英汉对比主语与主题.ppt

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1、Chapter three:Unit four(I):You are What You Think *subject vs.topic(theme)Analysis IRead the following sentences and their translation.Find the difference between them.There are essential differences between China and the United States in their social systems and foreign policies.中中美美两两国国的的社社会会制制度度和

2、和对对外外政政策策有有着着本本质质的的区区别别。Two widely used household electric apparatus are television and refrigerator.电视机和电冰箱电视机和电冰箱是两种常用的家用是两种常用的家用电器电器。Analysis IIIn other words,students do not have to pass a test to be admitted to a two-year institution.换换句句话话说说，进进两两年年制制大大学学学学习习不不用用考考试试。（original S.omitted)Europea

3、n interest in MBA programs had to wait until the late 1950s.直直到到20世世纪纪50年年代代，欧欧洲洲人人才才开开始始对对MBA 产产生兴趣。生兴趣。Courses were designed to integrate functional skills,and to emphasize international cultural and business learning.课课程程的的设设置置旨旨在在将将实实用用技技能能融融会会贯贯通通，注注重重国国际性文化背景和商业知识的学习。际性文化背景和商业知识的学习。Questions W

4、hat is the difference between the English and Chinese expressions?What do you think causes the difference?Viewpoint,sentence formingE:Hypotaxis:subject+predicateCh:Parataxis:topic+statementDoes Chinese topic function the same as English subject?What is a subject?Subject vs.topic(theme)(1)English Sub

5、ject(the traditional explanation in linguistics)It refers to one of the nouns in the nominative case.She loves her father.Grammatically speaking,subject refers to a noun which can establish correspondence with the verb and which can be checked by a tag-question test.He is a teacher.(Isnt he?X Isnt a

6、 teacher)He was taught by the teacher.(Wasnt he?)Subject vs.topic(theme)(2)Semantically,a subject is the doer of the action.The boy kicked the dog.The dog is kicked.(dog is the doee)The books sold well.(book is not the doer)Psychologically,people tend to regard the first major constituent of a sente

7、nce as the subject.The moon is rising.Yesterday,I went to the zoo.Can this be used in the analysis of Chinese sentences?Subject vs.topic(theme)(3)Analyze the following sentences北京北京我没到过。我没到过。我的法语我的法语看报很吃力。看报很吃力。他脸色他脸色不大好。不大好。这墙这墙没法钉钉子。没法钉钉子。自行车自行车骑走了。骑走了。家里的事家里的事不用你管。不用你管。In Chinese,topic is what is

8、 stated and described.Topic subjectTheme(a new idea,from discourse analysis)Halliday divides a sentence into theme and rheme.Theme is the part appears at the beginning of the sentence.Subject vs.topic(theme)(4)sentence theme rhemeDiscourse Modal cognitiveWell then/surely/he/must have made a lot of m

9、oney.Subject vs.topic(theme)(5)More examples:theme-rhemeWithout computer,it is impossible to solve the problem.,it is impossible to solve the problem.Compare some sentences and their translation in the text:(difference)Do you see the glass as half full rather than half empty?Do you see盛盛有有半半杯杯水水的的杯杯

10、子子，你你是是否否只只考考虑虑它它有有水水的的一一半半，而不管哪没水的一半？而不管哪没水的一半？你你是是否否只只考考虑虑它它有有水水的的一一半半，而而不不管管哪哪没没水水的的一半？一半？Subject vs.topic(theme)(6)In a major study,psychologist Seligman surveyed sales representatives atCo.,psychologist Seligman surveyed sales representatives atCo.心心理理学学家家塞塞里里曼曼对对保保险险公公司司的的销销售售人人员员做做过过一次重要的调查。一

11、次重要的调查。More examples on the textbookP110 1-3Practice 1Their way takes them through quiet streets of old brownstones,one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city,then up and over the Brooklyn Bridge with its cathedral arches supporting the weblike drapery of cables,then down into the skyscraper canyon

