AI和城市（英）-124正式版.docx

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1、INTRODUCTION1.2GUIDING FRAMEWORKSThis report builds on existing frameworks that direct principles, values and policy actions in relation to artificial intelligence.HUMAN RIGHTSHuman rights are the universal and inalienable rights of every human being, and they form the basis of all UN development ap

2、proaches. They were institutionalized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. The use of Al should be guided by these rights to ensure that no one is left behind, excluded or negatively impacted by its use.SDGSThe UNs 17 Sustainable Development Go

3、als (SDGs) are an integrated set of goals and targets for inclusive global development by 2030. SDG 11 calls for the safety, resilience, inclusivity and sustainability of cities and for enhancing participatory and integrated human settlement planning and management. The SDGs emphasise the importance

4、 of integrated approaches to using Al, considering a range of sectors and stakeholders.NEW URBAN AGENDAThe New Urban Agenda (NUA) represents UN-Habitafs shared vision of how to achieve a more sustainable future for urbanisation (UN, 2017). It focuses on creating synergies across the mandates and str

5、ategic plans of different UN entities to maximise impact. The NUA encourages cities to develop frameworks for technologies such as Al to guide their development.PEOPLE-CENTRED SMART CITIESUN-Habitafs flagship programme, People-Centred Smart Cities, provides strategic and technical support to governm

6、ents on digital transformation. It promotes the deployment of technological innovations to realise sustainability, inclusivity, prosperity and human rights and to make urban digital transformation work for the benefit of all. It leverages digital technologies for inclusive and sustainable developmen

7、t while preventing cities from having to constantly catch up (UN-Habitat, 2020a).ETHICS OF AlIn November 2021, UNESCO adopted the first global instrument on the ethics of Al, which is strongly grounded in the recognition of the importance to promote and protect human rights. See the Recommendation o

8、n the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence (UNESCO, 2021).GLOBAL SDGRECOMMENDATION #4: ALIGN YOUR Al STRATEGY WITH SDGS, NATIONAL AND LOCAL GOALS.LOCALACTORSDRIVINGFORCESHow can the Al implementation support the development of the SDGs?It is together with local actors and local driving forces that the

9、global Sustainable Development Goals can be articulated at the local level. These priorities can support the choices of which issues to address, in particular by reflecting on the Applications section points regarding specific SDGs that Al applications can target.In addition to aligning with the SDG

10、s, the Al strategy should also be guided by national and local goals, includ-ing specific measures to reduce unemployment, provide affordable housing or reduce carbon emissions.LOCAL PRIORITIESFOR Al STRATEGY53PRIORITISE CAPACITY-BUILDINGCapacity-building is a significant element of any successful A

11、l strategy. For an urban Al strategy, capacity-building is defined as the process of developing and strengthening the skills, instincts, abilities, processes and resources that organisations and communities need in order to plan, design and deploy Al applications.For the public, capacity-building is

12、 about education regarding the opportunities, challenges and risks of Al. For local authorities, capacity-building includes investing in and providing opportunities for Al-related knowledge and skills development and attracting talent. It is essential that local governments create the conditions bot

13、h to develop their own capacity and to build the capacity of its citizens.RECOMMENDATION #5: EDUCATE THE PUBLIC.As digital technologies and Al systems continue to transform everyday life, efforts to demystify and explain Al will play a major role in helping citizens understand Al systems and in buil

14、ding trust in an Al-empowered government. Increased awareness and knowledge of Al and Al application in the city will ultimately facilitate communication with the general public and with the private sector. It is important to recognize the diversity of audiences that need such education and to accom

15、mo-date this diversity with a variety of educational strategies, taking into account, for example, different generations, levels of digital literacy, etc.RECOMMENDATION #6: INVEST IN INTERDISCIPLINARY SKILL DEVELOPMENT FOR EMPLOYEES.Local authorities will need people with the skills to develop, desi

16、gn and deploy Al systems. While technical capacity is important, an entire ecosystem of interdis-ciplinary skills is also required for a thriving Al imple-mentation. For example, Al regulation and law, Al ethics and Al business development are all key skills alongside computer programming.As Al find

