中考语文 题西林壁(1).docx

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1、题西林壁话说不定式这种非限定性动词的时间性质，真就不像动名词、现在分词、过去分词等其他非限定性动词那 么容易判断，着实困扰我许多年！闭关这几日苦苦冥想，得出一个结论方不定式具有全天候的时间性质： 即不定式的动作可以在谓语之前、之后、以及同时发生。然而一提到不定式的完成式(to have done), 各位同仁会情不自禁滴想起，时常萦绕在我们耳边的那句话先时性，即和谓语动词比较，不定式的动作 往往发生在前，谓语动作在后！但是我们忽略了不定式天然的后时性，这个被大家所遗忘的”伴壁江山 恰恰就是虚拟语气的前世，在此baby可以负责任的告诉大家，所有的助动词/情态动词/实意动词+(to) have d

2、one形式的虚拟表达，均来自这个后时性的不定式完成式(to have done),而虚拟表达 恰恰是它的今生，下面请先欣赏前世苏轼之题西林壁。一、横看成岭侧成峰我们以表状态类的系动词seem、叩pear、prove turn out remain等为例，观察其后表示主语状态的表 语不定式的时间性质。(当然也有人认为该结构是“主+谓+主补”，但是千万不要疯狂的以为是“主+谓 +宾”结构)。之所以首先选择这样一个结构来作为切入点，不仅仅是因为它的结构相对简单，更因为充 当表语(或者称为主补)的动词不定式，可以充分体现不同时间范围内，主语本来就具有的千般变化的各 种性质和状态。(-)不定式一般式：主

3、动式(to do)多表示同时性；被动式(to be done)多表示后时性This suit doesnt seem to fit me,这西服似乎不适合我这是一般式的叙述，不定式的动作和谓语的动作具有同时性，没有明显的区分先后的欲望，变换句式可以 表达为 It seems that this suit doesnt fit me.The rainbow seemed to end on the hillside.彩虹好像到山坡那里就断了。这是一般式的叙述，不定式的动作和谓语的动作具有同时性，没有明显的区分先后的欲望，变换句式可以 表达为 It seemed that the rainbow

4、ended on the hillside.His story turned out (to be) true,他的故事结果是真的。这是一般式的叙述，不定式的动作和谓语的动作具有同时性，没有明显的区分先后的欲望，变换句式可以 表达为 It turned out that his story was true.The party they invited us to turned out (to be) a great success.他们邀请我们参加的派对结果很成功。 同时性，没有明显的区分先后的欲望，变换句式可以表达为It turned out that the party they inv

5、ited us to was a great success.I didnt expect that the party turned out (to be) a success.我没想到派对结果很成功同时T生，变换句式可以表达为 It turned out that the party was a success, which was more than I could expected,The gentleman proves (to be) a thief.那位绅士证明是个贼。9 . Tom is said to have been designing a new computer pr

6、ogram recently, but I dont know when he will finish it.据说汤姆最近一直在潜心研究设计一个新的电脑程序，但是我不知道他什么时候能够完成。f It is said that Tom has been designing a new computer program recently, but I dont know when she will finish it.主语从句谓语：现在完成进行时武不定式：先时性(兼具同时性，也就是is said的同时，现 在还在is designing,当然这是完成进行式自身独特的特点，谓语和非谓语，都同样享受这

7、个待遇).娱乐下守Robert is said abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in.A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studyingf It is said thatLeonardo da Vinci(14521519) is said to have bought birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasu re of setting them free,各位兄弟，达芬奇已死，千

8、万不要疯狂的以为是现在完成时-It is said that Leonardo da Vinci(14521519)bought birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free.主语从句谓语：一般过去时才不定式：先时性The bank is said to have been robbed last night.据说昨天夜里银行被打劫了。f It is said that the bank was robbed last night.主语从句谓语：一般过去时被动语态才不定式：先时性 下面俩个自己玩耍玩

9、耍才 13. Thus, the entire profits from Angolas oil production for the next three years are said to have alre ady been spent.ECONOMIST: Tracking Angolas oil moneyf It is said that14. Although Greeks are set to hold a general strike on Thursday, the Athens government and its interna tional creditors are

10、 said to have reached a deal on the austerity measures needed before the next bailou t instalment is handed over.BBC: Germanys Schaeuble pushes EU economic union f It is said thatHe was said to have created a wall of water which covered the officer.BBC: Police puddle splash: Michael Davidsons case d

11、ismissedf It was said that he had created a wall of water which covered the officer.主语从句谓语： 过去完成 时少不定式：先时性15. None of the three arrested was said to have been injured by the stun gun.BBC: NEWS | UK | Wales | North East Wales | Taser fired as three fight in pubf It was said that none of the three arr