12、s of the financial district.他们他们先是沿着褐色石头铺成的古老而又寂静的街先是沿着褐色石头铺成的古老而又寂静的街道向前道向前走走，经过一个全市最古老的街区，继而跨经过一个全市最古老的街区，继而跨上布鲁克林大桥，穿过支撑着网状钢缆的教堂式上布鲁克林大桥，穿过支撑着网状钢缆的教堂式桥拱，最后径直步入摩天大楼巍然耸立的金融区。桥拱，最后径直步入摩天大楼巍然耸立的金融区。Practice 2One hundred years later,the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segr

13、egation and the chains of discrimination.一百年后，一百年后，黑人的生活黑人的生活仍然是悲惨的，他们仍然是悲惨的，他们生活在种族隔离的枷锁下和种族歧视额的镣生活在种族隔离的枷锁下和种族歧视额的镣铐之中。铐之中。一百年后的今天，一百年后的今天，黑人黑人仍悲惨地生活在种族仍悲惨地生活在种族隔离和种族歧视的枷锁之下。隔离和种族歧视的枷锁之下。一百年后，一百年后，黑人黑人依然在种族隔离的枷锁和种依然在种族隔离的枷锁和种族歧视的镣铐下过着凄惨的生活。族歧视的镣铐下过着凄惨的生活。Practice 3 It is obvious today that America

14、 has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned.很明显很明显，今天美国已经拖欠了这张期票，至少，今天美国已经拖欠了这张期票，至少就有色人种公民而言。就有色人种公民而言。今天，就今天，就有色人种的公民有色人种的公民而言而言，美国，美国显然显然没有没有将这张期票兑现。将这张期票兑现。Practice 41.A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the U.S.last y

15、ear were the product of biotechnology,according to the Department of Agriculture.2.More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the U.S.this year.3.Like any new product entering the food chain,genetically modified foods must be subjected to rigorous testing.4.And by 20

16、50,the U.N.estimates,it will probably near 9 billion.Practice 51、A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the U.S.last year were the product of biotechnology,according to the Department of Agriculture.农业部统计资料显示，农业部统计资料显示，去年美国种植的去年美国种植的1/3玉米及一玉米及一半以上的大豆和棉花半以上的大豆和棉花都是转基因

17、生物技术产品。都是转基因生物技术产品。2、More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the U.S.this year.今年，美国将种植今年，美国将种植6500多万公顷多万公顷的转基因作物。基的转基因作物。基因妖怪已经跑出了瓶子。因妖怪已经跑出了瓶子。Practice 6 3、Like any new product entering the food chain,genetically modified foods must be subject to rigorous testin

18、g.比如比如，和和任何一种要进入食物链的新产品任何一种要进入食物链的新产品一样一样，转基因食物也必须经过严格的检验。转基因食物也必须经过严格的检验。And by 2050,the U.N.estimates,it will probably near 9 billion.联合国估计，联合国估计，到到2050年年，这个数字可能将达，这个数字可能将达到到90亿。亿。Discussion and HomeworklDiscussion on passage 7lParagraph 7:context,“section”,“for six years”lParagraph 8&9:connection

19、,“know”lParagraph 10:description:“head lowered,his hands hanging between his knees”lParagraph 11:moodlParagraph 13:“the right thing is usually just what everybody dont do.lParagraph 14:“secretary”,“when he did not come back,”Discussion 1l“We borrow the money for six years.Well,with the money we buy

20、a half-section from Linstrum and a half from Crow,and a quarter from Struble,maybe.That will give us upwards of fourteen hundred acres,wont it?l“我们我们借借6年的钱年的钱。那么，用这笔钱我们从林斯特伦姆家。那么，用这笔钱我们从林斯特伦姆家买买半块地半块地，克罗家买，克罗家买半块地半块地，从斯特鲁布尔那买，从斯特鲁布尔那买四分之一四分之一快地快地，也许。这会给我们总共，也许。这会给我们总共1400多英亩多英亩地。是不是？地。是不是？l“我们我们贷款以贷