17、s more and more useful applications in the city, the urban sector will increasingly use crossfunctional teams; that is, teams that include a mix of skillsets. The ability to communicate across disciplines and to bridge perspectives so as to make the most of everybodys strengths and knowledge bases w

18、ill be a key advantage for sustainable development.In particular, cross-functional and interdisciplinary teams will be useful at all stages of project management for Al implementation, from procurement to maintenance. Each of the phases of the Al life cycle require reflection and evaluation, which i

19、s best fostered in these sorts of teams.Local authorities will need to unblock the appropriate financial resources and create a conducive environment for these skills to thrive in the public sector. Training programs for employees across departments may also benefit the development of an Al culture

20、within governing bodies.RECOMMENDATION #7: INVEST IN BUILDING LOCAL TECHNICAL CAPACITY.Cities must set aside training budget to upskill their staff on both the technical and business side. All city staff members must have the necessary education about what Al is and how it changes current practice.

21、A basic understanding and education about Al is required for Al implementation, particularly for procurement functions. When integrating an Al system in an urban sector, ensure staff are trained and educated about the Al system that they are going to use. Make sure that the output of the system is c

22、learly decipherable and applicable to their task. This requires technical and digital literacy for posi-tions that may not appear to be technical at first glance.RECOMMENDATION #8: DEVELOP DATA INFRASTRUCTURE AND STEWARDSHIP.Al solutions require proper infrastructure and access to useful data to fue

23、l Al solutions. The assessment of current basic capacity is the first step for Al strategy development. Once this is done, strengthening infrastructure and evaluating the implications of data-sharing processes are key. City leaders should not only initiate and fund the implementation of the necessar

24、y infrastruc-ture but should also ensure interoperability and system integration.5.4.DEVELOP INNOVATIVE REGULATORY TOOLS FOR AlRegulation is a key tool for cities to direct the development of Al and its interaction in the local environment Cities can use both soft and hard levers effectively in thei

25、r jurisdiction.RECOMMENDATION #9: CREATE AN ENABLING ENVIRONMENT.While governments on all levels may not always be early adopters of digital innovation, they obviously play a key role in shaping the context of Al in the city.With an overview of the different sectors, defining the parameters of innov

26、ation through local regulation, and with a finger on the pulse of what it is like to live in the city, local authorities have the power to create how disruptive technologies will be used to better serve citizens. Local authorities often have a bigger impact on creating the conditions for Al developm

27、ent and in the city. Building an enabling environment for Al means creating the condi-tions for responsible Al in the city, beyond building the internal capacity of city governments alone.Developing Al in the city will require medium- to longterm change. This time horizon is sometimes difficult to d

28、iscuss and implement when politicians focus on shortterm priorities alone (Prins, 2022). While current events may serve as a catalyst for digital transformation, every seed needs fertile soil. Local governments can help create that soil.RECOMMENDATION #10: INTRODUCE LOCAL TECHNOLOGICAL STANDARDS AND

29、 CERTIFICATIONS.Technical standards, explainability standards and ethical standards can be useful regulatory tools. A promising perspective is the design of data-sharing standards which enable the city to use the data collected by private actors as well as facilitating collaborative governance.The i

30、mplementation of these standards can be supported by establishing certification systems for those who work with Al and developing the policies that serve to imple-ment them (Prins and al., 2021).Data standards: Open Mobility FoundationThe Open Mobility Foundation is a non-profit that developed the O

31、pen Mobility Standards. It is an “open-source standard that includes real-time reporting through an API (DAgostino and aL, 2019). It tracks individual mobility using a unique ID, creating a valuable location database. Originally developed in Los Angeles, it now operates in more than 130 cities aroun

32、d the world.The development is important because the City of Los Angeles uses the standards as a precondition for micro-mobility services; for example, in order for shareable scooters to develop their services, they must use these open data standards, effec-tively sharing their data with the city. T

33、hrough the standard, the city benefits from the urban service as well as from the data.RECOMMENDATION #11: INCORPORATE AND ADAPT Al ASSESSMENT TOOLS.Evaluation is not a one-time-only process; it happens continuously and re-occurs. Cities need to design procedures with the longer term in mind, so tha

