英语句子成分和句子类型.ppt

《英语句子成分和句子类型.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语句子成分和句子类型.ppt（62页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、英语句子成分英语句子成分SentenceComponents一、句子成分一、句子成分v（一）句子成分的定义：（一）句子成分的定义：v构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。v句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；v主要成分有主语和谓语；主要成分有主语和谓语；v次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和足语、同位语和插入语插入语。二）主语：二）主语：v主语主语(Subject)表示句子表示句子说说的是什么人或什么事，的是什么人或什么事，是一是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句

2、首。但在但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassar

3、egirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词）（代词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（主语从句）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语（三）谓语 v谓语谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或说明主语所做的动作或具有的

4、特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：v1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffattenoclock.（三）谓语（三）谓语 vv2、复合谓语：、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.（2）由助动词加动词原形）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词现在分词,过去分词构过去分词构

5、成。如：成。如：DoyouspeakEnglish？Theyareworkinginafield.Hehascaughtabadcold.（3）由系动词加表语构成。如：）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。（四）表语（四）表语 v表语表语(Predicative)v用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。等）之后。v表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、

6、数词、表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：语从句表示。例如：1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）（名词）2.Isityours?（代词）（代词）3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）（形容词）4.Thespeechisexciting.（现在分词）（现在分词）5.Threetimessevenistwenty one.（数词）（数词）6.Hisjobisto teach English.（不定式）（不定式）7.Hishobbyispl

7、aying football.（动名词）（动名词）8.Themeetingisof great importance.（介词短语）（介词短语）9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）（副词）10.Thetruthisthat he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（表语从句）注意：系动词（注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，一词，例如：例如：Heisateacher

8、.2）持续系动词持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：例如：Healwayskept silentatmeeting.3）表像系动词表像系动词用来表示用来表示“看起来像看起来像”这一概念，这一概念，主要有主要有seem,appear,look,例如：例如：Heseems(tobe)verysad.注意：系动词（注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。4）感官系动词感官系动

9、词主要有主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：例如：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.5）变化系动词变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：例如：Theriverwasbeginningtorundry.6）终止系动词终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达表达“证明是证明是;结果是结果是”，之意，之意，例如：例如：Therumor(谣言谣言)proved false.Hisplanturned

10、 outasuccess.（五）宾语（五）宾语v宾语（宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.Heisdoinghishomework.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6

11、.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（名词化形容词，名词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）v宾语种类宾语种类：v（1）双宾语（间接宾语双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），直接宾语），例如：例如：vLendme your dictionary,please.to:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,bring,throw等，例如：等，例如：HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.for:leave,buy,buil

12、d,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：等，例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.v（2）复合宾语（宾语复合宾语（宾语+宾补），宾补），例如：例如：vTheyelectedhim their monitor.v下列动词只能接不定式做宾语下列动词只能接不定式做宾语ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,de

13、sire等，如：等，如：Herefusedto lend me his bike.v下列动词只能接动名词做宾语下列动词只能接动名词做宾语admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：等，如：Johnhasadmittedbreaking the window.v下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如宾语，但意义不同，如mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。等。vforgettodo表示

14、表示“未发生的动作未发生的动作”，forgetdoing表示表示“已完成的动作已完成的动作”。如：。如：vDontforgettocomehereearliertomorrow.(还没来还没来)vIforgotreturningthebooktohim.v(书已还给他了书已还给他了)v（六）宾语补足语（六）宾语补足语 v宾语补足语（宾语补足语（ObjectComplement），），用于用于补充说明宾语的动作补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复复合宾语合宾语。v需接复合宾语的动词有：需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，

15、help，teach，ask，see，have，order，make等。等。“宾补宾补”一般可由名词、形容一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：从句充当。例如：1.HisfathernamedhimXiaoming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustntforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewills

16、oonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（名词）（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（介词短语）（从句）（七）定语（七）定语 v修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。v定语可由以下等成分表示：定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilinisa beautiful city.（形容词（形容词）2.Chinaisadeveloping country;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词（分词）3.Therearethirty womenteachersinourschool.（名词）

