英语学习与西方文化.ppt

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1、西方文化与英语学习西方文化与英语学习Westernculture&EnglishLearningLanguage&Culturen nLanguageisapartofculturen nOnedesignfeatureofhumanlanguageisculturaltransmission(文化传递性)(byC.Hockett）n nSoEnglishiscapableoftransmittingtheWesternculture.Geographic layout of the Western culturen n1.Europen n2.NorthAmerica(theUSA&Cana

2、da)n n3.Oceania(i.e.Australia&NewZealand)2 layers of culturen nPhysicalculture(eg.architecturalstyles)n nNon-physicalculture(eg.religion;morality)Why there are so many languages?n nThestoryofbuildingBabel巴别塔n nBible/Genesis创世纪11:1-9:n nGodconfusingpeopleslanguagen nGenesis11:1:Nowthewholeearthhadone

3、languageandthesamewords.(那时，天下人的口音言语都是一样。)n nGenesis11:1:ThereforeitsnamewascalledBabel,becausetheretheLORD(God)confusedthelanguageofalltheearth.Babel 巴别塔巴别塔 Two Major Foundations in Western Culturen n1.theGreco-Romanfoundationn n(古希腊罗马文化基石)n nThespiritofrationality理性主义精神n n2.theJudeo-Christianfound

4、ationn n（犹太-基督教文化基石）n npursuitofGod:thesupernaturalbeingAncient Greek Culturen nThreemastersofthinking:n nSocrates（苏格拉底）n nPlato（柏拉图）n nAristotle（亚里斯多德）n nfocusingonpursuitoffreedom,democracyandtruthinnatureandinhumanbeingRoman Lawsn nTheJustinianlawcoden n(undertheEmperorJustinian)n nthemostsystema

5、ticandcompletesummaryoflaws.Christianityn n1.Birth&DevelopmentofChristianityn nJesusChrist：theincarnationofGodn n(Godinhuamfleshbody道成肉身的上帝)n n“SonofGod”(thesecondpersoninthen nTrinity三位一体),n nhecametoprovidesalvation(救赎)forthesinnersChristianity-2n nOtherChristianbeliefsn nJesusvirginbirth,n nHisCr

6、ucifixion(putonthecross)forwashinghisbelieverssinn n“crucifying”-adj.折磨的n nascensionintoHeavenn nHisfutureSecondComing.Christianity-3 major festivals concerned with Jesus Christn n1.GoodFriday:耶稣受难日n nJesusChristdiedonFriday,adaybeforethePassoverDay)n n2.EasterDay:复活节(Resurrection)n nJesusChristrose

7、fromdeathonSundayn n3.ChristmasDay(Xmas)n nonhonoringJesusholybirthBible:Christian Holy Scripturen nTheOldTestament:39booksn nTheNewTestament:27booksThe Middle Agen nlate 5th century-14th centuryn nTheageofChristianityn nTheRomanChurchandPopedominatedbothreligiousandsecularlifen nScholarlistism(经院主义

8、)n n-ThomasAquinas(1225-1274)n nCrusades:十字军东征n n-Knighthood(gentlemanhood)骑士精神Renaissance(文艺复兴文艺复兴)n nlate 13th century-early 17th century（approx.400 years）n nhumanism(人文主义)n nprosperityinarts.Religious Reformation宗教改革宗教改革n npurificationofChristianity/upholdingtheBiblepurificationofChristianity/uph

9、oldingtheBibleauthorityagainstPapalauthorityauthorityagainstPapalauthority教皇权威教皇权威)n nSchismofChristianitySchismofChristianityn n(threebranchesofChristianity)(threebranchesofChristianity)n n1 1）CatholicismCatholicism：天主教：天主教n n2 2）theEasternOrthodoxytheEasternOrthodoxy：东正教：东正教n n3 3）ProtestantismPro

10、testantism：新教：新教n n3.3.pursuitofrationalismandscientismpursuitofrationalismandscientism Enlightenment(启蒙运动启蒙运动)(17th18th century)n n3mastersofthinking:n nVoltaire(1694-1778)n nJean-JacquesRousseau(1712-1778)n nMontesquieu(1689-1755)n nMontesquieustheoryofpowerseparation.n nthelegislativepower:Congre

11、ss(USA)n ntheexecutivepower:President(USA)n nthejudicialpower:SupremeCourt(USA)Western culture in 19th centuryn nThetheoryofEvolution(进化论)n n-CharlesDarwinn n-The Origin of Species 物种起源n n-survivalofthefittest(actingasthetheoreticguidelineforoverseasinvasionbytheWesternpowers)Western culture in 19th