34、t when things change the city can respond reflexively and adapt.Different impact assessment tools are being explored as promising methods for accountability across the Al life cycle. Examples include Algorithm Impact Assessments (AIA) and Human Rights Impact Assessments (HRIA), which can form new ac

35、countability relationships and governance architectures. Human Rights Impact Assessments are existing methodologies that can be adapted for Al systems. They can help designers and implementers of the system to study its impact through correspondence with the rights-holders (e.g., the citizens in the

36、 city) and external stakeholders (Latonero, 2018). Including these mechanisms and regulations works towards reliability, safety and trustworthiness over time. These mechanisms are ways to incorporate the input of a broader array of stakeholders, including auditors, researchers and civil society (Nag

37、itta and al., 2022).RECOMMENDATION #12:BUILD ON EXISTING MONITORING AND EVALUATION TO OVERSEE Al SYSTEMS AT SEVERAL POINTS IN TIME.Evaluation must be ongoing, particularly as the Al life cycle has several phases. Monitoring must include both how an Al system is working, but also its impact after dep

38、loyment.Build a robust monitoring and evaluation framework for your Al systems. Take existing evaluation frameworks and build on them, connecting with algorithmic auditing and impact assessments. Monitoring should include a skilled interdisciplinary team, using a one-, three- and six-year cycle.It i

39、s also important that monitoring frameworks consider the public interest. While existing political processes are founded on representation, it is insufficient to assume that political processes are enough on their own to align Al implementation with public values. A separate mech-anism for oversight

40、 is required. It can be useful to carry out a reflexive exercise to express which values the city chooses and how to operationalise them (Jameson and al., 2021).Algorithmic impact assessmentsAlgorithmic impact assessments (AlAs) estimate the harms caused by an Al to society and offer measures to mit

41、igate those harms. AlAs often look at variables such as the actors, the methods and the setting where algorithms are deployed. Like other impact assessments in other domains, AlAs will not be the answer to all the challenges raised by AL However, they are currently being devel-oped in an organic pro

42、cess of evolving standards (Metcalf and al., 2021).AlAs can build on existing human rights impact assessments, but these are often two separate initiatives, and it is recommended to have both.RECOMMENDATION #13: ADAPT PROCUREMENT PROCESSES.The vast majority of urban Al will be sourced via procuremen

43、t. Procurement processes are the citys chance to implement the design strategy. Most cities do not have the in-house capacity to develop robust Al solutions on their own. While developing that capacity is important, most developers writing algorithms work for companies with more financial capacity t

44、o invest in higher salaries.As a result, cities need the capacity to evaluate the Al solutions presented to them during the procurement process. This is a key objective of the risk taxonomy: to enable city administrators to understand and evaluate the risks to be aware of. What questions can you ask

45、 when buying an Al solution? One promising methodology for city councils is contractual clauses.Case study: Amsterdams procurement clausesThe city of Amsterdam in the Netherlands has been a pioneer in establishing contractual clauses fortheir public procurement process for algorithms. The clauses fo

46、cus on technical transparency, procedural transparency and explainability.The Standard Clauses for Procurement of Trustworthy Algorithmic Systems are openly available and can be freely downloaded from the Amsterdam City Council website (Amsterdam, 2022; van de Fliert, 2021). At the time of this writ

47、ing, a process is underway to establish standard clauses at the European level.Case study: BarcelonaBarcelona is considered a pioneer in developing a city strategy for how data, and by extension Al, should be used in the city. The city developed a digital strategy that starts from the vision of putt

48、ing people first. The idea is value-driven starting from the framing and design phases, beginning with imagining how tech could work differently. To do this, the Barcelona City Council Open Digitisation Plan presents a toolkit known as the Ethical Digital Standards which includes methods, standards,

49、 work practices, procurement tools and software stan-dards. Together, these standards set the conditions for working within the city, set the conditions for investment, and create a value-driven environment (Barcelona Ciutat Digital 2016). By feeding back analytic capacities into the city, the city council proactively reverses common trends of extracting data from citizens for profit.The innovation of public service