国际贸易实务(双语)charpter1,2,3,4.ppt

《国际贸易实务(双语)charpter1,2,3,4.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《国际贸易实务(双语)charpter1,2,3,4.ppt（31页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、International Trade Practices 国际贸易实务国际贸易实务 byLixupeng (李旭鹏李旭鹏)E-mail: ChongqingUniversityofTechnologyEconomicsandTradeSchool重庆理工大学经贸学院国经系重庆理工大学经贸学院国经系 Sept.,2010ContentPart 1 OverviewPart 2 Terms of International TradePart 3 International Trade ProcedurePart 4 Trade FormsPart 5 WTO and Globalization

2、 of Trade参考资料黎孝先编著，黎孝先编著，国际贸易实务国际贸易实务，外经贸大学，外经贸大学出版社，出版社，20002000年年叶德万叶德万编著，编著，国际贸易实务案例教程国际贸易实务案例教程，华，华南理工大学出版社，南理工大学出版社，20042004年年李元旭编著，李元旭编著，国际贸易单证实务国际贸易单证实务，清华大，清华大学出版社，学出版社，20042004年年刘秀玲刘秀玲编著，编著，国际贸易实务与案例国际贸易实务与案例，清，清华大学出版社，华大学出版社，20082008年年韩常青韩常青编著，编著，国际贸易实务国际贸易实务，清华清华大学大学出版社，出版社，20082008年年相关网站

3、相关网站 中国外经贸中国外经贸阿里巴巴阿里巴巴商务部商务部中国国际市场贸易网中国国际市场贸易网中国出口商品贸易网中国出口商品贸易网中国进出口贸易网中国进出口贸易网中国国际贸易发展网中国国际贸易发展网中国出口商品交易中国出口商品交易中国航贸网中国航贸网Part 1 OverviewBird-eye View,or Tiger-eye View?Chapter1IntroductiontoInternationalTradeChapter2BenefitsofInternationalTradeChapter3BarrierstoInternationalTradeChapter4E-commer

4、ceChapter1 Introduction to International Trade 1.1 What is International Trade?1.2 Foundation of International Trade1.3 Why do nations trade?1.4 Categories of International Trade1.5 Effectiveness of International Trade1.1 What is International Trade?Internationaltrade,also known as worldtrade,foreig

5、ntradeor overseastrade,is The fair and deliberate exchange of goods(trade in goods)and exchange of services(trade in services)across national boundaries.It concerns trade operations of both import and export and includes the purchase and sale of both visible and invisible goods.1.2 Foundation of Int

6、ernational TradeIn todays complex economic world,neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient(自给自足的自给自足的).Nations have utilized different economic resources;people have developed different skills.This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.1.3 Why do nations trade?Fo

7、reign trade takes place for many reasons.vThe first is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs.Raw materials are scattered around the world.vThe second is that a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs.vThird,one nation can sell some items at a lower

8、 cost than other countries.vFinally,foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style.1.4 Categories of International Trade1 visibletrade（有形贸易）有形贸易）,involves the import and export of goods and merchandise.2 invisibletrade（无形贸易无形贸易）,involves the exchange of services between nations.3 A third v

9、ery important category is investment,is the means by which nations utilize the capital of other nations to build factories and develop mines for their own industrial base.In fact,FDI（外商直接投资）外商直接投资）is now more important than trade as a vehicle for international economic transactions.1.5 Effectiveness

10、 of International Tradetwo key indicators:balanceoftrade（贸易贸易差额）差额）and balanceofpayments（国际收国际收支）支）.A favorablebalanceoftrade（贸易顺差）贸易顺差）,or tradesurplus(贸易盈余贸易盈余):the value of the countrys exports exceeds that of its imports.An unfavorablebalanceoftrade（贸易逆差）贸易逆差）,or tradedeficit（贸易赤字贸易赤字）:the value

11、 of the countrys imports exceeds that of its exports.The balanceofpayments（国际收支国际收支）:A favorablebalanceofpayments（国际收支顺差）;anunfavorablebalanceofpayments（国际收支逆差国际收支逆差）.Chapter 2 Basic Theory of International Trade 2.1 Specialization2.2 The labor theory of value 2.3 The Theory of Absolute Advantage2.4

12、 The Theoryof Comparative Cost2.1 SpecializationIn his original state man was self-sufficient,providing food,shelter and clothing for his family.There were some things he was more capable of doing than others and that it would benefit him to concentrate his efforts on the production of those goods i

13、n which he was particularly proficient and to leave others to produce the goods that called for skills which he did not possess.This was the beginning of specialization.2.2 The labor theory of value For classicaleconomists,the value of a good is determined by the costofproduction,with the relative c

14、ost of production of various goods revealed by the laborcontent(howmanyhours).This theory is known as the labortheoryofvalue.2.3 The Theory of Absolute AdvantageAccording to AdamSmith,trade between two nations is based on absoluteadvantage.Thetheoryofabsoluteadvantageholds a commodity will be produc