12、ested had been injured by the stun gun.主语从句谓语： 过去完 成时的被动语态寸不定式：先时性缓冲一下，到这里突然想起老师那句话据说日本昨天地震了/据说日本正在地震/据说日本明天要地震震死你Y的小日本的同时，我们清晰可见主语从句谓语可以是过去，现在，将来任何时间，那么不 定式自然也可以表达任何时间，当然包括将来完成时所对应的我们所谓后时性的to have done,只不过 it is said that据说，道听途说的将来完成，咱找不到例句，各位不要着急哦！b). . be reported to do 据报道、据悉3 out every 4 startu

13、ps are reported to fail.据报道，每4个创业者有三个将会失败。-It is reported that 3 out every 4 startups will fail.主语从句谓语：一般将来时才不定式：后时性 FORBES: Entrepreneurs: If You 福布斯：企业家:如果你For this years show, a pregnant contestant who is willing to give birth on air is reported to be recruit ed.据报道，为了今年的节目，愿意直播分娩的怀孕选手将被招募。f For

14、this years show it is reported that a pregnant contestant who is willing to give birth on air will be r ecruited.BBC: NEWS | Entertainment | Dutch TV show seeks sperm donor BBC:娱乐新闻| |荷兰电视节目寻求精 子捐赠Lee is reported to be chosen to fix this opportunity to restructure the cabinet.据悉，李明博将以此次 再补选为契机，对内阁进行

15、改组_ It is reported that Lee will be chosen to fix this opportunity to restructure the cabinet.主语从句谓语: 一般将来时才不定式：后时性Ms Scott is reported to be 27 years old and from Sanquhar in Dumfriesshire.据报道，斯科特女士 27 岁，, 来自邓弗里斯郡的Sanquharfit is reported that Ms Scott is 27 years old and from Sanquhar in Dumfriessh

16、ire.主语从句 l胃语：般 现在时口不定式：同时性BBC: Scottish flu victim airlifted to Leicester hospital英国广播公司:苏格兰流感受害者空运到莱斯特医院 Ms Tymoshenko is reported to be on hunger strike and says she is very ill. 据报道，季莫申科在绝食抗 议，她声称病得很重。-4t is reported that Ms Tymoshenko is on hunger strike , and Ms Tymoshenko says she is very ill.

17、主语 从句谓语：一般现在时少不定式：同时性BBC: Tymoshenko case: Europe pressure on Ukraine intensifies 英国广播公司:乌克兰季莫申科案件:欧洲 压力加剧The White House is reported to be shellshocked at public reaction to the scandal.据报道,面对公众对 丑闻的反应，白宫患上了炮弹休克症(吓呆了、懵逼了)-4t is reported that the White House is shellshocked at public reaction to the

18、 scandal.主语从句谓语: 一般现在时才不定式：同时性WSJ: This Is No Ordinary Scandal华尔街日报：这不是一场普通的丑闻Mr Blix is reported to be preparing to tell Iraq to destroy the missiles.据报道 Blix 先生正在准备告诉伊拉 克摧毁导弹武器。_ It is reported that Mr Blix is preparing to tell Iraq to destroy the missiles,主语从句谓语:现在进行时 才不定式：同时性Police are now searc

19、hing for a woman (who is reported to have been missing since the flood hit the area last Friday),警方正在搜寻，据报自从该地区上周五爆发洪水以来，一直失踪的女性f Police are now searching for a woman (who has been missing since the flood hit the a rea last Friday).主语从句谓语：现在完成时封不定式：先时性He is reported to have raised the question of th

20、e euro-dollar exchange rate with Mr Bush.据报道， 他已 经和布什提出了欧元与美元的兑换汇率这一问题。-4t is reported that he has raised the question of the euro-dollar exchange rate with Mr Bush.主语从句 谓语：现在完成时才不定式：先时性He is reported to have earned a doctorate in chemical sciences from the University of Madrid. 据报道，他已经获得了马德里大学化学科学的

21、博士学位。-It is reported that he has earned a doctorate in chemical sciences from the University of Madrid.主语 从句谓语：现在完成时方不定式：先时性FORBES: Spanish Contractor Jose Llado Joins Billionaires Club 福布斯:西班牙承包商何塞 Llado 加入亿万 富翁俱乐部Ex-Thailand Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra is reported to have lodged a formal bid

22、 for the club, 据报道，泰国前总理他信(Thaksin Shinawatra)已经为俱乐部提出正式报价。fit is reported that ExThailand Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra has lodged a formal bid for the club.主语从句谓语：现在完 成时少不定式：先时性BBC: Man City move closer to takeover英国广播公司：曼城接近收购Hollywood bigwig David Geffen, meanwhile, is reported to have bid o

