固体地球物理学导论(7).ppt
《固体地球物理学导论(7).ppt》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《固体地球物理学导论(7).ppt(88页珍藏版)》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。
1、固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论第七章第七章第七章第七章 地球内部的地震波场地球内部的地震波场地球内部的地震波场地球内部的地震波场pp地震与介质的弹性性质地震与介质的弹性性质地震与介质的弹性性质地震与介质的弹性性质pp地震波及其特征地震波及其特征地震波及其特征地震波及其特征pp地震体波的传播地震体波的传播地震体波的传播地震体波的传播pp地震面波及其特征地震面波及其特征地震面波及其特征地震面波及其特征pp地球的自由振荡地球的自由振荡地球的自由振荡地球的自由振荡pp天然地震天然地震天然地震天然地震第七章第七章固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学
2、概论固体地球物理学概论 地震波场在地球物理学中占有重要地位,当今在研究地球内部,地震地震波场在地球物理学中占有重要地位,当今在研究地球内部,地震活动的机制、资源与能源的地震勘探以及海、陆工程建设中均主要依赖于活动的机制、资源与能源的地震勘探以及海、陆工程建设中均主要依赖于人工源或天然源激发的地震波场效应。人工源或天然源激发的地震波场效应。震源震源(包括人工源或天然源包括人工源或天然源)激励出来的各种类型的地震波,在地球内激励出来的各种类型的地震波,在地球内部各围层介质中或沿其表面传播,依据这些波动的部各围层介质中或沿其表面传播,依据这些波动的走时走时,频率频率和和振幅振幅特性特性或波的或波的频
3、散频散,可以推测地球内部各圈层介质的速度分布和结构。,可以推测地球内部各圈层介质的速度分布和结构。根据地震台站纪录的地震事件,可推断震源的参数根据地震台站纪录的地震事件,可推断震源的参数(震源深度震源深度、震中震中位置、发震时刻、地震震级和震中距离位置、发震时刻、地震震级和震中距离等等)和震源机制,并进一步了解产和震源机制,并进一步了解产生这种机制的应力状态。如果发生的地震足够大,则地球作为一个整体会生这种机制的应力状态。如果发生的地震足够大,则地球作为一个整体会激发出各种振型的振荡,并可通过它来探讨地球内部的性质。激发出各种振型的振荡,并可通过它来探讨地球内部的性质。地震学研究及其意义地震学
4、研究及其意义地震学研究及其意义地震学研究及其意义第七章第七章固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论7.1 地震与介质的弹性性质地震与介质的弹性性质 7.1.1 7.1.1 7.1.1 7.1.1 地震震源及地震波地震震源及地震波地震震源及地震波地震震源及地震波 Earthquake sources Physically,earthquake sources are the abrupt release of the potential elastic energy stored in rocks over a period ranging from a few
5、 years to thousands of years.Only a small part of the energy converts heat to the surround rocks near the source,the most of energy is radiated away as elastic waves.In fact,rocks at an earthquake source generate plastic deformation but elastic deformation at the moment of earthquakes occurring.Up t
6、o now,no earthquake that locates deeper than 670 km has been observed.地震震源地震震源地震震源地震震源第七章第七章固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论 Seismic waves Seismic waves are the elastic wave from the source.They are of various types.While traveling through the earth,these waves are influenced by the properties o
7、f the media they pass.We are able to understand and analyze the influence by applying mathematical and physical methods.In addition,we can determine the earths structures:the crust,the mantle,the outer core,the inner core,as well as the lateral changes near the surface.地震波地震波地震波地震波第七章第七章固体地球物理学概论固体地
8、球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论 Receiving The main task of receiving is to record the seismic waves at desired positions to study earthquakes.It includes the sampling technology and the receiving system consisting of seismographs(地震仪地震仪),geophones(检波器检波器),and other instruments.The quality of recorded data
9、is important to analysis and interpretation of the seismic waves and determination of earthquake sources.地震波的接收地震波的接收地震波的接收地震波的接收第七章第七章固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论 7.1.2 7.1.2 7.1.2 7.1.2 板块构造与地震板块构造与地震板块构造与地震板块构造与地震 At present the theory of plate tectonics is accepted by most of geoscientis
10、ts,even though many of its details are still unclear or controversial.We can use a simplified dynamic model to describe the movement of continent.When the material in the mantle is heated,it expands and becomes lighter.In spite of its high viscosity(粘性)(粘性),it rises more or less vertically in some p
11、laces,especially under the oceanic ridges.With its losing pressure and heat during traveling upward,the material is forced to travel horizontally.They drag the lithosphere motion.The results of continent colliding form mountain chains(Himalayas),and the results of their separating form ocean rifts(E
12、ast Africa).So major earthquakes often cause near their collided boundaries.In the region of oceanic ridges,where new lithosphere is growing,small earthquakes occur frequently.板块构造与地震板块构造与地震板块构造与地震板块构造与地震第七章第七章固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论板块构造与地震分布图板块构造与地震分布图板块构造与地震分布图板块构造与地震分布图第七章第七章固体地球物理学概
13、论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论 7.1.3 7.1.3 7.1.3 7.1.3 岩石弹性性质基本概念岩石弹性性质基本概念岩石弹性性质基本概念岩石弹性性质基本概念 (1)(1)形变形变 A material occurs deformation(形变)形变)under a force act on itself.If it recovers as the force disappears,it is called elastic material.The shape change is called as elastic deformation.Otherwise,it
