血管性认知障碍的诊治新进展.ppt

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1、VCI的的诊治新治新进展展章军建章军建 刘汉兴刘汉兴武汉大学中南医院神经科武汉大学中南医院神经科湖北省痴呆与认知障碍医学临床研究中心湖北省痴呆与认知障碍医学临床研究中心 2VCI的的诊诊治新治新进进展展nVCI的定义/诊断标准nVCI的神经心理学评估nVCI的影像学诊断n如何确定影像学与认知损害的关系nVCI的治疗进展n小结 3VCI的的诊诊治新治新进进展展nVCI的定义/诊断标准nVCI的神经心理学评估nVCI的影像学诊断n如何确定影像学与认知损害的关系nVCI的治疗进展n小结 4VCI的的发发展展历历史史1899年年1969年年1974年年动脉硬化性和老年性痴呆动脉硬化性和老年性痴呆被认为

2、是不同的综合征被认为是不同的综合征Mayer-Gross描述血管性痴呆描述血管性痴呆(VaD)以便于与老年性精神病相鉴别以便于与老年性精神病相鉴别Hachinski 等提出多发梗死性痴呆（等提出多发梗死性痴呆（MID)和和Hachinski缺血量表缺血量表(HIS)1985年年Loeb 提出适用广泛的提出适用广泛的VaD概念概念1993年年1997年年Petersen提出提出VCI新概念新概念Bowler和和Hachinski提出血管性认知功能提出血管性认知功能损害损害(VCI),又称血管性认知功能障碍又称血管性认知功能障碍 52011年年7月月AHA/ASA联联合合发发表科学声明表科学声明-

3、专门针对专门针对VCI定义：VCI指存在临床卒中或亚临床脑血管损伤，引起至少一个认知功能区认知功能受损的一组综合征，其中最严重的形式为VaD。Stroke,2011;42(9):2672-713.6AHA/ASA联联合声明合声明-VaD的的诊诊断断nThe diagnosis of dementia should be based on a decline in cognitive function from a prior baseline and a deficit in performance in 2 cognitive domains that are of sufficient s

4、everity to affect the subjects activities of daily living.nThe diagnosis of dementia must be based on cognitive testing,and a minimum of 4 cognitive domains should be assessed:executive/attention,memory,language,and visuospatial functions.Stroke,2011;42(9):2672-713.7AHA/ASA联联合声明合声明-VaD的的诊诊断断nThe def

5、icits in activities of daily living are independent of the motor/sensory sequelae of the vascular event.Stroke,2011;42(9):2672-713.8AHA/ASA联联合声明合声明-很可能很可能VaD的的诊诊断断nThere is cognitive impairment and imaging evidence of cerebrovascular disease and a.There is a clear temporal relationship between a vas

6、cular event(eg,clinical stroke)and onset of cognitive deficits,orb.There is a clear relationship in the severity and pattern of cognitive impairment and the presence of diffuse,subcortical cerebrovascular disease pathology(eg,as in CADASIL).nThere is no history of gradually progressive cognitive def

7、icits before or after the stroke that suggests the presence of a nonvascular neurodegenerative disorder.Stroke,2011;42(9):2672-713.9AHA/ASA联联合声明合声明-可能可能VaD的的诊诊断断nThere is cognitive impairment and imaging evidence of cerebrovascular disease but1.There is no clear relationship(temporal,severity,or cog

8、nitive pattern)between the vascular disease(eg,silent infarcts,subcortical small-vessel disease)and the cognitive impairment.2.There is insufficient information for the diagnosis of VaD(eg,clinical symptoms suggest the presence of vascular disease,but no CT/MRI studies are available).3.Severity of a

9、phasia precludes proper cognitive assessment.However,patients with documented evidence of normal cognitive function(eg,annual cognitive evaluations)before the clinical event that caused aphasia could be classified as having probable VaD.Stroke,2011;42(9):2672-713.10AHA/ASA联联合声明合声明-可能可能VaD的的诊诊断断nTher

