英语四级考试翻译部分translation.ppt
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1、一、汉译英扫雷一、汉译英扫雷v 虚拟、倒装、时态和语态虚拟、倒装、时态和语态v v 考点透析考点透析1.虚拟语气虚拟语气1)if 虚拟虚拟条件句条件句2)wish后的虚拟语气后的虚拟语气 3)表示建议、主张、命令等概念的词语后的虚拟语气表示建议、主张、命令等概念的词语后的虚拟语气 4)熟悉常见的能引出虚拟语气的词语以及一些特殊的虚拟语气句熟悉常见的能引出虚拟语气的词语以及一些特殊的虚拟语气句型型 非真实条件句 if从句主句过去 was/were did was/were did与过去相反 had been/done would(should/could/might)have been/done
2、现在 am,is,are do,doesam,is,are do,does与现在相反 were didwould(should/could/might)be/do将来 do,does will/shall do与将来相反 should be/do were to dowould(should/could/might)be/doe.g.v If the whole operation had not been planned beforehand,a great deal of time and money would have been lostv如果整个运作过程不是已经提前规划好了的话,就会
3、损失掉大量的时如果整个运作过程不是已经提前规划好了的话,就会损失掉大量的时v间和金钱了。间和金钱了。v 需要注意的是,有时候主从句所指的时间概念会有不一致的情况,比需要注意的是,有时候主从句所指的时间概念会有不一致的情况,比如条件句是表示对过去的假设,而主句是表示对现在事实或将来可能造成如条件句是表示对过去的假设,而主句是表示对现在事实或将来可能造成的影响。的影响。e.g.:If l hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell,you couldnt be smiling like this nowv 如果你摔下来时我没有站在
4、梯子下面接住你,你现在就不可能像现在这如果你摔下来时我没有站在梯子下面接住你,你现在就不可能像现在这样笑了。样笑了。vIf she had returned an hour earlier,Mary_v(就不会被大雨淋了就不会被大雨淋了)vKey:would not have been caught by/in the heavy rainv2)wish后的虚拟语气后的虚拟语气v wish后面的宾语从句常用虚拟语气,表示的是某种无法实现后面的宾语从句常用虚拟语气,表示的是某种无法实现的愿望,说话人常用它来表示对实际情况的不满、不情愿、不的愿望,说话人常用它来表示对实际情况的不满、不情愿、不接受
5、、遗憾、后悔等感情。宾语从句的谓语动词主要有三种形接受、遗憾、后悔等感情。宾语从句的谓语动词主要有三种形式:式:v现在的愿望现在的愿望 were/didv过去的愿望过去的愿望 had+done v wouldv should v couldmight have 十十 donev表示对将来的愿望,表示对将来的愿望,wouldshouldcouldmight 十十 do e.g.:I wish I were as tall as you.He wished he hadnt said that.I wish it would rain tomorrow.I didnt go to the part
6、y last night,but I do wish I had been there。v 昨晚我没去舞会,但是我真的很希望我去昨晚我没去舞会,但是我真的很希望我去了。了。3)表示建议、主张、命令表示建议、主张、命令、请求等概念的词语后的虚拟语气请求等概念的词语后的虚拟语气v 这类词语由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望,所以后面接的这类词语由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望,所以后面接的v主语从句、主语从句、v宾语从句、宾语从句、v同位语从句的谓语动词往往采用同位语从句的谓语动词往往采用 v(should)+do/be done 常见的这类词语包括常见的这类词语包括:v动词动词 动词相应的名词动词相应的名
7、词 形容词:形容词:It is+adj.+that v.adj.n.advise advisable advice agree agreeable agreement decide decided decision determine determined determination indicate indicative indication insist insistent insistence prefer preferable preference propose proposed proposal require required requirement resolve resolv
8、ed resolution stipulate stipulation v.adj.n.desire desirable desire demand demanded demand request requested request recommend recommendable recommendation instruct instructive instruction order orderdirectsuggest suggestedsuggestion pity pity shame shame adj.n.adj.appropriate impossible incredible
