语法篇专题定语从句.ppt

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1、专题十专题十 定语从句定语从句 用一个句子作定语，此句子叫作定语从句。定语从句位于被用一个句子作定语，此句子叫作定语从句。定语从句位于被它修饰的名词或代词之后。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，引导定它修饰的名词或代词之后。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词可分为关系代词（语从句的词叫关系词。关系词可分为关系代词（who,whom,who,whom,whose,which,that)whose,which,that)和关系副词和关系副词(when,where,why)(when,where,why)关系词都充关系词都充当从句的某个成分，它所替代的相应成分应省去。在定语从句中

2、，当从句的某个成分，它所替代的相应成分应省去。在定语从句中，当当who,which,thatwho,which,that作主语时，谓语的单复数应与先行词保持一致。作主语时，谓语的单复数应与先行词保持一致。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。非限制定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系不如限制性定语从句与先行词的关系紧性定语从句与先行词的关系不如限制性定语从句与先行词的关系紧密，没有它，主句的意思也清楚，因此用逗号隔开。关系词在非限密，没有它，主句的意思也清楚，因此用逗号隔开。关系词在非限制性定语从句中的用法与在限制性定语从句中的用法基本一样。制性

3、定语从句中的用法与在限制性定语从句中的用法基本一样。八大关系词用法表八大关系词用法表who,whose,whom,that 先行词是人时：从句中先行词是人时：从句中缺少主语用缺少主语用who；从句中；从句中缺少宾语用缺少宾语用whom；从句；从句中的主语缺少定语用中的主语缺少定语用whose；that可替换可替换who和和whom，作从句的主语，作从句的主语或宾语。或宾语。The girl who/that became a nurse two years ago is my cousin.(who/that作定语从句的主语作定语从句的主语)Hawking is the disabled sc

4、ientist whom/that we saw in Beijing last year.(whom/that作定语作定语从句中从句中saw的宾语的宾语)The boy whose mother is a famous singer is a little actor of 7.（whose作定语从句的主语作定语从句的主语mother的定语。）的定语。）which that 先行词是物时：从句中先行词是物时：从句中缺少主语或宾语用缺少主语或宾语用which；从句中主语缺少定语；从句中主语缺少定语用用whose；that可替换可替换which，作从句的主语或，作从句的主语或宾语。宾语。The

5、research which/that was carried on for years was stopped.(which/that作定语从句的作定语从句的主语主语)The topic which/that you were talking about is related to geography.(which/that作定作定语从句的宾语语从句的宾语)The two countries whose boundary is a river have been keeping a good relationship for fifty years.(whose作定语从句的主语的定语作定语从

6、句的主语的定语)where先行词是地点时：从句中先行词是地点时：从句中缺少主语或宾语用缺少主语或宾语用which/that;不缺少主语或不缺少主语或宾语用宾语用where,where在从在从句中充当地点状语。句中充当地点状语。The company where I am working is a transnational company.(where在定语从句在定语从句中作地点状语中作地点状语)when先行词是时间时：从句中先行词是时间时：从句中缺少主语或宾语用缺少主语或宾语用which/that;不缺少主语或不缺少主语或宾语用宾语用when,when在从句在从句中充当时间状语。中充当时间状

7、语。The years which/that I spent in the countryside are unforgettable.(which/that作作定从定从spent的宾语的宾语)The months when we spent the holidays by the sea were pleasant.(when在定语从句在定语从句中作时间状语中作时间状语)why先行先行词词是原因是原因时时：从句：从句中缺少主中缺少主语语或或宾语宾语用用which/that;不缺少主不缺少主语语或或宾语宾语用用why,why充当充当原因状原因状语语。表原因的先。表原因的先行行词词有有reaso

8、n,excuse,explanation等。等。I dont believe the reason which/that was obviously an excuse.(which/that作定作定语语从句的主从句的主语语)This is the excuse which/that she changed her mind for.(which/that作作定定语语从句介从句介词词for的的宾语宾语)There must be some reason why he made such an abnormal decision.(定定语语从句不缺少主从句不缺少主语语和和宾语宾语)【考点一】考查

9、关系词的省略【考点一】考查关系词的省略whom/which/that作定语从句的宾语时，可以省略。作定语从句的宾语时，可以省略。The person（whom/that）they are looking for is Mr Wilde.The topic（which/that）you were talking about is related to geography.【考点二】考查非限制性定语从句【考点二】考查非限制性定语从句1.引导非限定性定语从句时，只能用引导非限定性定语从句时，只能用 which（不用（不用that）。除）。除which外，还可用外，还可用when，where，who（