10、e is cognitive impairment and imaging evidence of cerebrovascular disease but4.There is evidence of other neurodegenerative diseases or conditions in addition to cerebrovascular disease that may affect cognition,such asa.A history of other neurodegenerative disorders(eg,Parkinson disease,progressive

11、 supranuclear palsy,dementia with Lewy bodies);b.The presence of Alzheimer disease biology is confirmed by biomarkers(eg,PET,CSF,amyloid ligands)or genetic studies(eg,PS1 mutation);orc.A history of active cancer or psychiatric or metabolic disorders that may affect cognitive function.Stroke,2011;42(

12、9):2672-713.11AHA/ASA联联合声明合声明-VaMCI的的诊诊断断nVaMCI includes the 4 subtypes proposed for the classification of MCI:amnestic,amnestic plus other domains,nonamnestic single domain,and nonamnestic multiple domain.nThe classification of VaMCI must be based on cognitive testing,and a minimum of 4 cognitive d

13、omains should be assessed:executive/attention,memory,language,and visuospatial functions.VaMCI,vascular mild cognitive impairment.Stroke,2011;42(9):2672-713.12AHA/ASA联联合声明合声明-VaMCI的的诊诊断断nThe classification should be based on an assumption of decline in cognitive function from a prior baseline and im

14、pairment in at least 1 cognitive domain.nInstrumental activities of daily living could be normal or mildly impaired,independent of the presence of motor/sensory symptoms.Stroke,2011;42(9):2672-713.13AHA/ASA联联合声明合声明-Unstable VaMCInSubjects with the diagnosis of probable or possible VaMCI whose sympto

15、ms revert to normal should be classified as having“unstable VaMCI.”Stroke,2011;42(9):2672-713.14VCI概念概念简单简单，组组成广泛成广泛VCI 的组成的组成轻度认知功能损害轻度认知功能损害（MCI）患者）患者所有脑血管疾病所有脑血管疾病相关的认知损害相关的认知损害所有已知的所有已知的VaD类类型和混合型痴呆型和混合型痴呆最常见的认知功最常见的认知功能损害类型，患能损害类型，患病率超过病率超过AD 15VCI诊诊断核心要素断核心要素认知损害认知损害血管因素血管因素两者有因果关系两者有因果关系主诉或知情

16、者报告有认知损害，而且客观检查也有认知损害的证据，和(或)客观检查证实认知功能较以往减退包括血管危险因素、卒中病史、神经系统局灶体征、影像学显示的脑血管病证据，以上各项不一定同时具备通过病史、体格检查、实验室和影像学检查确定认知损害与血管因素有因果关系，并能排除其他原因应用合适的诊断工具筛查认知功能损害，确定核心要素应用合适的诊断工具筛查认知功能损害，确定核心要素中华神经科杂志.2011;44(2):142-147.16VCI的的诊诊治新治新进进展展nVCI的定义/诊断标准nVCI的神经心理学评估nVCI的影像学诊断n如何确定影像学与认知损害的关系nVCI的治疗进展n小结 17VCI的神的神经

17、经心理学心理学评评估估n对VCI的神经心理学评估需要一套综合认知测验。n执行功能早已被认为是VCI患者的突出特征，故应包含在神经心理成套测验中。但执行功能障碍并非特别地指向脑血管病。n对认知损害的操作性定义（如低于类似人群的1个或1.5个标准差）优于对症状的定性描述。18VCI神神经经心理学心理学评评估方案估方案nNINDS-CSN推荐方案60分钟方案30分钟方案5分钟方案Stroke.2006 Sep;37(9):2220-41.19VCI神神经经心理学心理学评评估方案估方案nExecutive/ActivationAnimal Naming(semantic fluency);Contro

18、lled Oral Word Association Test;WAIS-III Digit Symbol-Coding;Trailmaking Test List Learning Test StrategiesFuture Use:Simple and Choice Reaction TimenLanguage/Lexical RetrievalBoston Naming Test 2nd Edition,Short FormnVisuospatialRey-Osterrieth Complex Figure CopySupplemental:Complex Figure Memory 6