23、n the Los Angeles Times.据报道， 好莱坞大佬大卫格芬，与此同时，已经投标洛杉矶时报。fit is reported that Hollywood bigwig David Geffen, meanwhile, has bid on the Los Angeles Times. 主语从句谓语：现在完成时百不定式先时性-Sent to zoos in Beijing and other cities, the elephants are reported to have settled down well.Im glad to hear that.A. having bee

24、n sent; to settle down B. sent; to have settled downC. sent; to be settled down D. being sent; to have been settled downThe bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad daylight yesterday.f It is reported in the local newspaper that the bank was robbed in broad daylight yeste

25、rday.主语从句 谓语：一般过去时才不定式：先时性Mumtaz is reported to have received threats connected to his reporting in the past.据报道，Mumtaz 生 前曾收到过与他过去报道有关的威胁。UNESCO: DirectorGeneral condemns murder of Pakistani journalists Mehmood Jan Afridi and Malik Mumt az, in separate incidents | United Nations Educational, Scient

26、ific and Cultural Organization 联合国教不斗文 组织:总干事谴责谋杀巴基斯坦记者Mehmood Jan Afridi Malik Mumtaz,在独立事件中|联合国教育、科学 及文化组织-It is reported that Mumtaz received threats connected to his reporting in the past.主语从句谓语： 一 般过去时方不定式：先时性He is reported to have hanged himself, aged 34, in the prison in December 2010.BBC: Au

27、stralia says Prisoner X worked for Israeli governmentMr Zygier is reported to have hanged himself, aged 34, in the prison in December 2010.据报道，Zygier先生于2010年12月在监狱上吊自杀，享年34岁。BBC: Australian newspaper reporting case of Ben Zygier 英国广播公司:澳洲报纸报道本 Zygier-It is reported that Mr Zygier hanged himself, age

28、d 34, in the prison in December 2010.主语从句i胃语： 一般过去时守不定式：先时性He is reported to have been armed with two weapons, one of them an automatic rifle.据报道， 他携带着 两个武器,其中一个是自动步枪。BBC: Norway suspect Anders Behring Breivik admits attacks英国广播 公司:挪威嫌疑人安德斯贝林布雷维克承认袭击的fit is reported that he was armed with two weapon

29、s, one of them an automatic rifle.主语从句谓语： 一 般过去时百不定式：先时性More than 10,000 people were reported on March 28 to have been killed in the earthquake and tsunami in Japan.据三月二十八日报道，在日本311地震海啸中，死亡人数超过10,000。7t was reported on March 28 that more than 10,000 people had been killed in the earthquake and tsun

30、ami in Japan.主语从句谓语：过去完成时寸不定式：先时性The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported to have broken the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race.人们一看到刘翔都疯了，据报道，他打破的110米兰的世界纪录The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who had broken the world recor d in the 110-meter hurdle

31、 race.主语从句谓语：过去完成时才不定式:先时性The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, for it was reported that he had broken the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race.c), .be believed / thought / considered to do ”被认为、被看作、拒信The book is believed to be uninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意思。fit is believed that the b

32、ook is uninteresting.主语从句谓语： 一般现在时守不定式：同时性The flu is believed to be caused by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.人们认为流感是由喜欢在人类的鼻腔和喉部细胞内繁殖的病所引起的。f It is believed that the flu is caused by viruses (that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human no se and

33、 throat).主语从句谓语：一般现在时少不定式：同时性The handover is due to be completed by 20 March, and tens of thousands of Serbs are believed to have left their homes by then,移交将在3月20日完成，拒信，届时成千上万的塞尔维亚人将离开他们的家园。f The handover is due to be completed by 20 March, by which time it is believed tens of thousands of S erbs w

34、ill have left their homes.主语从句谓语：将来完成时的动词不定式完成式to have done后时性 BBC: 1996: Siege of Sarajevo is lifted英国广播公司:1996:萨拉热窝的围攻解除这大哥太m难请了，千呼万唤始出来啊这大哥太m难请了，千呼万唤始出来啊,非限定性定语从句by which time it is believed tens of thousands of Serbs will have left their home可以理解为带有观点类插入语的形式，下面我们转化一下，扒开它的皮，看看骨头fit is believed th

35、at tens of thousands of Serbs will have left their home by 20 March, by which time th e handover is due to be completed.More than 30% of UK homes are thought to have broadband net access by the end of the year.据信， 今年年底前，将有超过30%的英国家庭，接入宽带网络。f By the end of the year it is thought that more than 30% of

36、 UK homes will have broadband net access. 主语从句谓语：一般将来时寸不定式：后时性BBC: NEWS | Technology | More women turn to net security BBC:新闻|技术|更多女性转向网络安全They are thought to revert to what they have always done best: guerrilla warfare.据信， 他们将回归到 他们以往最擅长的游击战f It is now thought that they will revert to what they hav