10、m）等关系代、副词引导非限定）等关系代、副词引导非限定性定语从句。性定语从句。Lisa is an amateur actress,who acted an important part in a film.This is a key senior high school,where I spent three years.Finally I decided to stay in Chong qing，where I finished my college study2.引导词引导词which可以指前面整个句子的含义。可以指前面整个句子的含义。Lily stayed up late into

11、the night,which made her mother anxious.3.在限定性定语从句中作宾语时，引导词可以省略，但引导非限定在限定性定语从句中作宾语时，引导词可以省略，但引导非限定性定语从句的连词不能省。性定语从句的连词不能省。He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother，whom he loved as his own mother 4.置于句首时，非限制性定语从句只能用置于句首时，非限制性定语从句只能用as引导，而置于句末时引导，而置于句末时as和和which都可以。但是当非限定性定语从句是否定意义时，只能

12、用都可以。但是当非限定性定语从句是否定意义时，只能用which引导。引导。The elephant is like a snake,as anybody can see.=As anybody can see,the elephant is like a snake.【即学即练】【即学即练】单项填空单项填空She heard the terrible noise,_ brought her heart into her mouth A.it B.which C.this D.that 解析：选解析：选B。which指代前面的先行词指代前面的先行词 noise，引导非限定性定语从，引导非限定性定

13、语从句，并在从句中作主语。句，并在从句中作主语。Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play，_，of course，made the others unhappy A.who B.which C.this D.what 解析：选解析：选B。which指代前面的整个句子，引导非限制性定语从句。指代前面的整个句子，引导非限制性定语从句。_ is known to all，China will be an and powerful country in 20 or 30 years time.A.That；advancing

14、B.This；advanced B.C.As；advanced D.It；advancing解析：选解析：选C。置于句首时，非限制性定语从句只能用。置于句首时，非限制性定语从句只能用as引导。引导。advanced先进的；先进的；advancing年事渐高的。年事渐高的。The weather turned out to be very good，_ was more than we could expect A.what B.which C.that D.if 解析：选解析：选B。句中。句中more than的本意为的本意为“超过超过”，“超过了我们的预超过了我们的预料料”。which指代前

15、面的整个句子。指代前面的整个句子。【考点三考点三】关系代词关系代词that或或which指物时，宜用指物时，宜用that而不用而不用which的情况的情况1.先行词为先行词为all,much,little,none,few,one,something,anything等不等不定代词时。定代词时。Is there anything(that)I can do for you,Mum?(that作宾语时可省略作宾语时可省略)I shall do all(that)I can to help you.(that I can是定语从句是定语从句,修饰修饰all；to help you是动词不定式作目的

16、状语是动词不定式作目的状语)2.先行词被形容词最高级、序数词等修饰或被先行词被形容词最高级、序数词等修饰或被only,any,few,much,little,no,all,one of等修饰时。等修饰时。Much money that had been donated was sent to the disaster area.This is the most interesting book(that)I have ever read.You are the very kind of person(that)we have been looking for.3.先行词是人和物共用时只能用先行

17、词是人和物共用时只能用that。He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus.The old man and his dog that live near here are strolling in the park.4.当主句中含有疑问词当主句中含有疑问词which时。时。Which are the books that you bought for me?5.先行词在主句中作表语，或关系代词在从句中作表语时。先行词在主句中作表语，或关系代词在从句中作表语时。The village is n

18、o longer the one that was 5 years ago.China is no longer the country that it used to be.6.当主句是当主句是there be句型时，修饰其主语的定语从句宜用句型时，修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that指代指代物。物。There is a seat in the corner that is still free.7.在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了了which,另一个定语从句的关系代词用另一个定语从句的关系代词用that。Edis

19、on built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.【考点四】考查关系代词宜用【考点四】考查关系代词宜用which而不用而不用that的情况的情况1.在非限制性定语从句中。在非限制性定语从句中。Bamboo is hollow,which makes it light.2.在关系词前有介词时。在关系词前有介词时。This is the room in which Chairman Mao once lived.3.当先行词本身是当先行词本身是that时。时。The clock is that w

20、hich can tell us the time.4.当关系词离从句较远时。当关系词离从句较远时。Here is the English grammar which,as I have told you,will help improve your English.5.在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了了that,另一个宜用另一个宜用which。Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us