12、 century-2n n-debatingonoriginofhumankindn n*evolutionvs.creationn nMarxismn n-Communismanditspracticen ninRussia&China-success&failureWestern culture in 19th century-3n nFriedrichNietzsche(1844-1900)尼采n n“homelessnessandrootlessness”resultingfromthelossoffaithinGodn n“alienation”（异化）or“famelesspers

13、ons”(无名的人)lossofindividualidentityandego；menareinstitutionalizedinthemodernsociety.Western culture in 20th centuryn nSigmundFreud(1856-1939)n ntheoryofpsychoanalysisn nJean-PaulSartre(1905-1980)n n-Existentialism(存在主义)n n*Freedomofchoice.(manhasindividualfreedom.Ifonedoesnotfollowhisownwillbutthatof

14、others,hewouldlosehisownidentityandego.Suchamandoesnothavearealexistence.)Western culture in 20th century-2n nModernismn nPost-modernism:n nJacquesDerrida(1930-)n n-relativityofrationalityn n-deconstructionWestern culture in 20th century-3n nThreebooksworthyofreading:n n1.寂静的春天蕾切尔卡逊1962n nThe Silent

15、 Springn n2.增长的极限德内拉梅多斯1972n nLimits to Growthn n3.文明的冲突1993n nConflicts of Civilizationsn nBySamuelHuntingdonAspects of English LearningInContextofCultureParadoxical thinking pattern of the Westerners反合性思维反合性思维n nSocrates:n nTheonlythingIknowisthatIknownothingn nHegel:n n历史给人最大的教训就是人从来不从历史吸取教训。n nJ

16、esus:Ifyousayyoucansee,youarereallyblind.英语词语的隐喻性英语词语的隐喻性n nThemetaphoricalpropertyinEnglishwordsn nOriginalmeaningassociativemeaningn nForexample:n nCrane:鹤起重机（similarinform）n nmouse:老鼠鼠标n nFall:落下秋天n nHeart:心爱情n nBack:背部支持（backup）英语词语的隐喻性英语词语的隐喻性-2n nBackbone:脊椎骨支柱/骨干n nEg.Theyarethebackboneofthef

17、ootballteam.n nCrucifixion:钉十字架-痛苦的折磨n nGrind:磨磨-苦差n nMushroom:蘑菇迅速增长n nSpringuplikemushrooms雨后春笋般涌现I.Three Major Origins of English Wordsn n1.Nativewords(ofAnglo-Saxonorigin)n n2.Latinwordsn n3.FrenchwordsExamplesn nask1-interrogate2-question3n nbelly1-abdomen2-stomach3n nrise1-ascend2-mount3n nhol

18、y1-consecrated2-sacred3：n n神圣的n nfire-flameconflagrationn neat-dine-ingestI.Three origins of English words-2n nbuy1-purchase3n nhouse1-mansion3n nanswer1-reply3n nfriendly1-amicable3(friend=ami/amie)n nmight1-power3(mighty=powerful)n nbrotherly1-fraternal2n nbodily1-corporal2身体的；生理的I.Three origins o

19、f English words-3n n55BCCaesars(凯撒大帝JuliusCaesar约前100-前44,罗马将军,皇帝,政治家,历史学家)invasionintoBritainbroughtLatinlanguageintoEnglishn n1066ADNormansConquestintroducedFrenchintoEnglishGreek mythology&Roman mythology vs.English wordsn nHomer:n nIliadn nOdysseyn n(1)Zeus:thechiefgod宙斯n n(=JupiterinRM)Cf.玉皇大帝n

20、 n(2)Hera:Zeusswife赫拉(=JunoinRM)n nCf.王母娘娘Greek mythology&Roman mythology vs.English wordsn n3)Eros:爱神（=Cupid丘比特inRM）n nEg.Cupidsbown nCf.月下老人n n(4)Artemis:thegoddessofthemoonandhunting(=DianainRM)月亮与狩猎女神。Cf.嫦娥Greek Mythology vs.Roman Mythologyn nGM-RMn n*Apollo-Apollo:阿波罗；太阳神；美男子n nZeusson,thegodof

21、thesun,inchargeoftruth,lightandmedicinen n*Artemis-Dianan n*Ares-Mars(awarringgod)n n*Aphrodite-Venus(维纳斯)Greek Mythology vs.Roman Mythology-2n nAphrodite阿佛洛狄特:thegoddessofloveandbeauty,ZeusdaughterGreek Mythology vs.Roman Mythology-3VenusGreek Mythology vs.Roman Mythology-4n n*Hephaestus-Vulcann nH