17、（名词）4.His rapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）（代词）5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirst to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）（不定式短语）6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）（动名词）7.Heisreadinganarticleabout how to learn English.（介词短语）（介词短语）8.Sheisthegirlwho sings best in my class.(定语从句定语从句)（八）状语（八）状语

18、v修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示）。可由以下形式表示：1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（副词及副词性词组）（介词短语）（不定式短语）4.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.5.Waitaminute.6.Once

19、youbegin,youmustcontinue.（分词短语）（名词）（状语从句）9种状语种类如下：1.Howaboutmeetingagainat six?2.Lastnightshedidntgotothedancepartybecause of the rain.3.Ishallgothereif it doesnt rain.4.MrSmithliveson the third floor.5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwith great care.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）vShecameinwith a dictiona

20、ry in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others,Imustworkharder.7.Hewassotiredthat he fell asleep immediately.8.Sheworksveryhardthough she is old.9.Iamtallerthan he is.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（比较状语）（九）同位语（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：数词、代词或从句担任，如

21、：ThisisMr.Zhou,our headmaster.Thisisgoodnewsthat he has found his son.（十）插入语（十）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有做一些附加的解释，通常有tobehonest,Ithink(suppose,believe)等，如：等，如：To be frank,Idontquiteagreewithyou.句子成分详解表句子成分详解表句子成分句子成分意意义义充当充当词类词类例句例句主主语语表示句子表示句子说说的是什么人或什么的是什么人或什么事事名，代，数，不定名，代，数，不定式，式，动动名名词

22、词，短，短语语或或句子句子We study in Shenzhen Middle School.谓语谓语说说明主明主语语做什么，是什么或怎做什么，是什么或怎么么样样动词动词或或动词词组动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语宾语表示表示动动作行作行为为的的对对象象同主同主语语Both of us like English.表表语语与与联联系系动词连动词连用，一起构成用，一起构成谓谓语语，说说明主明主语语的性的性质质或特征或特征同主同主语语Her father is a chemist.His words sound reasonable.定定语语用来修用来修饰饰

23、名名词词或代或代词词形，代，数，名形，代，数，名,副，介副，介词词短短语语或句子或句子We have eight lessons every day.状状语语修修饰动词饰动词，形容，形容词词，副，副词词，表，表示示动动作作发发生的生的时间时间，地点，原，地点，原因，目的，方式，因，目的，方式，结结果等果等副副词词，介，介词词短短语语或句或句子子He works very hard.They held a party in Hollywood.宾语宾语补补足足语语逻辑逻辑上与上与宾语宾语是主是主谓谓关系关系形容形容词词，名，名词词，介，介词词短短语语等等She always keeps the

24、house clean.主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！练习练习一一.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：v1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.v2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.v3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.v4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!v5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.S.Attrib

25、uteO.PredicateAdverbialAttributeAdverbialAdverbialv6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.v7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.v8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.v9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.v10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.v11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.v12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.v13.Hefoundi

26、timportanttomasterEnglish.AttributePredicativeO.AdverbialPredicateS.PredicateS.PredicativePredicateO.AdverbialFO.RO.v14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?v15.Tobehonest，yourpronunciationisnotsogood.v16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?v17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.v18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanan

27、dtidy.v19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.v20.Theapplestastedsweet.O.AttributeParenthesisAdverbialO.AdverbialAdverbialFS.PredicativeO.C.O.C.Predicative划分划分句子成分句子成分1.Weareworking.2.Icanswimverywell.3.Thewaiterbroughtabottleofbeertome.4.Whydoesthewindblow.5.Therainhasbeenpullingdownforawholeday.6.BothTomand

28、Jackenjoycountrymusic.7.Jimaskedyoutogivehisbestwishestoeveryone.8.Youmustgetthecarreadybytomorrow.9.Ihavealotofclothestowash.Ihavealotofclothestobewashed.10.Hegavehissonsomeadviceonreading.11.Readmethefirstparagraph.12.Iveorderedsomesoupforyou.13.HebeganleaningEnglishtenyearsago.14.Mybeinglateworri