19、0分钟方案Stroke.2006 Sep;37(9):2220-41.20VCI神神经经心理学心理学评评估方案估方案 60分钟方案nMemoryHopkins Verbal Learning Test-RevisedAlternate:California Verbal Learning Test2Supplemental:Boston Naming Test RecognitionSupplemental:Digit Symbol-Coding Incidental LearningnNeuropsychiatric/Depressive SymptomsNeuropsychiatric I

20、nventory Questionnaire VersionCenter for Epidemiological Studies-Depression ScalenPremorbid StatusInformant Questionnaire for Cognitive Decline in the Elderly,Short Form;MMSEStroke.2006 Sep;37(9):2220-41.21VCI神神经经心理学心理学评评估方案估方案 30分钟方案nSemantic Fluency(Animal Naming)nPhonemic Fluency(Controlled Oral

21、Word Association Test)nDigit Symbol-Coding from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale,Third EditionnHopkins Verbal Learning TestnCenter for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression ScalenNeuropsychiatric Inventory,Questionnaire Version(NPI-Q)nSupplemental:MMSE,Trail Making TestStroke.2006 Sep;37(9):2220-41.

22、22VCI神神经经心理学心理学评评估方案估方案 5分钟方案nMoCA subtests(MoCA分测验)5-Word Memory Task(registration,recall,recognition)6-Item Orientation1-Letter Phonemic FluencyStroke.2006 Sep;37(9):2220-41.23MoCA已在中国广泛使用已在中国广泛使用2011年中国血管性认知障碍诊治指南“蒙特利尔认知量表(MoCA)已在中国广泛使用，显示出比MMSE更能识别轻微的认知损害”24MoCA-MCI的的筛查筛查n简短的认知功能筛查，帮助医生早期发现轻度认知障

23、碍（MCI）患者。n筛查有轻度认知功能缺损主诉，但MMSE在正常范围的病人。n与MMSE相比，MoCA记忆测试用的词较多，学习试验较少，回忆前的延迟较长。n执行功能、高水平语言能力和复杂的视觉空间处理方面在MoCA中均得到采用，其数量比MMSE更多，任务要求比MMSE更高些。25筛查筛查TIA/卒中后卒中后轻轻度度认认知知损损害，害，MoCA灵敏度灵敏度优优于于MMSEnThe MoCA and ACE-R had good sensitivity and specificity for MCI defined using the Neurological Disorders and Stro

24、ke-Canadian Stroke Network Vascular Cognitive Impairment Battery 1 year after transient ischemic attack and stroke,whereas the MMSE showed a ceiling effect.2012stroke杂志新研究n样本：91例TIA/卒中后患者，女性44%n平均年龄：73.4岁Stroke.2012;43:464-469.26VCI的的诊诊治新治新进进展展nVCI的定义/诊断标准nVCI的神经心理学评估nVCI的影像学诊断n如何确定影像学与认知损害的关系nVCI的治

25、疗进展n小结 27VCI的病因分的病因分类类n危险因素相关性VCIn缺血性VCI大血管性小血管性低灌注性n出血性VCIn其他脑血管病性VCIn脑血管病合并AD脑血管病伴ADAD伴脑血管病中华神经科杂志中华神经科杂志.2011;44(2):142-147.28脑脑小血管病小血管病变变在在VCI中的重要作用中的重要作用 Small vessel disease has an important role in cerebrovascular disease and is a leading cause of cognitive decline and functional loss in the

26、elderly 小血管病在脑血管病中有小血管病在脑血管病中有重要作用重要作用，而且是老年人认知功，而且是老年人认知功能损害和功能丧失的能损害和功能丧失的首要原因首要原因，应该做为预防和治疗战略的主，应该做为预防和治疗战略的主要目标要目标 29脑脑小血管病的病因小血管病的病因n动脉硬化性(年龄和血管病危险因素相关的脑小血管病）脂肪玻璃样变、玻璃样变、纤维素样坏死、微动脉瘤、小动脉硬化n散发性或遗传性脑淀粉样变n非淀粉样变的遗传性脑小血管病（CADASIL、CARASIL、遗传性视网膜血管病伴脑白质病、COL4A1小血管病）n炎症或免疫因素介导脑小血管病n静脉胶原病n其他小血管病（放射性血管炎等）

