达习惯。例如：的表达习惯。例如：n n 16

45、 16n n The moon was above,cold and beautiful,and the music The moon was above,cold and beautiful,and the music reminded Soapy of those days when his life contained such reminded Soapy of those days when his life contained such things as mothers and roses and clean thoughts and collars.things as moth

46、ers and roses and clean thoughts and collars.一轮一轮皎洁的寒月悬空高照，那悠扬的音乐使他回首往昔，诸如皎洁的寒月悬空高照，那悠扬的音乐使他回首往昔，诸如生活中的母爱、爱情、理想和体面的生活。生活中的母爱、爱情、理想和体面的生活。n n再如：再如：n n as bitter as wormwood as bitter as wormwood苦似黄莲苦似黄莲n n as happy as a cow as happy as a cow快乐得象只百灵鸟快乐得象只百灵鸟n nas bold as brass as bold as brass 脸皮厚得象城墙

47、脸皮厚得象城墙n nas stupid as a gooseas stupid as a goose笨得象猪笨得象猪 n n 17 172.Metaphor(暗喻暗喻)n nA metaphor is an implied simile.It differs from a simile in A metaphor is an implied simile.It differs from a simile in that the comparison is implied,not expressed(that the comparison is implied,not expressed(直接表

48、达地直接表达地直接表达地直接表达地).In other words,it calls one thing by the name of another,or).In other words,it calls one thing by the name of another,or describes one thing with some descriptive term which describes one thing with some descriptive term which generally goes with something else.This transference(g

49、enerally goes with something else.This transference(转换转换转换转换)is possible and desirable only when the two things in question is possible and desirable only when the two things in question have a striking likeness in a particular aspect.have a striking likeness in a particular aspect.n n“The imperiali

50、sts and all reactionaries are paper tigers.”is a“The imperialists and all reactionaries are paper tigers.”is a metaphor known throughout the world.Reactionaries and metaphor known throughout the world.Reactionaries and paper tigers are two entirely different things,but they are paper tigers are two