22、ephaestus:thehusbandofAphrodite;thegodofmetal-workingtechnologyn n*Hermes-Mercuryn nHermesthesonofZeus;Zeusmessenger;thegodlookingaftermerchants,touists&thieves.Greek Mythology vs.Roman Mythology-4n n*Poseidon-NeptunePoseidonZeussbrother;inchargeoftheseas波塞冬；海神Cf海龙王/龙王爷*Hestia-VestaZeussister,thegod

23、dessforkitchenandhome.Cf.灶神Greek Mythology vs.Roman Mythology-5*Hades-Pluto(cf.阎王inChineseculture)*Persephone-ProserpinathewifeofHades.冥后*Dionysus-Bacchusthegodofwine&drama酒神Cupidn nCupidCupidisthelovechildCupidisthelovechildofVenusandMarsofVenusandMarsOrigins of Culturally loaded words 文化负载词来源文化负载词

24、来源n nLanguageaspartofcultureLanguageaspartofculturen nNineplanetnamesanditsOriginsNineplanetnamesanditsOriginsn n1.Neptune:1.Neptune:海王星海王星P9(=Poseidon)P9(=Poseidon)n n2.Pluto:2.Pluto:冥王星冥王星(=(=HadesHades)n n3.Venus:3.Venus:金星金星(=Aphrodite)(=Aphrodite)n n4.Mars4.Mars火星火星(=Ares)(=Ares)n n5.Mercury5.M

25、ercury水星水星(=Hermes)(=Hermes)n n6.Jupiter:6.Jupiter:木星木星P5/thelargestplanet(=Zeus)P5/thelargestplanet(=Zeus)n n7.Saturn:7.Saturn:土星土星P6P6n n8.Uranus:8.Uranus:天王星天王星Kinship words in English and the Chinese equivalentsn nBrother:兄；弟?n nSister:姐；妹？n nAunt：伯母；婶；姨；舅母；姑妈？n nUncle：叔；伯；舅；姑父；姨夫？n nGrandfather

26、:祖父；外祖父n nGrandmother:祖母；外祖母n nNephew:侄子；外甥Kinship words in English and the Chinese equivalentsn nNiece:Niece:侄女；侄女；外甥女外甥女n nBrother-in-law:Brother-in-law:小叔子；大伯子；小舅子；大舅小叔子；大伯子；小舅子；大舅子子？n nSister-in-law?Sister-in-law?n n结论：英语文化中不重视长次关系以及以性别差结论：英语文化中不重视长次关系以及以性别差异来划分的亲属关系：因此英语中如一定强调长异来划分的亲属关系：因此英语中如一

27、定强调长次关系必须以复合词来体现。次关系必须以复合词来体现。n n而汉语中的亲属词语特别强调而汉语中的亲属词语特别强调“长幼有序长幼有序”，n n因此，汉语中的亲属词特别丰富。因此，汉语中的亲属词特别丰富。颜色词语的文化意义颜色词语的文化意义n n1.blackn nEvil:ablackdeedn nIllegal:blackgasolinen nGloomy:blackmoodn n2.whiten npure:awhitesouln nHonorable:itiswhiteofyou颜色词语的文化意义颜色词语的文化意义-2n n3.yellown nSensational:yellowp

28、ressn nCowardly:betooyellowtostandupandfight.n n4.greyn nMature:greywisdomn nDull;difficulty:greysituation;greymann n4.redn nViolent:redhands颜色词语的文化意义颜色词语的文化意义-3n n5.bluen ndepressed:abluemoodn nSexy:abluejoken n6.purplen nBlushed:bepurplewithangern nRoyalpower:raisesb.Tothepurplen n7.greenn nInexpe

29、rienced:agreenhandTaboo&Euphemism in Englishn nCategoriesoftaboo(禁忌语)n nWhensayitdirectly,itwillbeoffensiveinnormalsocialcommunicationn nEuphemism:indirectandpleasantexpressionstosubstitutefordirectandunpleasantonesn n1.sex：makelove=havesexn n2.somebodyorgansn nSheisexpecting=sheispregnant.Taboo&Eup

30、hemism in English-2n n3.physiologicalexcretion：washroomn n4.death:passawayn n5.crime:correctionalcenter=prisonn nelderlypeople=oldpeopleTaboo&Euphemism in English-3n nneedy/underprivileged/disadvantaged=poorn nlovechild私生子n nadultfilm:色情电影n nprivateparts:humanreproductiveorgans英语动物词的文化内涵英语动物词的文化内涵n