15、ed in the country where it costs least in terms of resources(capital,land,and labor).This theory is illustrated in the following table.Output per man-year of labor Country A Country B Wheat5010Cotton2040 From the above table,we can see that a man in Country A can produce 50 units of wheat in a year

16、but only 10 in County B.On the other hand,one man in Country B can produce 40 units of cotton in a year but only 20 in Country A.So Country A is more efficient in producing wheat than County B,and we say the former has an absolute advantage over the latter.Similarly,Country B is more efficient with

17、cotton and has an absolute advantage over Country A.As a result,Country A would specialize in the production of wheat and trade some of them for Country Bs cotton,and Country B would specialize in cotton and exchange some of them for Country As wheat.Both countries will gain benefits through special

18、ization and trade.2.4 The Theory of Comparative CostAccording to thetheoryofcomparativeadvantage,it holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities,i.e.it has absolute disadvantage in producing both commodities,there is still a basis for mutually ben

19、eficial trade.The first country should specialize in the production and export of the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is smaller,i.e.the commodity of its comparative advantage,and import the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is greater,i.e.the commodity of its comparative dis

20、advantage.This theory can be illustrated in the following table.Output per man-year of labor Country ACountry BWheat Wheat 50501010Cotton Cotton 40402020The difference between this table and the previous one is that Country B has absolute disadvantage in the production of both wheat and cotton.Howev

21、er,it still has a comparative advantage in cotton since it is half as efficient in cotton but 5 times less efficient in wheat in comparison with Country A.On the other hand,Country A has absolute advantage over Country B in both commodities.However,we say it has comparative advantage in wheat since

22、it has greater absolute advantage in the commodity than in the other with respect to County B.According to the theory,both countries can gain if Country A specializes in wheat and Country B specializes in cotton.Where comparative advantage exists,two trading partners are both able to share in the ga

23、ins from trade.Chapter 3 Barriers to International Trade3.1 SocioculturalBarriers3.2 EconomicBarriers3.3 TradeBarriers3.1 Sociocultural Barriers Language Religion Customs and MannersTo Think Globally,but to Act Locally3.2 Economic Barriers 1ExchangeRate（汇率）汇率）:often fluctuate from time to time2Extra

24、CostsOcean Freight:takes up a large proportion of the total quoted price Packing Cost:Marine Insurance:Cost of Document:3.3 Trade Barriers(1)1Tariffs(1)ConceptA tariffis a duty or fee levied on goods being imported into the country.(2)Twotypes:Protectivetariffs(import taxes，保护性关税保护性关税):are designed

25、to raise the retail price of imported products so that domestic goods will be more competitive and foreign business will be discouraged from shipping certain goods into the country.v to save jobs for domestic workers vto keep industries(especially infant industries)from bankruptcy 3.3(2)revenuetarif

26、f（财政关税财政关税）:is designed to raise money for the government.(3)Tariff(customs)duties are of three types:Specific Duties（从量税从量税）:are levied at the rate of so much per unit,pound,kilo or gallon.Ad valorem Duties（从价税从价税）:are levied on the basis of the products value.Compound Duties（复合税）复合税）:are a combina

27、tion of specific and ad valorem duties.3.3(3)2 Non-tariffs（非关税壁垒非关税壁垒）(1)Quota（配额配额）A quota is a quantitative restriction that is expressed in terms of either physical quantity or value.(2)Licensing System（许可证制度许可证制度）in Importing Countries License is an official permission of an import that is forbi

28、dden without a license.(3)New Barriers Chapter 4 E-commerce4.1Whytoe-commerce4.2Howtoe-commerce4.3HowE-commerceIsChangingtheRoleofIntermediaries4.4UsingTechnologytoBeResponsiveCustomers4.1 Why to e-commerce Low Transaction Cost Large Purchases per TransactionIntegration of Business ProceduresFlexibi

29、lity Large CatalogsImproved Customer Interactions4.2 How to e-commerce(two major types)Business-to-consumer(B2C)e-commerceconsists of selling retail items on the Interneta process sometimes called e-tailing.business-to-business(B2B)e-commerceconsists of selling goods and services from one business t

30、o another.4.3 How E-commerce Is Changing the Role of Intermediaries Intermediariesarecompanies(suchaswholesalersandretailers)thathelpmovegoodsandservicesbetweenproducersandconsumers.Therearecompaniesthatmakeproductsandthensellthoseproductstowholesalers.Wholesalersresellthemtoretailers.Retailerssellthemtoconsumers.TodaythereareincreasingnumbersofcompaniesthatmakethingsandsellthosethingsdirectlytoconsumersthroughtheInternet,eliminatingtheintermediarycompanies.Forsure,suchchangeswillhaveaprofoundeffectonbusinessmenandhowtheyplanforthefuture.Box 1-Case StudyConfused?Lost?