种群及其基本特征(1).ppt
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1、4 种群及其基本特征Population and Its Basic Characteristics4.1 种群的概念 The concept of population4.2 种群动态 Population dynamics4.2.1 种群的密度和分布 Population density and distribution4.2.2 种群统计学 Population demography4.2.3 种群的增长模型 Population growth model4.2.4 自然种群的数量变动 Fluctuation of natural populations4 种群及其基本特征Populat
2、ion and Its Basic Characteristics4.2.5 生态入侵 Ecological invasion4.3 种群调节 Population regulation 4.3.1 外源性种群调节理论 Exogenous population regulation theory4.3.2 内源性种群调节理论 Endogenous population regulation theory4.4 集合种群动态 Metapopulation dynamics4.4.1 概念和术语 Concepts and terms4.4.2 集合种群理论的意义与应用 Significances
3、and applications of metapopulation theory 教学目的了解种群及其有关名词概念;了解研究种群动态的基本方法;种群密度及其相关概念;种群的内分布型类及相关概念;掌握种群的群体特征及其相关概念;掌握种群增长模型(两种);并学会用两种种群增长模式方程式进行计算;了解自然种群数量变动的表现形式;了解有关种群调节理论的不同学派及其各学派强调的种群调节机制;了解集合种群概念。教学重点与难点1、种群的内分布型;2、种群重要的群体特征;3、种群的增长模型及其应用;4、难点是生命表、出生率、死亡率、生命期望、内禀增长率、生殖价、最小可存活种群、生态入侵的概念.学时数 3-4
4、4.1 种群的概念The concept of population种群population:同一时期内占据一定空间的同种生物个体的集合。A population is a group of organisms of the same species which occupies a given area.种群边界的不确定性种群边界的不确定性 The boundaries between populations can be arbitrary(任意的).Populations may be categorized as consisting of either unitary or modu
5、lar organisms.单体生物单体生物(unitary organism)和构件生物和构件生物(modular organism):In unitary populations,each zygote受精卵 gives rise to a single individual.In modular organisms,the zygote develops into a unit of construction which gives rise to further modules and a branching structure.The structure may then fragm
6、ent producing many individual ramets无性系分株.构件生物由一个合子发育的形成一套构件组成的个体。如一株树有许多树枝。并且构件数很不相同,随着环境的变化而变化。一般高等植物是构件生物,大多数动物属单体生物。但营固着生活的如珊瑚,薮枝虫、苔藓也是构件生物。One that grows by the repeated iteration(迭代)of parts,e.g.the leaves,shoots and branches of a plant,the polyps(个员)of a 珊瑚coral or 苔藓虫bryozoan.Modular organis
7、ms are almost always branched,though the connections between branches may separate or decay and the separated parts may in many cases then become physiologically independent,e.g.水螅Hydra spp.and 浮萍duckweeds(Lemna spp.).构件生物苔藓虫bryozoan:无性系分株ramet构件生物各部分间的连接可能会死亡和腐烂,这样就形成了许多分离的个体,这些个体来源于一个受精卵并且基因型相同。种群
8、的3个基本特征Three basic characteristics of a population空间特征Spatial characteristics:一定的分布区域数量特征Numerical characteristics:变动的个体数量遗传特征Genetic characteristics:一定的基因组成4.2 种群动态 Population Dynamics种群数量的时空变动规律Spatio-temporal variation law of population size1)how many:数量number和密度density2)where:分布distribution3)how
9、:数量变动fluctuation和扩散迁移diffusion4)why:种群调节regulation基本研究方法:野外调查field investigation、实验验证experimental validation、模型模拟modeling and simulation4.2.1 种群的大小和密度大小size:一定区域的个体数量、生物量或能量密度density:单位面积(单位体积、单位生境)中的个体数目区分单体生物和构件生物:如水稻分蘖。绝对密度和相对密度种群密度的估计方法:总数量调查法、样方法、标记重捕法(N:M=n:m)Population SizeThe population size