21、款以6年为期年为期。那么，用这笔钱我们可以买下林。那么，用这笔钱我们可以买下林斯特伦姆家斯特伦姆家320英亩英亩和克罗家和克罗家320英亩英亩两块宅地，说不定两块宅地，说不定还能把斯特鲁布尔那还能把斯特鲁布尔那160英亩英亩也买过来。这样我们就将有也买过来。这样我们就将有1400多英亩多英亩地。不是吗？地。不是吗？l“我们我们贷款贷款6年年。那么，用这笔钱我们可以从林斯特伦姆。那么，用这笔钱我们可以从林斯特伦姆家和克罗家家和克罗家各买各买320英亩英亩地，说不定还能从斯特鲁布尔那地，说不定还能从斯特鲁布尔那买买160英亩英亩地。这样我们就会有地。这样我们就会有1400多英多英亩地。不是吗？亩地

22、。不是吗？Discussion 2lYou wont have to pay off your mortgages for six years.By that time,any of this land will be worth thirty dollars an acreit will be worth fifty,but well say thirty;then you can sell a garden patch anywhere,and pay off a debt of sixteen hundred dollars.l你们用不着非你们用不着非用六年的时间用六年的时间偿还抵押。偿

23、还抵押。到时候到时候这儿的每这儿的每块地都值块地都值30美元一英亩！美元一英亩！其实是其实是50美元。我们就说美元。我们就说是是30美元。然后你可以卖掉一块花园来偿还美元。然后你可以卖掉一块花园来偿还1600元的债元的债款款.l在在6年之内你用不着年之内你用不着偿还贷款。等偿还贷款。等6年年期限到时期限到时，(6年内年内你用不着你用不着还款。还款。六年后六年后，)这里的任何一块土地都会值这里的任何一块土地都会值30美元美元1英亩英亩 很可能会值很可能会值50美元，但我们姑且按美元，但我们姑且按30算。算。那时候随便卖一块那时候随便卖一块(花园大小的花园大小的)地就可以还清地就可以还清1600元

24、欠元欠债。债。l你们的贷款你们的贷款不用还六年不用还六年。到那时到那时，这里的任何一块土地，这里的任何一块土地都会值都会值30美元美元1英亩英亩很可能会值很可能会值50美元，但我们按美元，但我们按30算。那么你可以卖掉任何一块地来还清算。那么你可以卖掉任何一块地来还清1600元欠债。元欠债。Discussion 3lHe says the right thing is usually just what everybody dont do.l他说正确的事往往恰好是人人都不做的事。他说正确的事往往恰好是人人都不做的事。/（他说真理往（他说真理往往掌握在少数人手中。）往掌握在少数人手中。）lWhe

25、n they came back Lou played on his dragharmonika and Oscar sat figuring at his fathers secretary all evening.l回屋之后，卢开始拉他的六角手风琴，奥斯卡则整晚坐在父回屋之后，卢开始拉他的六角手风琴，奥斯卡则整晚坐在父亲那张亲那张书桌书桌前盘算。前盘算。lWhen he did not come back,Alexandra threw a shawl over her head and ran down the path to the windmill.l发现发现他久久未归，亚历山德拉他

26、久久未归，亚历山德拉便便披上一块头巾循路去了风车披上一块头巾循路去了风车房。房。l看到看到他没回来，亚历山德拉披上一块头巾，循路去了风车房。他没回来，亚历山德拉披上一块头巾，循路去了风车房。l当当他没回来时，亚历山德拉披上一块头巾，跑向去风车房的他没回来时，亚历山德拉披上一块头巾，跑向去风车房的路。路。lOther pointsHomeworkRead the text and its translation of this unit.Pay attention to the sentence patterns.Study the translation of passage 7.Read from P109 to P112.No written work