9、proper essential imperative important importance necessary necessity obligatory urgentvitalvThe law requires that everyone should have his car checked at least once a year.vHe urges that the restrictions should be lifted.vMy proposal is that the meeting should be postponed till a later time.vHis adv
10、ice that John should wait until next week is quite reasonable.vIt is important that the applicant should state his reasons for wishing to work for our company.vIt is imperative that these safety rules be obeyed by everyonev 所有人必须遵守这些安全规则4)熟悉常见的能引出虚拟语气的词语以及一些特殊的虚拟语气句型熟悉常见的能引出虚拟语气的词语以及一些特殊的虚拟语气句型v 除了除
11、了if以外,还有一些词语也经常用于引出虚拟语气,如以外,还有一些词语也经常用于引出虚拟语气,如vlest vfor fear that 唯恐、免得、为了不使唯恐、免得、为了不使 e.g.vLest the wall should collapse,they evacuated the building.vThe officer forbade the use of artillery lest the citys industry be damaged.vbut for (要不是因为要不是因为)e.g.:But for your kindly help,I couldnt have done
12、that job so wellv要不是有你的热心帮助,我不可能把工作做得那么好。要不是有你的热心帮助,我不可能把工作做得那么好。vin case (以防以防)votherwise vwithout v v 另外,考生还要掌握一些特殊的虚拟句式,常见的包括另外,考生还要掌握一些特殊的虚拟句式,常见的包括:1)if only 要是要是就好了就好了;但愿但愿,v与现在相反与现在相反用过去时用过去时v与过去相反与过去相反用过去完成时用过去完成时vWould+do 表示愿望难以实现、遗憾或不满表示愿望难以实现、遗憾或不满vIf only he didnt drive so fast!vIf only
13、he had remembered to buy some fruit.vIf only the rain would stop!vIf only I had more money,I could buy the new clothes.2)would rather/would sooner/would(just)as soon+that 宁愿 v与现在或将来相反,动词用过去时与现在或将来相反,动词用过去时v与过去相反,动词用过去完成时与过去相反,动词用过去完成时vI would rather you didnt call tomorrow afternoon.I shall be enter
14、taining visitors.vMy parents would rather we lived in the country than in the city.vMother is so upset.Id rather you hadnt told her about the matter.vI would rather you went home now.3)It is(about/high)time+that 该该是是的时候了的时候了 vthat从句中用一般过去时从句中用一般过去时vIt is time we stopped.vIts about time you had your
15、hair cut.vIts high time he found himself a regular job.4)as if/as thoughv与现在相反与现在相反用过去时用过去时v与过去相反与过去相反用过去完成时用过去完成时vHe felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened.vShe spoke to me as if I were deaf.vThis tool operates/operated as though it had been repaired.v2.倒装倒装v 倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装,全部倒装是
16、指将主倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装,全部倒装是指将主谓完全倒装,部分倒装是指将助动词提前构成倒装。谓完全倒装,部分倒装是指将助动词提前构成倒装。汉译英中主要考查的是部分倒装。汉译英中主要考查的是部分倒装。部分倒装主要应部分倒装主要应用于以下几种情况:用于以下几种情况:1)由否定词或短语提前引起部分倒装由否定词或短语提前引起部分倒装v常见的能引起倒装的否定词或短语有:常见的能引起倒装的否定词或短语有:vno,not,never,neither,nor,seldom,hardly,scarcely,rarely,barely,little,few,vby no means vin no way vi
17、n no case von no account vunder no circumstances vhardly/scarcely when vno soonerthan vnot onlybut also vnot untile.g.:vHardly had he arrived the railway station,When the train leftv 他刚一到车站火车就开了。他刚一到车站火车就开了。vNot until he had finished his mission did he realize that he was seriously ill.v 直到他完成使命,他才意