14、 is called as non-elastic deformation.Whether elastic deformation occurs depends on the magnitude of acting force,the acting period as well as the surrounding temperature.For most materials in the earth,this elastic property only exists in a short period.弹性概念弹性概念弹性概念弹性概念形变形变形变形变第七章第七章固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理
15、学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论 (2)(2)应力应力 Stress tensor(张量)张量)Definition:Herestressmeansaforceactsonunitareaofabodyagainsttheelasticdeformationcausedbytheactionofanexternalforce.Describeanystressneedsconsidertwofactors,directionandouternormal(法向)ofaface.Wegenerallyexpressitbypst.Heresmeansthedirectionofthefo
16、rceandttheouternormaldirectiononaface.Inthreedimensionorthogonalcoordinatesystem,wecandefinestresspas(pxx pxy pxz pyx pyy pyz pzx pzy pzz).弹性概念弹性概念弹性概念弹性概念应力应力应力应力第七章第七章固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论Thestressesaresymmetrical(对称的),i.e.onlysixcomponentsofthestresstensor pareindependentbecausepxy
17、=pyx,pyz=pzy,pzx=pxzForacubicbodyinx-y-zcoordinatesystem,whenthefaceedgesofthebodyareparalleltocoordinateplanes,pxx,pyy,pzzarenormalstressesandpxy,pxz,pyz,areshear(剪切)stresses.弹性概念弹性概念弹性概念弹性概念应力应力应力应力 (续)第七章第七章固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论PressureAtagivenpointthesumofthenormalstressesonanythr
18、eeorthogonal(直角的)planesisaconstant(ascalar).ThepressurePisdefinedasP=-(pxx+pyy+pzz)/3Thisisageneraldefinitionofthe“pressure”.Inthespecialcaseofaliquidatrest,pxx=pyy=pzz=-P,thisisthehydrostaticpressure.Ingeology,lithostaticpressureisoftenestimatedbyusingP=ghwhereisthedensity,gistheaccelerationofgravi
19、ty,andhisthedepth.Butitisnotalwayscorrectnearthesurface.弹性概念弹性概念弹性概念弹性概念压强压强压强压强第七章第七章固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论 (3)(3)Strain(应变)应变)tensorDefinition:Ingeneral,therelativechangeinthelengthorintheshapeofanobjectactedbyforcesiscalledasstrain.Thiskindoflengthorshapechangesshouldberecoveredafte
20、rtheforcesdisappear-Elasticdeformation.Linear strainArodis50cmlonginitiallyinthedirectionx-axis.Whenaforceorforcesareappliedtoit,itslengthincreasesto50.2cminthex-direction.Therelativechangeinlengthis(50.2-50)/50.弹性概念弹性概念弹性概念弹性概念应变应变应变应变第七章第七章固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论Tomeasuretherelativech
21、ange,wedefineuasthelengthchangeinx,xastheoriginallengthoftherod.Onanypointinnertherod,thelinearstraincanbedefinedasexx=u/xu/x f f f f第七章第七章固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论InXYZ-coordinatesystem,insamewaywecanobtaineyy=v/y,ezz=w/zHereexx,eyy,ezzarenormalstrains.shear strain Y f X第七章第七章固体地球物理学概论固体
22、地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论Supposethatthegraphshownisasaresultofexternalforces,thecrosssectionofthebodyisdeformedtotherhombus(菱形)shownbydashedlines,andintheprocessionallpointsmoveparalleltothex-axis.Theareaofthecrosssectionhasnotchanged,buttheshapehas.Theangleisameasureofthisdistortion,calledshearstra
23、in.Heretan=u/yAtthelimitwhiley0=u/yConsiderthevariationatanotherdirection=v/x第七章第七章固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论Theshearstraininthex-yplaneisdefinedasexy=(+)/2=(u/y+v/x)/2Forthreedimensionorthogonalcoordinates,wealsohaveeyz=(v/z+w/y)/2 exz=(u/z+w/x)/2Theirsymmetrygives exy=eyx,exz=ezx,eyz=ezy
24、.第七章第七章固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论Dilatation(体膨体膨胀胀)Thesumofnormalstrainsisdefinedasdilatation=exx+eyy+ezzThedilatationisameasureoftherelativechangeinvolume.Forahomogeneousbulkappliedbyexternalforces,therelativechangeinvolumeisV/(xyz).V=x(1+exx)y(1+eyy)z(1+ezz)-xyzHenceV/(xyz)=exx+eyy+ezz+e
25、xxezz+eyyezz+exxeyy+exxeyyezzexx+eyy+ezz第七章第七章固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论固体地球物理学概论 (4)Elastic modulus and equationsSuppose a body is homogeneous and isotropic,i.e.its properties areindependentofbothspatialcoordinatesanddirections.Hookeslawtellusthestressesinthebodyarelinearcombinationsofthestrains.F
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 固体 地球物理学 导论
限制150内