29、edmyteacher.15.Thatpresidenthimselfwouldvisitourschoolexcitedallofus.16.AprilDayisthespecialdayoftheyearwhenyouplayajokeonsomeone.17.Heusuallytakesanapafterlunch,asishishabit.18.Ifoundthebookinthecorneroftheroom.19.hefinishedlunchandwentintothegarden.20.Thetelephonerang.21.Westudyhard.22.Hisfathermi

30、ghthavedied.23.Willyouleavethedooropenwhengoingout.24.Canyoumakethedogstandstill?25.Thelandlordhadthemworkingdayandnight.26.Ithinkasoundknowledgeofgrammarisimportanttogoodwriting.27.Weallbreathe,eat,drink.28.Iwokeupat6:00inthemorning.29.Thebookweighsfivekilos.30.TheywillbeflyingtoLondon.31.Theshopas

31、sistantfoundsomecertainmaterialsforme.32.HepromisedmeanewEnglish-Chinesedictionary.33.Pleasepassanewly-publishedmagazinetome.34.HelivedinGuangZhou.35.Thefatherisshowingtheboyhowtoplanttrees.36.Hisunclelefthimsomemoney.37.SheisteachingthepianotoseveralofthevillagechildrenandshehastaughtusEnglishfor3y

32、ears.38.Ilikepopularmusic.39.Sheknowswhattodonext.40.Itexcitedallofusthatthepresidentwouldvisitourschool.二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（）、谓语（）、宾语（）：vI hope you are very well.Im fine,but tired.Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm.August is the hottest month here.It is the time of

33、year for the rice harvest,so every day I work from dawn until dark.Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors.We grow rice in the south of the States,but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat.We have a lot of machines on the farm.vAlthough the farm is large,my Dad

34、has only two men working for him.But he employs more men for the harvest.My brother takes care of the vegetable garden.It doesnt often rain in the summer here.As a result,we have to water the vegetable garden.Every evening we pump water from a well.It then runs along channels to different parts of t

35、he garden.三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（）、状语（）、补语（）：vMost Saturday evenings there is a party,even at harvest time.These parties often make us very happy.We cook meat on an open fire outside.Its great!Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion.Some of my friends drink beer.I dont,because I have to drive

36、home after the party.In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States.There are five different time areas in the States.In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time.How many different time areas do you have in China?Well,I must stop and get some sleep.Please give my

37、best regards to your parents.四、选择填空：v()1._willleaveforBeijing.vA.NowtherethemanvB.ThemanherenowvC.ThemanwhoisherenowvD.Themanisherenowv()2.Theweather_.vA.wetandcoldB.iswetandcoldvC.notwetandcoldD.werewetandcoldv()3.Theappletasted_.vA.sweetsB.sweetlyvC.nicelyD.sweetv()4.Hegotup_yesterdaymorning.vA.la

38、telyB.latevC.latestD.latterv()5.Theactor_attheageof70.vA.deadB.diedvC.dyedD.dyingv()6._wereallverytired,butnoneof_wouldstoptotakearest.vA.We,usB.Us,wevC.We,ourD.We,wev()7.Hefoundthestreetmuch_.vA.crowdB.crowdingvC.crowdedD.crowdedlyv()8.Ithink_necessarytolearnEnglishwell.vA.its B.itvC.thatD.thatisv(

39、)9.Thedog_mad.vA.looksB.islookedvC.isbeinglookedD.waslookedv()10.Iwillneverforgettheday_Ijoinedthearmy.vA.thatB.whenvC.inwhichD.where句子的类型句子的类型 1 1主语主语+谓语谓语 2 2主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语简单句简单句 3 3主语主语+连系动词连系动词+表语表语 4 4主语主语+谓语谓语+双宾语双宾语(直接宾语和间直接宾语和间 接宾语接宾语)5 5主语主语+谓语谓语+复合宾语复合宾语(宾语和宾语宾语和宾语 补足语补足语)并列句并列句复合句复合句并列复合句

40、并列复合句1 简单句简单句:只有一个主语只有一个主语(或并列主语或并列主语)和一个谓语和一个谓语(或或并列谓语并列谓语)的句子叫做简单句的句子叫做简单句:He learns German.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.We sang and danced yesterday evening.My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.1.主语主语+谓语谓语2.主语主语+谓语谓语+宾