21、.【考点五】考查关系代词【考点五】考查关系代词who与与that指人时，也有不同情况分别指人时，也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词用不同的关系词1.当主句是当主句是there be句型时，关系词用句型时，关系词用who指代人。指代人。Theres a gentleman who wants to see you.2.先行词为先行词为anyone,those,someone,everyone,one等词时，关系词用等词时，关系词用who。The person I want to learn from is one who studies hard and works well.3.当主句是当主句是w

22、ho作疑问词时，关系词用作疑问词时，关系词用that。Who is that girl that is standing by the window?4.一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that,另一个宜用另一个宜用who以避免重复。以避免重复。The student that was praised at yesterdays meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard.【考点六】考查介词提前【考点六】考查介词提前1.whom/whi

23、ch作介词的宾语时，介词可提到作介词的宾语时，介词可提到whom/which之前，此之前，此时时whom/which不能省略，也不能用不能省略，也不能用that替换。替换。The lady to whom you spoke last Wednesday is Pauls wife.I have a telescope with which I can observe the stars in space.2.如果被提前的是一个介词短语，应把整个介词短语提前，不能拆如果被提前的是一个介词短语，应把整个介词短语提前，不能拆开。如果被提前的是一个动词短语，介词不能提前。开。如果被提前的是一个动词短

24、语，介词不能提前。I bought a map according to which we can find the destination.The man they referred to just now is a promising person.=The man whom/that they referred to just now is a promising person.Lei Feng，from whom we have once learned a lot，is now an example to the soldiers of West Point Military Sch

25、ool（西点军校）（西点军校）of America.关系代词前的介词关系代词前的介词from，与从句的谓语动词，与从句的谓语动词learn构成习构成习惯表达惯表达learn from（向（向学习）学习）【即学即练】【即学即练】单项填空单项填空In the office I never seem to have time until after 5：30 pm _，many people have gone home A.whose time B.that C.on which D.by which time 解析解析:选选D。by which time即即by“after 5：30”“到五点三

26、十分以后到五点三十分以后”。介词的选择取决于这个介词与先行词或从句之间的关系。介词的选择取决于这个介词与先行词或从句之间的关系。【考点七】关系副词与关系代词的转换【考点七】关系副词与关系代词的转换1.where=in/at+whichThe Bermuda Triangle(which/that)many ships disappeared in is a mysterious place.=The Bermuda Triangle in which/where many ships disappeared is a mysterious place.2.when=in/on/at/durin

27、g+whichThe time(which/that)the football match begins at is eight oclock.=The time at which/when the football match begins is eight oclock.3.whose=of which/whom+the+物物/人人=the+物物/人人+of which/whomof which/whom前还可以加形容词最高级、数词、不定代词等。前还可以加形容词最高级、数词、不定代词等。Tibet,whose scenery is rather unique,is a summer res

28、ort.=Tibet,of which the scenery/the scenery of which is rather unique,is a summer resort.The tourists,of whom the eldest is 70/the eldest of whom is 70,are from Singapore.I saw three films this month,two of which were very interesting.4.why=for whichThe reason(which/that)hes absent from the meeting

29、for is not clear.=The reason for which/why hes absent from the meeting is not clear.【即学即练】【即学即练】单项填空单项填空After living in Paris for 50 years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a childA.which B.where C.that D.when 解析：选解析：选B。因为表地点的先行词。因为表地点的先行词the small town在从句中作状语；在从句中作状语；当表地点的先行词在从句中作主、宾、表语

30、时，则要用当表地点的先行词在从句中作主、宾、表语时，则要用that或或which引导定语从句。引导定语从句。I shall never forget the years I lived in the countryside with the farmers，has a great effect on my life.A.that；which B.when；which C.which；that D.when；who解析：选解析：选B。when在定语从句中作时间状语；在定语从句中作时间状语；which引导非限制性引导非限制性定语从句。定语从句。【考点八】分裂式定语从句【考点八】分裂式定语从句定语从

31、句被一个词、短语等与先行词隔开时，叫分裂式定语从句。定语从句被一个词、短语等与先行词隔开时，叫分裂式定语从句。为避免头重脚轻，可把修饰主语的定语从句置于谓语之后。为避免头重脚轻，可把修饰主语的定语从句置于谓语之后。I bought a house with a garden in front,where I can grow flowers.(定语从句被介词短语定语从句被介词短语in front与先行词隔开与先行词隔开)Do you remember the snowy night ten years ago when I got here?(定定语从句被词组语从句被词组ten years a