37、e always done best: guerrilla warfare.主 1吾从句谓语：一般将来时才不定式：后时性ECONOMIST: Angola经济学家:安哥拉He is thought to recommend that existing staff who have a normal retirement age of 60 be required to work to 65 instead.据信，他将很有可能建议现有的60岁正常退休员工要求工作到65岁。-4t is thought likely that he will recommend that existing staf

38、f who have a normal retirement age of 60 be required to work to 65 instead.主语从句谓语：一般将来时少不定式：后时性BBC: Pension scheme closures on the increase, NAPF says 英国广播公司:养老金计划关闭在增加,NAPF 说Heat is considered to be a form of energy.热被看作是一种能量f It is considered that heat is a form of energy.主语从句谓语：一般现在时才 不定式：同时性 Joh

39、n Bell is generally considered to have invented the first telephone.一 It is generally considered that John Bell invented the first telephone.主语从句谓语：一般过去 时寸不定式：先时性The young man was considered to have great promise.前途f It was considered that the young man would have great promise.主语从句谓语：过去将来时声不定式：后时性三

40、、不识庐山真面目今天给大家讲讲expect这个单词的含义和用法，把它弄明白的话，那么这个家族的所有兄弟姐妹全都如此。would(should 英式第一人称)like / love, wanted 想要，meant 打算、意欲，intended 想要、打 planned 计戈山 expected 期望, hoped 希望,wished 希望，promised 答应、承诺，thought 想，desired 渴望，was / were toexpect to do sthV-T If you expect something to happen, you believe that it will

41、happen,预料I do expect to have some time to myself in the evenings.我真期待晚上能有点儿自己的时间。.a workman who expects to lose his job in the next few weeks.一个预料会在接下来几周里失业的工人。I expect to be back within a week,我预计一周之内回来。The company expects to complete work in April.公司预期在 4 月 完工。You cannot expect to like all the peo

42、ple you will work with.你不能指望喜欢所有和你一起工作的人。1. expect sb /sthI wasnt expecting a visitor.我没有预期会有访客。He wasnt expecting our hospitality.他没有期待我们的热情款待。Dont expect an instant cure.别指望会有立竿见影的疗效。He will be hard to beat. I fully expect (= am completely sure about) that and Im ready.他很难击败。我确信这一点，不过我准备好了。as expe

43、cted (= in the way that was planned or thought likely to happen)按计划进行; 不出所料As expected, the whole family was shocked by the news.不出所料，全家人对这个消息都感到震惊。sth is (only) to be expected (= used to say that you are not surprised by something, especially something unpleasant)某事在预料之中，某事并不意外(尤指令人不愉快的事)A little n

44、ervousness is only to be expected when you are starting a new job.开始一项新工作时有点紧张是不足为奇的。THINK SB/STH WILL ARRIVE认为某人会到达/某事会发生to believe that someone or something is going to arrive 期待，预料，Were expecting Alison home any minute now.我们想艾利森现在随时会到家。Snow is expected by the weekend.预计周末会下雪。an expected crowd of

45、 80,000 people 预计会来 80,000 人He didnt get his expected pay rise.他没有得到他预想的加薪。2. expect sb/sth to doV-T If you expect something, or expect a person to do something, you believe that it is your right to have t hat thing, or the persons duty to do it for you.期待THINK认为to think that you will find that some

46、one or something has a particular quality or does a particular thing 料想，猜想I expected her to be taller than me, not shorter.我曾以为她个子比我高，不会比我矮。I didnt expect him to stay so long.我没有料到他会待那么久。Who are you? he murmured, only half expecting (= thinking it was possible, but not likely ) her to answ er. 你是谁？

47、他低声问道，预计她可能不会回答。The talks are expected to continue until tomorrow.会谈预料将持续到明天。I cant expect her to be on time if Im late myself.我要是自己都迟到就无法要求她准时。Emergency repairs were expected to take three weeks,抢修工作预计要花三个星期。3. expect (that 从句)PHRASE You say I expect to suggest that a statement is probably correct,

48、 or a natural consequence of the present situation, although you have no definite knowledge,我想I expect you can guess what follows.我想你能猜出下面会发生什么。I expect youre tired.我想你是累了。Theres the doorbell I expect itll be my mother.有人按门铃，估计是我母亲。I expect youre right.我觉得你说得对。Do you think theyre going to attack?71 expect so/你觉得他们会进攻吗？小、我看会。” 变为被动语态时，原来的that宾语从句成为that主语从句，使用形式主语it代替，形成下面的句型It is expected that teachers will have to prove their ability in eight areas -but the most contentious is reported to be t