27、Lancet Neurol 2010,9,689-701.30名名词词的混乱阻碍了的混乱阻碍了SVD的研究的研究Lancet Neurol 2013;12:822838 31脑脑小血管病的影像学分小血管病的影像学分类类n新发皮层下小梗死-Recent small subcortical infarctn腔隙-Lacune of presumed vascular originn血管周围间隙-Perivascular space n脑白质高信号-White matter hyperintensity of presumed vascular origin n脑微出血-Cerebral micro

28、bleed n脑萎缩-Brain atrophy Lancet Neurol 2013;12:822838 32新新发发皮皮层层下小梗死下小梗死nRecent small subcortical infarct新发皮层下小梗死影像发现近期位于穿动脉分布区的小梗死（20mm），影像或临床症状提示病变于过去数周发生。Lancet Neurol 2013;12:822838 33腔隙腔隙nLacune of presumed vascular origin3-15mm直径的，圆形或卵圆形，皮层下，充满液体的小洞（信号接近脑脊液信号），源于既往的穿动脉分布区急性皮层下小梗死或出血。Lancet Neu

29、rol 2013;12:822838 34腔隙的影像学腔隙的影像学诊诊断断标标准准n病灶的部位：基底节区、脑白质和桥脑。最好发的部位分别为豆状核(37%)，桥脑(16%)，丘脑(14%)，尾状核(10%)，放射冠及皮层下白质（含内囊前、后肢、胼胝体）(22%)，小脑(1.6%)。n病灶的信号：全部序列上均为CSF信号。n病灶的大小：3-15mm（病理研究显示，腔隙的长径通常在1-4mm之间，Fisher报道的最大长径为17mm）。Lancet Neurol 2013;12:822838 35腔隙的影像学腔隙的影像学诊诊断断标标准准n除外诊断标准：信号为CSF的病灶需除外扩张的血管周围间隙(dV

30、RS)(1)病灶大小：3mm病灶均被认为是dVRS(2)3mm病灶：a.腔隙病灶周边边界不规整，而dVRS多表现为光滑边界；b.腔隙病灶周围存在胶质增生，在FLAIR上可见病灶周边有高密度信号环绕，而dVRS往往没有；c.应用高分辨率核磁和三维多平面成像技术可以对小空洞形态进行分析。Lancet Neurol 2013;12:822838 36腔隙腔隙 37腔隙腔隙 38血管周血管周围间围间隙隙nPerivascular space 一个充满液体的腔围绕在穿支血管周围，与脑脊液信号相同，在平行于血管走行的平面呈现线样，图像平面垂直于血管时，呈现圆形或卵圆形，直径通常小于3mm。Lancet N

31、eurol 2013;12:822838 39血管周血管周围间围间隙的影像学隙的影像学诊诊断断标标准准n病灶的信号：全部MRI序列上显示为水信号；在FLAIR像上，绝大多数dVRS周边没有高密度的环。n病灶的大小：绝大多数2mm；65岁以上社区老年人头颅MRI研究发现，33.2%至少有一个大于3mm的dVRS。n病灶的部位：基底节区（前穿质）、皮层下白质和脑干。Lancet Neurol 2013;12:822838 40血管周血管周围间围间隙的影像学隙的影像学诊诊断断标标准准n病灶的形态：周壁光滑；圆形、卵圆形或线性结构，与检查平面的位置相关；当检查平面与穿动脉平行时，通常表现为类似血管形态

32、的细线样结构，有时也可见到圆形或卵圆形结构带有一个细线血管样的延伸，或两个囊状结构似葫芦状串在一起。Lancet Neurol 2013;12:822838 41血管周血管周围间围间隙隙 42脑脑白白质质高信号高信号nWhite matter hyperintensity of presumed vascular origin 脑白质高信号是指T2上显示为高信号，并且T1上为等信号或低信号（但不与脑脊液信号相同）Lancet Neurol 2013;12:822838 43脑脑白白质质高信号的影像学高信号的影像学诊诊断断n脑白质内长T1、T2异常信号，FLAIR图像上呈高信号n两个特征变量位置