32、go与先行词隔开与先行词隔开)【考点九】【考点九】than/but/as作关系代词的用法作关系代词的用法 1.先行词有比较级修饰时用先行词有比较级修饰时用than；先行词有否定词修饰时用；先行词有否定词修饰时用but，表，表示双重否定，此时的示双重否定，此时的but=who/which/that.not.My mother always gives me more money than is needed.(than作定语作定语从句主语从句主语)This year,the farmers have harvested more grain than was expected.(than作定语从

33、句主语作定语从句主语)There is not a student but wants to go to university.=There is not a student who/that doesnt want to go touniversity.(but作定语从句主语作定语从句主语)2.先行词有下列词修饰时只能用先行词有下列词修饰时只能用as,如：如：as.as；so.as；such.as；the same+名词名词+as。You can buy as many books as you want in this bookstore.(as作作want的宾语的宾语)Such comp

34、uters as are used in our office are made in South Korea.(as作定语从句的主语作定语从句的主语)This jewel is the same one as I showed you the other day.(as作作showed的直接宾语的直接宾语)This jewel is the same one that I showed you the other day.(that作作showed的直接宾语）的直接宾语）请注意请注意“the same+名词名词+as”与与“the same+名词名词+that”的区别。的区别。定语从句是高中

35、阶段的重点语法项目之一。因此，有必要全面定语从句是高中阶段的重点语法项目之一。因此，有必要全面弄清其用法。定语从句从句型上讲，它与六种句式相似，十分容易弄清其用法。定语从句从句型上讲，它与六种句式相似，十分容易混淆。为了分清定语从句与这六种句型的差异，现将其分类例析如混淆。为了分清定语从句与这六种句型的差异，现将其分类例析如下。下。【难点一】定语从句与并列句【难点一】定语从句与并列句 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确Mr Li has three daughters，none of _ is an engineer Mr Li has thr

36、ee daughters，but none of _ is a dancer Mr Li has three daughters；_ are doctors解析：定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像解析：定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。从结构上看句的关系词了。从结构上看:小题是定语从句，故填小题是定语从句，故填whom；小小题有并列连词题有并列连词but，是并列句，故填代词，是并列句，故填代词 them；小题是两个并列小题是两个并列分

37、句，无需连接词，缺少主语，故填分句，无需连接词，缺少主语，故填none或或they。【难点二】定语从句与地点状语从句【难点二】定语从句与地点状语从句 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确。用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确。Rice doesnt grow well _ there is not enough water I still remember the farm _ my parents worked ten years ago解析：定语从句与地点状语从句的主要区别在于：定语从句有表解析：定语从句与地点状语从句的主要区别在于：定语从句有表示地点的先行词，而地点状语从句则

38、没有；定语从句的关系词根示地点的先行词，而地点状语从句则没有；定语从句的关系词根据需要可用据需要可用“介词介词which”来代替来代替where，而地点状语从句则通常，而地点状语从句则通常只能由只能由 where引导。因此，从结构上看引导。因此，从结构上看:小题无表示地点的先行小题无表示地点的先行词，故为表示地点的状语从句，填词，故为表示地点的状语从句，填where；小题中小题中the farm是先是先行词，是定语从句，故填行词，是定语从句，故填where，此处的，此处的 where可用可用on which替换。替换。【难点三】定语从句与强调句【难点三】定语从句与强调句 用一个恰当的词完成下列

39、句子，使之完整、正确用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确It is on the morning of May 1st _I met Liang Wei at the airport It is the factory _ Mr Wang works 解析：定语从句与强调句的主要区别在于：强调句的结构为解析：定语从句与强调句的主要区别在于：强调句的结构为“It iswas被强调部分被强调部分that从句从句”。被强调部分可以是除谓语。被强调部分可以是除谓语以外的任何成分，当被强调部分是人时，还可用以外的任何成分，当被强调部分是人时，还可用who代替代替that。这。这一一句型中，一定不能

40、因为被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用句型中，一定不能因为被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用when或或where代代 替替 that。从结构上看，。从结构上看，小题是强调句，故填小题是强调句，故填 that。此种。此种情况检测的标准是：先把强调句中的情况检测的标准是：先把强调句中的It iswas.that去掉，再把被去掉，再把被强调部分还原，在不增加或减少任何单词的情况下，如句子仍然成强调部分还原，在不增加或减少任何单词的情况下，如句子仍然成立则为强调句，否则为定语从句。可将第立则为强调句，否则为定语从句。可将第小题改为：小题改为：I met Liang Wei on the morning

41、of May 1st at the airport显然，这句话是正确显然，这句话是正确的，故为强调句。的，故为强调句。小题则是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知小题则是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知the factory前缺少个介词前缺少个介词in，故填，故填 where。【难点四】定语从句与结果状语从句【难点四】定语从句与结果状语从句 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确I have the same computer _ you have She is such a kind and funny girl _ all of us like to ma