18、识到自己已经病得很重了。直到他完成使命,他才意识到自己已经病得很重了。2)由由“only+状语状语”提前引起部分倒装提前引起部分倒装v “only+状语状语”位于句首时,句子要求部分倒装。位于句首时,句子要求部分倒装。e.g.:vOnly in this way can this problem be solved in a short timev 只有这样该问题才能够在短期内得以解决。只有这样该问题才能够在短期内得以解决。3)as引导让步状语从句时需要部分倒装引导让步状语从句时需要部分倒装v as引导让步状语从句时,需将引导让步状语从句时,需将as所在句子的表语部分提前,引起部分倒装所在句子
19、的表语部分提前,引起部分倒装。e.g.:vYoung as he is,he has been a teacher for three yearsv虽然他还年轻,可他已经当了三年老师了。虽然他还年轻,可他已经当了三年老师了。4)sothat从句中从句中“so”提前引起部分倒装提前引起部分倒装v在在sothat(如此如此以至于以至于)句型中,如果句型中,如果“so位于句首,其所在的主句要求部分位于句首,其所在的主句要求部分倒装。倒装。e.g.:vSo beautiful is the scenery of the place that every year hundreds of visitor
20、s come herev该地的风景如此美丽,以至于每年都有成百上千的游客来到这里。该地的风景如此美丽,以至于每年都有成百上千的游客来到这里。5)if条件句的倒装条件句的倒装vif引出的条件句引出的条件句(经常是虚拟条件句经常是虚拟条件句)可将可将should等助等助动词提前,将动词提前,将if省略,构成部分倒装。省略,构成部分倒装。e.g.:vHad(if)I come earlier,I wouldnt have missed that wonderful speechv如果我早点来的话,我就不会错过那场精彩的演讲如果我早点来的话,我就不会错过那场精彩的演讲了。了。e.g.vNot only
21、_(他向我收费过高他向我收费过高),but he didnt do a good repair job eithervKey:did he charge me too much/did he overcharge me v3.时态和语态时态和语态v 英语中一共有英语中一共有16种时态,四级考试汉译英部分重点考查的是一般过去时、过去进种时态,四级考试汉译英部分重点考查的是一般过去时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、将来完成时、过去完成时和完成进行时。考生在复行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、将来完成时、过去完成时和完成进行时。考生在复习时要注意各个时态的主要用法,翻译时要注意习时要注意各个时态的
22、主要用法,翻译时要注意抓住句子中的时间状语,判断其是表抓住句子中的时间状语,判断其是表示现在、将来还是过去,是短暂时间还是延续性时间示现在、将来还是过去,是短暂时间还是延续性时间?从而确定译文的时态。从而确定译文的时态。e.g.:vAfter searching for half an hour,he found that her glasses had been lying on the tablev找了半个小时以后,她发现自己的眼镜一直就在桌子上。找了半个小时以后,她发现自己的眼镜一直就在桌子上。v 语态问题虽然很少会单独考查,但也是汉译英涉及的重要知识点之一,考生应引起语态问题虽然很少会
23、单独考查,但也是汉译英涉及的重要知识点之一,考生应引起重视,在考虑句子时态的同时也要考虑应使用何种语态。而且,需要注意的是,语态重视,在考虑句子时态的同时也要考虑应使用何种语态。而且,需要注意的是,语态问题不仅仅是针对谓语动词,非谓语动词的语态问题也同样重要。问题不仅仅是针对谓语动词,非谓语动词的语态问题也同样重要。e.g.vThough a skilled worker,_(他被公司解雇了他被公司解雇了)last week because of the economic crisisvKey:he was fired by the companyv dischargedv dismissed
24、v专题演练1It annoyed him that no sooner_(他刚上车,就发现忘了带钱了)2It is advisable that_(这些项目尽早完工)3By the end of that year,Henry_(已收集了一千多张外国邮票)4_(直到所有的证据摆在他面前)did he confess his crime5If you had not run the red light,_(事故就不会发生了)6A broad scientific census says that_(地球气候正在明显变暖)7Only after the accident _(他才让人对他的车进行了
25、仔细的检查)8John couldnt have known the news,_(否则他早就发出申请了)9I wish _(我的家乡四季如春)10.If _(进入一个装满水的浴缸),some of the water will overflow onto the floor11Were I in your place,_(我会毫不犹豫地抓住机会)12Many people agree that its very necessary that_(合理地规划间)13Not only_(他们不仅做了音乐表演),but they also gave a brief introduction to t
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