10、 for unitary organisms,such as mammals,is simply the number of individuals in a give area.For modular organisms,such as plants and corals,the situation is more complex.In this case the number of pieces(ramets)or the number of shoots(modules)may give a more meaningful indication of abundance than the
11、 number of different individuals.4.2.1.3 种群的空间结构Spatial Structure分布格局分布格局distribution patterndistribution pattern:The spatial distribution at any particular moment of the individuals of a species of plant or animal.组成种群的个体在其生活空间中的位置状态或布局。参见:戴小华,余世孝.GIS 支持下的种群分布格局分析J.中山大学学报(自然科学),2003,42(1):75-78分布格局
12、3种:随机random、成群clumped、均匀uniformAntagonistic 敌对的,depletion 枯竭演替进程中的分布格局变化4.2.2 种群统计学 Demography种群基本特征:种群密度初级种群参数:出生率natality、死亡率mortality、迁入immigration、迁出emigration;与种群密度变化密切相关;最大出生率、实际出生率、特定年龄出生率;最低死亡率、生态死亡率、特定年龄死亡率次级种群参数:性比、年龄结构、种群增长率R2=0.5671R2=0.5395R2=0.3147051015202530350.000.050.100.150.200.25
13、0.300.350.400.450.50寄生蜂/潜道总数出蛾/潜道总数(蛹+幼虫)/潜道总数Log.(寄生蜂/潜道总数)Log.(出蛾/潜道总数)Log.(蛹+幼虫)/潜道总数)ConceptsNatality is the birth of new individuals.The realized natality实际出生率 is the actual successful reproduction per female over a period of time.The age-specific birthrate特定年龄出生率 is the number of offspring pro
14、duced per unit time by females in specific age classes.Mortality:The death rate,or mortality rate,is the number of individuals dying during a given time interval divided by the average population size over that time interval.This is an instantaneous(瞬时的)rate and can be estimated for the population a
15、s a whole or for specific age classes to give the age specific mortality rate特定年龄死亡率.The probability of dying is the number dying per individual present at the start of the time period4.2.2 种群统计学 Demography4.2.2.1 年龄、时期结构和性比 Age,stage structure and sex ratio4.2.2.2 生命表、存活曲线和种群增长率 Life table,survivor
16、ship curve and population growth rate 1 生命表 2 K-因子分析 K-Factor analysis 3 存活曲线 4 种群增长率和内禀增长率intrinsic natural rate of increase 5 生殖价 reproductive value4.2.2.1 年龄、时期结构和性比年龄椎体:age pyramida 增长型种群b 稳定型种群c 下降型种群4.2.2.1 年龄、时期结构和性比年龄结构:一个年龄群对整个种群的比率时期结构stage structure:适用于离散发育期的生物如昆虫个体大小群size classes:适用于生长率与
17、年龄无密切关系的生物如植物性比sex ratio:种群中雌雄个体的比例。多数=1:1;孤雌1;社会昆虫1;性比可随环境变化;性转变Age and stage structureThe age structure of a population is the number of individuals in each age class expressed as a ratio,and is usually displayed as an age pyramid diagram.A population which is neither expanding nor contracting wil
18、l have a stationary age distribution.A growing population will have more young,while a declining population will be dominated by older age classes.Where organisms pass through discrete growth stages(e.g.insect larval instars幼虫龄期),the number of individuals at each stage(the stage structure)may provid
19、e a useful description of the population.In species where growth rates are indeterminate(不确定,such as plants),size classes may be more informative.性转变 性别转变现象可以说是行为生态学中最有趣、最奇异的现象之一。在雄性动物之间只要存在激烈的择偶竞争,通常是只有个体最大和最强壮的雄性才能占有最大的生殖优势,而小者或弱者为了回避和强大对手的直接竞争往往采取偷袭交配的对策。但是,一个更令人吃惊的对策就是改变性别,即借助于性别的转化改变自己的不利处境,以获得
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