31、nGoat:好色；淫荡n nDog:含褒义watchdog;luckydogn nLikeme,likemydogn nDragon:n ninChinese,anlegendaryauspiciousanimaln ninEnglish,anevilmonstern nAleopardcantchangeitsspots.本性难改。3 major styles of Englishn nStyle:differentwordsandexpressionsindifferentsituations:n nFormalstyle：正式语体n nNeutralstyle：中间性语体n nInfor

32、malstyle：非正式语体n nbuddy-friend(哥们-朋友)n ngentleman-man-chapn npassaway-die-popoffLoan words in Englishn nBesidesLatin,GreekandFrench,Englishhaskeptborrowingwordswithoutceasingfromotherlanguages:n n1fromItalian(chieflyartterms)n nfresco(壁画)；sonata(奏鸣曲);operan nscenario(=plan)n n2.fromSpanishn nplaza(广场

33、=square);cargo(货物);guitarLoan words in English-2n n3.fromGermann ndock(码头=wharf)n nplunder(抢劫=rob/loot)n n4.fromPortuguesen ncobra(眼镜蛇)；veranda(阳台=balcony)n n5.fromDutchn nbooze(酒宴)Loan words in English-3n n6.fromArabic6.fromArabicn nsultan(sultan(苏丹苏丹)；harem(harem(闺房闺房);algebra;zero;);algebra;zero;

34、jihad;Al-Qaedajihad;Al-Qaedan n7.fromJapanese7.fromJapanesen ntycoon;typhoon;judo(tycoon;typhoon;judo(柔道柔道)；sushi(sushi(寿司：一种寿司：一种日本点心日本点心);karaoke;tatami);karaoke;tatamin n8.fromChinese8.fromChinesen nfengshui;yin;yang;kungfufengshui;yin;yang;kungfun n9.fromIndian9.fromIndiann nguru(guru(宗教教师；领袖宗教教

35、师；领袖/头头头头)British English&American English:英语的地域变体（英语的地域变体（regional variety）n n1.同一个词在英美语中表示不同概念n nEg.billion:十亿(AE)；万亿(BE)n nfirstfloor:一楼（AE）;二楼(BE)n n2.同一个概念在英美语中用不同词表达n nEg.sidewalk(AE)-pavement(BE)n nmovie(AE)-film(BE)n ncan(AE)-tin(BE)n nBritish English&American Englishn nmail(AE)-post(BE)n nm

36、uffler(AE)-silencer(BE)消声器truck-lorryn nfall-autumnn ncouch(AE)-sofa(BE)n nbiscuit-crackern nring-callBritish English&American Englishn nBlowonesowntrumpet(BE)-blowonesownhorn(AM)自吹自擂n nSweepsth.Underthecarpet(BE)-sweepsth.Undertherug（AM）遮盖某事English person names&their cultural originsn nI:Christiann

37、ameI:Christianname教名教名(=NomdeBapmete)(=NomdeBapmete)n n=forename(BE)=forename(BE)n n=firstname/givenname(AE)=firstname/givenname(AE)n nOriginsofChristiannames:OriginsofChristiannames:n n1)Anglo-Saxonorigin:1)Anglo-Saxonorigin:n nBrand;Baldwin;Harald;Herold;Barbell;Read;Brand;Baldwin;Harald;Herold;Ba

38、rbell;Read;Reid;Reed,etc.Reid;Reed,etc.n nThemeaningsofthesenamesarenowvaguebecauseThemeaningsofthesenamesarenowvaguebecauseoflongtime.oflongtime.English person names&their cultural originsn n2)Germanicoriginn nRobert;Richard;Williamn n3)Latinorigin:n nCelia(from“Caelum”天)n nCharles;Caroline;CarolCa

39、rola(fromCarolus)English person names&their cultural originsn n4)fromcommonwords:4)fromcommonwords:n nShakespeare:shake+spearShakespeare:shake+spearn nDickens:Dickens:恶魔恶魔n nShelly:Shelly:贝壳贝壳n n5 5）fromcelebratedpersonsfromcelebratedpersonsn nAlexanderAlexandern nMiltonMiltonn nHomerHomern nFrankli

40、nFranklinn nJeffersonJeffersonEnglish person names&their cultural originsn n2)Biblicalorigin:n nEachbiblicalnamehasitsuniquestoryn nA.11disciplesofJesusChrist(exceptJudas)Peter;Andrew;James;John;Philip;Thomas;Simonn nB.4authorsofGospels:n nMatthew;Mark;Luke;JohnEnglish person names&their cultural or