33、：脑室旁、深部等量（严重程度）：定量、半定量 44脑脑白白质质高信号的影像学高信号的影像学诊诊断断n分级方法Fazekas scale Rotterdam Scan Study(RSS)scaleScheltens scalen目前尚无统一的标准nFazekas scale最简单实用 45脑脑白白质质高信号的影像学高信号的影像学诊诊断断nFazekas scalePeriventricular hyperintensity(PVH)0=absence1=caps or pencil-thin lining2=smooth halo3=irregular PVH extending into t

34、he deep white matterDeep white matter hyperintensity(DWMH)0=absence1=punctate foci2=beginning confluence of foci3=large confluent areasFranz Fazekas,AJR,1987;149:351-356 46脑脑白白质质高信号的影像学高信号的影像学诊诊断断nFazekas scale-PVHGrade 1:Pencil-thin line of hyperintensity surrounds ventriclesGrade 2:Smooth hale of

35、hyperintensity surrounds ventriclesGrade 3:Diffuse irregular PVH extending into DWHFranz Fazekas,AJR,1987;149:351-356 47脑脑白白质质高信号的影像学高信号的影像学诊诊断断nFazekas scale-DWMHGrade 1 48脑脑白白质质高信号的影像学高信号的影像学诊诊断断nFazekas scale-DWMHGrade 2 49脑脑白白质质高信号的影像学高信号的影像学诊诊断断nFazekas scale-DWMHGrade 1 50脑脑微出血微出血nCerebral mic

36、robleed 脑微出血是一种亚临床的终末期微小血管病变导致的含铁血黄素沉积。1996年Offenbancher首次提出，GRE-T2*序列在T2*或SWI序列上可见的圆形或卵圆形小灶信号丢失（通常直径在2-5mm，也可大至10mm），病灶在CT、FLAIR、T1和T2序列上均不可见。51脑脑微出血微出血 52脑脑微出血的影像学微出血的影像学诊诊断断nRecommended criteria for identifi cation of cerebral microbleeds Black lesions on T2*-weighted MRI Round or ovoid lesions(r

37、ather than linear)Blooming effect on T2*-weighted MRI Devoid of signal hyperintensity on T1-weighted or T2-weighted sequences At least half of lesion surrounded by brain parenchyma Distinct from other potential mimics such as iron or calcium deposits,bone,or vessel flow voids Clinical history exclud

38、ing traumatic diffuse axonal injuryLancet Neurol 2009;8:16574 53脑脑微出血微出血n脑微出血的好发部位：皮质及皮质下（50.7%）、基底节及丘脑（34.1%）脑干（9.0%）、小脑（6.2%）n高血压与淀粉样脑血管病微出血部位不同 54脑脑萎萎缩缩nBrain atrophy 与肉眼可见的局灶损伤如外伤和梗死不相关的脑容量的减少。Lancet Neurol 2013;12:822838 55不同不同脑脑小血管病的影像区小血管病的影像区别别Lancet Neurol 2013;12:822838 56VCI的的诊诊治新治新进进展展nV

39、CI的定义/诊断标准nVCI的神经心理学评估nVCI的影像学诊断n如何确定影像学与认知损害的关系nVCI的治疗进展n小结 57与与VaD相关的相关的脑脑影像学影像学损损害害nLarge-vessel strokes in the following territoriesBilateral ACAPCA,including paramedian thalamic infarcts,inferior medial temporal lobe lesionsMCA,including parietotemporal,temporooccipital territories,and/or angul

40、ar gyrusWatershed carotid territories:bilateral superior frontal,parieto-occipital and/or deep and superficial MCANeuroradiology.2007;49(1):1-22.58与与VaD相关的相关的脑脑影像学影像学损损害害nSmall-vessel disease:Multiple basal ganglia and frontal white matter lacunae(must be two or more lacunae in the basal ganglia and