42、ke friends with her解析：定语从句与结果状语从句的主要区别在于（这里只讨论解析：定语从句与结果状语从句的主要区别在于（这里只讨论the same.asthat和和such.as/that两种情况）：在这两种情况下，如果两种情况）：在这两种情况下，如果asthat既引导从句，同时又在从句中充当一定的成分，则既引导从句，同时又在从句中充当一定的成分，则asthat引导的是定语从句。在引导的是定语从句。在the sameasthat结构中，用结构中，用as指一样指一样的，但不是同一个事物；用的，但不是同一个事物；用that指同一物品，故指同一物品，故小题填小题填as；如果；如果as

43、that在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，则在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，则asthat引导引导的是结果状语从句，故的是结果状语从句，故小题填小题填that。【难点五】定语从句与单句【难点五】定语从句与单句 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确 The mother told the lazy boy to work，_ didnt help The mother told the lazy boy to work_ didnt help解析：含有定语从句的复合句与两个单句的主要区别在于：前者有解析：含有定语从句的复合句与两个单句的主要区

44、别在于：前者有主句，有从句，必须有关系词；而后者则是两个单独的句子，不需主句，有从句，必须有关系词；而后者则是两个单独的句子，不需要任何关联词。要任何关联词。小题两个句子用逗号连接且没有并列连词，显然小题两个句子用逗号连接且没有并列连词，显然应是主从句关系，因此需用关系词应是主从句关系，因此需用关系词 which，前面整个句子作先行词；，前面整个句子作先行词；小题则填小题则填It，代替前面的整个句子。解题时，注意标点符号的运，代替前面的整个句子。解题时，注意标点符号的运用。用。1.As a child,Jack studied in a village school,_ is named af

45、ter his grandfather.(2010全国全国I)A.which B.where C.what D.that解析：选解析：选A。定语从句所修饰的先行词是。定语从句所修饰的先行词是school，它在定语从句中作，它在定语从句中作主语，因此使用关系代词，选项中的关系代词只有主语，因此使用关系代词，选项中的关系代词只有which和和that，由，由于是非限制性定语从句，不能使用于是非限制性定语从句，不能使用that，因此选择，因此选择A。2.I refuse to accept the blame for something _ was someone elses fault.(2010

46、全国全国)A.who B.that C.as D.what解析：选解析：选B。不定代词。不定代词something作主语，用作主语，用that引导。引导。3.Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet _ life has developed gradually.（2010福建）福建）A.that B.where C.which D.whose解析：选解析：选B。先行词为。先行词为planet，表示地点，故用，表示地点，故用where。4.Ive become good friends wi

47、th several of the students in my school _I met in the English speech contest last year.(2010湖南湖南)A.who B.where C.when D.Which解析：选解析：选A。先行词是前句中的。先行词是前句中的students，在定语从句中是，在定语从句中是met之后之后的宾语，的宾语，student指人，又作了宾语，所以选指人，又作了宾语，所以选who（也可以是（也可以是that 或者可以省略）。或者可以省略）。5.The girl arranged to have piano lessons at

48、 the training centre with her sister _ she would stay for an hour.(2010江西江西)A.where B.who C.which D.what解析：选解析：选A。先行词为。先行词为centre,she would stay for an hour 不缺少宾不缺少宾语或主语语或主语,故要填状语故要填状语,表地点用表地点用where。6.Children who are not active or _ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.(2010北京北京)A.what B.wh

49、ose C.which D.that解析：选解析：选B。第二个定语从句中的主语与先行词。第二个定语从句中的主语与先行词children之间是所属之间是所属关系，故选关系，故选B。A项中的项中的what不能引导定语从句。不能引导定语从句。7.Thats the new machine _ parts are too small to be seen.(2010山东山东)A.that B.which C.whose D.what解析：选解析：选C。空格处引导定语从句并且在从句中作定语使用，所以。空格处引导定语从句并且在从句中作定语使用，所以使用使用whose。8.The old temple _

50、roof was damaged in storm is now under repair.(2010陕西陕西)A.where B.which C.its D.whose解析：选解析：选D。先行词是。先行词是the old temple，关系词在从句中作，关系词在从句中作roof的定的定语，用关系代词语，用关系代词whose，选，选D。其余选项与题意不符。其余选项与题意不符。9.After graduating from college，I took some time off to go traveling，_ turned out to be a wise decision.(2010四川