41、iginsn nC.otherBiblicalfigures:Daniel;David;Stephen;Paul;Solomon;Timothy;Rebecca;Isaac(IsaacNewton牛顿);Christina(femaleChrist);n nAbrahamLincoln(16thPresidentoftheUSA):thefirstpatriarchofJewsn nBenjaminFranklin:theyoungestsonofJacobn nJacob:sonofIsaac,whoissonofAbrahamEnglish person names&their cultu

42、ral originsn nII.Middlename(中间名or2ndChristianname):followingChristianname;itisusuallynamedafterthenameofonesmother,god-father,god-mother.n nTheuseofmiddlenamegrewpopularin19thcentury.Eg.GeorgeBernardShawEnglish person names&their cultural originsn nIII.Surname(=familyname/lastnameAE)n na.Occupationa

43、lnames(职业的姓)n nEg.JohntheBlacksmithJohnBlacksmithn nJohntheCookJohnCookn nb.Patronymicnames(从父名的姓)：即在父亲的教名后加上“son”(儿子)。Eg.n nPeterson;Wilson;Thomson,etc.English person names&their cultural originsn nC.localnames:namedafterlocalplace/landscape/terrain/plant/colorn nShore/Pool/Brook/Forest/Stone/Hill/

44、Marsh/Cliff/Wood/Cotton/Flower/Green/Brown/Black/Whiten nIV.Fullname(registername):usedonlyinformaloccasionn nChristianname+Middlename+SurnameEnglish person names&their cultural originsn n父子同名：父子同名：sonandfathersharethesamenamesonandfathersharethesamenamen nEg.MartinLutherKingJr.(Junior)Eg.MartinLuth

45、erKingJr.(Junior)n nInChina,itisabsolutelyforbiddentohavesonandInChina,itisabsolutelyforbiddentohavesonandfathershareanidenticalname.fathershareanidenticalname.名讳传统名讳传统n nSt.Augustine:St.=SaintSt.Augustine:St.=Saint圣徒圣徒n nSirSirWinstonChurchillWinstonChurchill：爵士：爵士n nChristinaChristinan nChristophe

46、rChristopherIII.English idioms&its cultural originsn nMajorsources:n n1.fromancientGreek&Romanmythsn n2.fromtheBiblen n3.fromclassicliteraturesn n4.fromlifestyleandotheraspectsIII.English idioms&its cultural originsn n1.Achillesheel:afatalweaknessinspiteofoverall1.Achillesheel:afatalweaknessinspiteo

47、foverallstrength,strength,唯一致命的弱点唯一致命的弱点n nAccordingtotheGreekmyth:Achillesmother,AccordingtotheGreekmyth:Achillesmother,ThetisThetis,haddippedtheinfantAchillesintheriver,haddippedtheinfantAchillesintheriverStyxStyx(冥河冥河),holdingontohimbyhisheel,andhe),holdingontohimbyhisheel,andhebecameinvulnerable

48、becameinvulnerable（刀枪不入）（刀枪不入）wherethewaterswherethewaterstouchedhim-thatis,everywherebuttheareastouchedhim-thatis,everywherebuttheareascoveredbyhercoveredbyherthumbthumbandandforefingerforefinger-implyingthat-implyingthatonlyonlyaheelwoundcouldhavebeenhisdownfall.aheelwoundcouldhavebeenhisdownfall.

49、n nLater,AchillesdiedfromaheelwoundastheresultLater,AchillesdiedfromaheelwoundastheresultofapoisonedarrowbyofapoisonedarrowbyParisParisIII.English idioms&its cultural origins-2n n2.Swan Song(2.Swan Song(天鹅之歌天鹅之歌):):最后杰作；绝笔最后杰作；绝笔最后杰作；绝笔最后杰作；绝笔n nSwanSongSwanSong字面译做源于希腊成语字面译做源于希腊成语Kykneionasma.Kykne

50、ionasma.n n在古希腊神话中，阿波罗在古希腊神话中，阿波罗(Apollo)(Apollo)是太阳神、光是太阳神、光明之神，由于他多才多艺，又是诗歌与音乐之神，后世奉明之神，由于他多才多艺，又是诗歌与音乐之神，后世奉他为文艺的保护神。天鹅是阿波罗的神鸟，故常用来比喻他为文艺的保护神。天鹅是阿波罗的神鸟，故常用来比喻文艺。传说天鹅平素不唱歌，而在它死前，必引颈长鸣，文艺。传说天鹅平素不唱歌，而在它死前，必引颈长鸣，高歌一曲，其歌声哀婉动听，感人肺腑。这是它一生中唯高歌一曲，其歌声哀婉动听，感人肺腑。这是它一生中唯一的，也是最后的一次唱歌。因此，西方各国就用这个典一的，也是最后的一次唱歌。因