41、语宾语3.主语主语+系动词系动词+表语表语4.主语主语+谓语谓语+直接宾语直接宾语+间接宾语间接宾语5.主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语简单简单句句的五种基本结构的五种基本结构1.1.主语主语+谓语谓语Danny came back.It is raining.Some of them failed.1你你应应当努力学当努力学习习。Youshouldstudyhard.2 那天早上我那天早上我们谈们谈了很多。了很多。Thatmorningwetalkedagreatdeal.2 2 主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语Ibeatyou.主语主语 谓语谓语宾语宾语SVOv观察下面一个例

42、句，你能找到句中的观察下面一个例句，你能找到句中的“主主语语”、“谓语谓语”、“宾语宾语”吗吗?v因此这是个典型的因此这是个典型的“主谓宾主谓宾”句型。句型。3.3.主语主语+系系动词动词+表语表语She was at home then.He became famous.He got angry.They all keep silent.1我的兄弟都是大学生。我的兄弟都是大学生。Mybrothersareallcollegestudents.2布朗夫人看起来很健康。布朗夫人看起来很健康。MrsBrownlooksveryhealthy.More examples:1).The weather

43、 is very cold.2).She felt happy.3).Please keep silent!4).My father is an English teacher.5).The Lijiang River looks especially beautiful in the early morning.6).The surface of the table feels smooth.7).Leaves will turn yellow in autumn.8).The soup tasted delicious.9).That sounds reasonable.4.4.主语主语+

44、谓语谓语+直接宾语直接宾语+间接宾语间接宾语Mary told us the reason.Danny sent me a film ticket.John gave her some suggestions 1.他把他把车车票票给给列列车员车员看。看。He showed the ticket to the conductor.2.我父我父亲亲已已经给经给我我买买了一了一辆辆新自行新自行车车。My father has bought me a new bike.5.5.主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语Mom asked him to turn off the radio.I

45、observe a girl go by every day.She heard a baby crying downstairs.He let us use his computer.1他请我们参加做游戏。他请我们参加做游戏。Heaskedustojoininthegame.2我要你把真相告诉我。我要你把真相告诉我。Iwantyoutotellmethetruth.Exercisev1.Ourschoolisnotfarfrommyhome.v2.Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyouv3.Allofusconsideredhimhonest.v4.Mygrandfa

46、therboughtmeapairofsportsshoes.v5.Hebrokeapieceofglass.v6.Hemadeitclearthathewouldleavethecityv7.Treesturngreenwhenspringcomes.v8.HedidntcomeThatiswhyhedidntknow 主语主语系动词系动词表语表语主主谓谓宾宾+宾补宾补主主谓谓宾宾+宾宾主主谓谓宾宾主主谓谓宾宾+宾补宾补主系主系表表主谓主谓（2）并列句并列句:并列句由等立连词或分号并列句由等立连词或分号;把两个或两个把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。以上的简单句连在一起构成。1)We h

47、elp them and they help us.2)It is late,so we must hurry.3)The future is bright;the road is tortuous.4)-Would you like to come to dinner tonight?-Id like to,but Im too busy.5)We must get up early tomorrow,or well miss the first bus to the Great Wall.分句由并列连词分句由并列连词and,then,but,or,or else,so,for,while,

48、when;bothand,eitheror,neithernor,not only,but also,as well as 等来连接。等来连接。He is a basketball fan,and his wife is a volleyball fan.Hurry up,or youll be late.He works hard while his brother is a lazy bone.He was enjoying his KFC when a friend came.（3）复合句）复合句:含有一个或一个以上从句的含有一个或一个以上从句的句子叫复合句句子叫复合句。1)Whats

49、the name of the film that you saw yesterday?2)He said that he would go to the zoo with his mother.3)They took a lot of pictures when they were on the Great Wall?4)As is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth once every month.5)Whether well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.6)Al

50、l that is needed is a supply of oil.7)The weather turned out to be very good,which was more than we could expect.8)As the day went on,the weather got worse.（4）并列复合句：）并列复合句：并列复合句即并列连词并列复合句即并列连词连接的带从句的并列句。连接的带从句的并列句。English is widely used in the world,but China has the largest number of people who spe