41、 two or more lacunae in the frontal white matter)Extensive periventricular white matter lesions(as defined in IIC)Bilateral thalamic lesionsNeuroradiology.2007;49(1):1-22.59与与VaD相关的相关的脑脑影像学影像学损损害害nSeverity-In addition to the above,relevant radiological lesions associated with dementia includeLarge-v

42、essel lesions of the dominant hemisphereBilateral large-vessel hemispheric strokesLeukoencephalopathy involving at least 25%of the total white matter(beginning to become confluent in four regions,i.e.,frontal bilaterally and parietal bilaterally)Neuroradiology.2007;49(1):1-22.60Angular gyrus infarct

43、Fig.1 Angular gyrus infarct in a 63-year-old woman with cognitive impairment.a Axial and b coronal FLAIR MR images show infarct in the left dominant angular gyrus.There are also periventricular and deep white matter hyperintensitiesNeuroradiology.2007;49(1):1-22.61Thalamic infarctFig.2 Thalamic infa

44、rct in a 58-year-old man with dementia.a Axial FLAIR MR image shows infarct in the left dominant thalamus(arrow).There are also periventricular and deep white matter hyperintensities and global mild cerebral atrophy.b Coronal 3D SPGR T1-weighted MR image confirms the thalamic infarct and the cerebra

45、l atrophy.It also shows mild bilateral hippocampal atrophy.The white matter abnormalities are difficult to see as periventricular hypointensities(arrows)Neuroradiology.2007;49(1):1-22.62VCI的的诊诊治新治新进进展展nVCI的定义/诊断标准nVCI的神经心理学评估nVCI的影像学诊断n如何确定影像学与认知损害的关系nVCI的治疗进展n小结 63VCI的治的治疗疗nVCI治疗首先应给于病因治疗。出现症状时可给于对

46、症治疗药物针对血管因素以防治卒中的治疗特异针对提高认知水平的药物治疗加强康复训练、积极开展非药物治疗 64血管危血管危险险因素因素/脑脑血管病血管病变变是是VCI的起始的起始环节环节危险因素危险因素首要病理学首要病理学血管改变血管改变终末期结果终末期结果中间因素中间因素后果后果认知功能损害高血压高血压,糖尿病糖尿病,吸烟吸烟,高脂血症高脂血症,炎症炎症动脉粥样硬化动脉粥样硬化,动脉僵硬度动脉僵硬度,内皮损伤内皮损伤小血管病小血管病 血管血管/管腔狭窄管腔狭窄 心功能不全心功能不全腔隙性梗死腔隙性梗死 关键部位梗死关键部位梗死 慢性低灌注慢性低灌注自主调节损伤自主调节损伤 高白质信号高白质信号基

47、因基因(ApoE,(ApoE,Notch3)Notch3)ADAD病理学病理学Stroke.2011;42:221-226.65VCI的危的危险险因素控制推荐因素控制推荐nIn people at risk for VCI,smoking cessation is reasonable(Class IIa;Level of Evidence A).nIn people at risk for VCI,the following lifestyle interventions may be reasonable:moderation of alcohol intake(Class IIb;Lev

48、el of Evidence B);weight control(Class IIb;Level of Evidence B);and physical activity(Class IIb;Level of Evidence B).n3.In people at risk for VCI,the use of antioxidants and B vitamins is not beneficial,based on current evidence(Class III;Level of Evidence A).Lifestyle FactorsStroke,2011;42(9):2672-

49、713.66VCI的危的危险险因素控制推荐因素控制推荐nIn people at risk for VCI,treatment of hypertension is recommended(Class I;Level of Evidence A).nIn people at risk for VCI,treatment of hyperglycemia may be reasonable(Class IIb;Level of Evidence C).nIn people at risk for VCI,treatment of hypercholesterolemia may be reaso

50、nable(Class IIb;Level of Evidence B).nIn people at risk for VCI,it is uncertain whether treatment of inflammation will reduce such risk(Class IIb;Level of Evidence C).Physiological Risk FactorsStroke,2011;42(9):2672-713.67VaD患者患者脑脑脊液中脊液中Ach显显著著下降下降r=0.62,P0.02 in VDJ Neural Transm,1996;103:1211-1220